Rade
Klei Êđê
Native toVietnam
EthnicityRade
Native speakers
180,000 in Vietnam (2007)[1]
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
rad – Rade
ibh – Bih
Glottolograde1240  Rade
biha1246  Bih
ELPBih

Rade (Rhade; Rade: klei Êđê; Vietnamese: tiếng Ê-đê or tiếng Ê Đê) is an Austronesian language of southern Vietnam. There may be some speakers in Cambodia. It is a member of the Chamic subgroup, and is closely related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.[2]

Dialects

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:24)[3] lists nine dialects of Rade. They are spoken mostly in Đắk Lắk Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

Bih, which has about 1,000 speakers, may be a separate language.[4] Tam Nguyen (2015) reported that there are only 10 speakers of Bih out of an ethnic population of about 400 people.[5]

A patrilineal Rade subgroup known as the Hmok or Hmok Pai is found in the Buôn Ma Thuột area (Phạm 2005:212).[6]

Classification

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[3] provides the following classification for the Rade dialects. Đoàn (1998) also provides a 1,000-word vocabulary list for all of the nine Rade dialects.

  • Area 1
    • Area 1.1: Krung, Kpă, Adham
    • Area 1.2: Drao. Êpan, Ktul
    • Blô (mixture of areas 1.1 and 1.2, as well as Mdhur)
  • Area 2
    • Mdhur
    • Bih

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[3] assigns the following cognacy percentages for comparisons between Kpă and the other eight dialects of Rade, with Bih as the most divergent dialect.

  • Kpă – Krung: 85.5%
  • Kpă – Adham: 82%
  • Kpă – Ktul: 82%
  • Kpă – Mdhur: 80%
  • Kpă – Blô: 82%
  • Kpă – Êpan: 85%
  • Kpă – Drao: 81%
  • Kpă – Bih: 73%

Vocabulary

  • Khoa sang – the most senior in age and authority
  • Dega – Protestant of Christian (single word identity of E-de)
  • Ih – you
  • Ung – husband
  • Ñu – her/him
  • Diñu – they
  • Drei – we
  • Khăp – love
  • Bi êmut – hate
  • idai – younger sibling
  • ami – mom/mother
  • yah – grandma/grandmother
  • ae – grandma/grandfather
  • Ama – father, dad daddy
  • Jhat – ugly, bad
  • Siam – pretty
  • Siam mniê – beautiful girl
  • Jăk – good
  • Khăp – love
  • Brei – give
  • Djŏ – true
  • Nao – go
  • Kâo – I/me
  • anăn – name
  • Čar – country
  • Čiăng – want/like
  • Aê Diê – God
  • Blŭ – speak
  • Klei blŭ – language
  • Bur – rice porridge
  • Êmong – fat
  • Êwang – skinny
  • Jŭ – black
  • Hriê/hrê – to be from
  • Mơ̆ng – from
  • Sa, dua, klâo, pă, êma – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
  • Năm, kjuh, sa-băn, dua-păn, pluh: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
  • Čar Mi/čar amêrik – America
  • Čar Kŭr – Cambodia
  • Anak – person
  • Hriăm – learn
  • Roă/ruă – sound of displeasure/pain
  • Buôn Ama Y'Thuôt – Buôn Ma Thuôt
  • Čih – type/write
  • Klei Mi – English
  • Klei Êđê – Rade/Ede
  • loo – A lot
  • klei brang – French

Phonology

The spelling is shown in italics.

Vowels

Rade vowels
Front Central Back
shortlong shortlong shortlong
High ĭ /i/i /iː/ ư̆ /ɨ/ư /ɨː/ ŭ /u/u /uː/
Mid ê̆ /e/ê /eː/ ơ̆ /ə/ơ /əː/ ô̆ /o/ô /oː/
Low ĕ /ɛ/e /ɛː/ ă /a/a /aː/ ŏ /ɔ/o /ɔː/
  • Vowels /ɨ ɨː, ə əː/ can also be heard as more centralized-back [ɯ̈ ɯ̈ː, ɤ̈ ɤ̈ː].

Consonants

Rade consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ñ /ɲ/ ng /ŋ/
Stop voiceless p /p/ t /t/ č /c/ k /k/ /ʔ/
aspirated ph /pʰ/ th /tʰ/ čh /cʰ/ kh /kʰ/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ j /ɟ/ g /ɡ/
implosive ƀ /ɓ/ đ /ɗ/ dj /ʄ/
Fricative s /s/ h /h/
Approximant w /w/ l /l/ y /j/
Rhotic r /r/
  • /w/ can also be heard as a more bilabial [β̞].
  • Glottalized final consonant sounds /wʔ, jʔ, jh/ are heard only in final position.[7]

References

  1. ↑ Rade at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Bih at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ↑ "Rade (klei Êđê)". Omniglot.
  3. 1 2 3 Đoàn, Văn Phúc (1998). Từ vựng các phương ngữ Êđê / Lexique des dialectes Êđê [Vocabulary of Rade Dialects] (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội and École française d'Extrême-Orient.
  4. ↑ Nguyen, Tam (2013). A Grammar of Bih (PhD thesis). University of Oregon. hdl:1794/12996.
  5. ↑ Nguyen, Tam (2015). Language Endangerment Factors: A Case Study with Bih. Paper presented at SoLE-4, Payap University.
  6. ↑ Phâm, Côn Sơn (2005). Non nước Việt Nam: sắc nét trung bộ (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Phương Đông Publishers.
  7. ↑ Đoàn 1993.

Further reading

  • Đoàn, Văn Phúc (1993). Ngữ âm tiếng Êđê [Ede language phonetics] (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội.
  • Sở giáo dục và đào tạo tỉnh Đắk Lắk – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam (2012). Ngữ pháp tiếng Êđê [Ede Grammar] (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục Việt Nam.
  • Ủy ban nhân dân tỉnh Đăk Lăk – Sở giáo dục – Đào tạo – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam (1993). Từ điển Việt – Êđê [Vietnamese – Rade Dictionary] (in Vietnamese). Đăk Lăk: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục.
  • Linh, Nga Niê Kdam (2013). Nghệ thuật diễn xướng dân gian Ê Đê, Bih ở Dăk Lăk [Rade and Bih Folk Performing Arts in Dak Lak] (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Thời Đại. ISBN 978-604-930-599-3.
  • Tharp, James A.; Buon-ya, Y.-Bham (1980). A Rhade–English Dictionary with English-Rhade Finderlist. Pacific Linguistics Series C – No. 58. Canberra: The Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-C58. hdl:1885/144435. ISBN 978-0-85883-217-6.
Rade language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
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