Baltic Romani
Native toPoland, Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, Russia, Estonia, Finland, Ukraine
Native speakers
46,000, including 14,000 in Poland and 10,000 in Finland (2001–2013)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
rml – Baltic Romani
rmf – Finnish Kalo
Glottologbalt1257  Baltic Romani
kalo1256  Finnish Kalo
ELPBaltic Romani

Baltic Romani is group of dialects of the Romani language spoken in the Baltic states and adjoining regions of Poland and Russia. Half of the speakers live in Poland. It also called Balt Romani, Balt Slavic Romani, Baltic Slavic Romani, and Roma. Romani began as an Indo-European language, which morphed into an Indo-Iranian language, and then into an Indo-Aryan language. After that the Romani language broke down into Balkan Romani and Central Romani. Baltic Romani came from the Central Romani dialect which branches off into other dialects. There are a total of around 31,500 users in all countries.[2]

Classification

Baltic Romani is classified as a member of the Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan Central Zone, Romani, and Central Romani language families.

History

The first speakers of this language settled in southeast Europe during the 10th and 13th centuries in large swaths. From the 14th century onward, the language spread to central and western Europe as well. The immigrants that spoke this language typically had a darker complexion and many of these speakers were referred to as Gypsies. Comparisons between other languages later revealed it most likely originated from the Indian subcontinent.[3]

Geographic distribution

This language is spoken in the following countries;[4]

  • Poland : Population 13,600
  • Belarus : Population 12,000
  • Estonia : Population 360 : Ethnic Population 460
  • Latvia : Population 8,000
  • Lithuania : Population 1350
  • Russian Federation

Official status

This language is not an official language in any particular country but has other statuses in those which it is spoken.[4]

  • Poland : 5 developing language. This is a recognized language in Poland.
  • Belarus : 5 developing language
  • Estonia : 5 developing language
  • Latvia : 5 developing language
  • Lithuania : 5 developing language
  • Russian Federation : 5 developing language

Dialects and varieties

Dialects are as follows;

('CL' stands for the main contact language):

Phonology

There are three simple stop positions in the Romani language. These come from the Indo-Aryan and are maintained in every dialect of this language. The positions are as follows; labial /p/, dental /t/, and velar /k/. Along with these stop positions, there are also palatal positions which are unique to the Romani language.[8] Specific voicing alterations have changed grammatical endings and different dialects have different ways of interpreting vowels. Some have morphed into newer versions of the Romani language and others have implemented other elements like screams.[9]

Grammar

In the Romani language, the noun changes the endings of sentences to show meaning. It is used to illustrate how that specific word acts in sentence and is similar to Latin.[10] Romani verbs are similar to those in the Italian, Spanish, and Latin languages. Depending on who is committing the action, the verb ending changes. There are many different verb endings in Romani which change the meaning of words. There are also different verb endings according to past and present tense in the language.[11] The language also has grammatical genders as there are both masculine and feminine words. There are definite articles in this language along with, "different articles for masculine and feminine nouns, for subject and non-subject and for singular and plural articles".[12]

Morphology

The language began as an Indo-European language morphed into an Indo-Iranian language. From there it morphed into an Indo-Aryan language which eventually led to Romani. After that the Romani language broke down into Balkan Romani and Central Romani. Baltic Romani came from the Central Romani dialect which branches off to the many other dialects listed above.

Syntax

Baltic languages, such as Baltic Romani, have unique rules that their numerals follow when they are written. Their numerals govern their nominals but not to the degree that Slavic languages do.[13] Baltic genitives mark partial objects and sometimes subjects and also play a prominent role in the syntax of numeral constructions. Baltic languages are very similar as both Latvian and Latvian Romani share the same opposition of preverbs and verb particles.[14]

Vocabulary

There is a large Indo-Aryan presence in this language that appears mainly in reference to body parts and functions.[15] Along with bodily parts and functions, the Indo-Aryan presence also resides in words that reference time, nature, landscape, numerals, animals, and plants.[16] There is a pre-European lexicon that is mixed in this language that mainly refers to spiritual and religious ideas, tools, and artefacts.[16] Dwellings and Places are not represented the best in the inherited lexicon of this language.[17]

Examples

Using the word "sap" which means snake in Baltic Romani and is also a noun, the sentence it is used in will change as the noun does.

"Sap" (snake, subject of sentence) A snake is on the branch.[10]

"Sapes" (snake, object of a sentence) I saw a snake.[10]

"Sapeske" for a snake.[10]

References

  1. ↑ Baltic Romani at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
    Finnish Kalo at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ↑ "Romani, Baltic". Joshua Project. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  3. ↑ Bakker, Peter; Kiuchukov, Khristo (2000). What is the Romani Language?. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 49.
  4. 1 2 "Romani, Baltic". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
  5. ↑ Калинин В. И. (2019). Ученые записки ВГУ имени П.М. Машерова : cборник научных трудов. Витебск. p. 152.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ↑ Biblii︠a︡ : Pė Baltíko Romaní chib (Romanės). Valʹdemar Kalinin. Biel. 2014. ISBN 978-2-940059-20-1. OCLC 1062281925.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  7. ↑ Biblii︠a︡ : Pė Baltíko Romaní chib (Romanės). Valʹdemar Kalinin. Biel. 2014. ISBN 978-2-940059-20-1. OCLC 1062281925.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  8. ↑ Matras, Yaron (2002-06-06). Romani: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. ISBN 9781139433242.
  9. ↑ Matras, Yaron (2002-06-06). Romani: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN 9781139433242.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Bakker, Peter; Kiuchukov, Khristo (2000). What is the Romani Language?. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 33.
  11. ↑ Bakker, Peter; Kiuchukov, Khristo (2000). What is the Romani Language?. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. pp. 33, 34.
  12. ↑ Bakker, Peter; Kiuchukov, Khristo (2000). What is the Romani Language?. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 35.
  13. ↑ Dahl, Östen; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria (2001-12-31). Circum-Baltic Languages: Volume 2: Grammar and Typology. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 342, 343. ISBN 9789027297273.
  14. ↑ Dahl, Östen; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria (2001-12-31). Circum-Baltic Languages: Volume 2: Grammar and Typology. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 437. ISBN 9789027297273.
  15. ↑ Matras, Yaron (2002-06-06). Romani: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9781139433242.
  16. 1 2 Matras, Yaron (2002-06-06). Romani: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 9781139433242.
  17. ↑ Matras, Yaron (2002-06-06). Romani: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 28., 29. ISBN 9781139433242.

Bibliography

  • Bakker, P., & Ki︠u︡chukov, K. (2000). What is the Romani language? (Vol. 21). Univ of Hertfordshire Press
Baltic Romani test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
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