| Gaam | |
|---|---|
| Ingessana | |
| Native to | Sudan |
| Region | Blue Nile State |
| Ethnicity | Ingessana |
Native speakers | 100,000 (2017)[1] |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tbi |
| Glottolog | gaam1241 |
Gaam (Gaahmg), also known as Ingessana, (Me/Mun) Tabi, Kamanidi, or Mamedja/Mamidza, is an Eastern Sudanic language spoken by the Ingessana people in the Tabi Hills in Blue Nile State in eastern Sudan, near Ethiopia. It was considered an isolate within Eastern Sudanic until the other Eastern Jebel languages were discovered in the late 20th century. Dialects are Soda (Tao), Kukur (Gor), Kulang (Kulelek, Bau), Buwahg (Buek).
An early record of this language is a short wordlist dated February 1883 by Juan Maria Schuver. His informant came from the east side of the Tabi Hills, but was hard to understand because he was chewing tobacco.[2]
Phonology
Consonants
There are 21 distinct consonant phonemes. The fricative, nasal, lateral and rhotic consonants also distinguish length.
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosives | p | b | t̪ | d̪ | t | d | c | ɟ | k | ɡ |
| Fricatives | f, fː | s, sː | ||||||||
| Nasals | m, mː | n, nː | ɲ, ɲː | ŋ, ŋː | ||||||
| Laterals | l, lː | |||||||||
| Rhotics | r, rː | |||||||||
| Approximants | w | ð | y | |||||||
Vowels
There are six distinct vowel phonemes. All six can also occur in sequential (and thus lengthened) form but may change phonetic quality. Stirtz (2012)[4] proposes the following system:
| [-round] | [+round] | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| [-back] | [+back] | ||
| [+ATR] | i | ə | u |
| [-ATR] | ɛ | a | ɔ |
Tone
Gaam is a tonal language. There are three level tones, High, Mid and Low, which can be combined to form rising and falling tones. A total of nine tone melodies is possible, all of them contrastive.
References
- ↑ Gaam at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- ↑ Wendy James, et al., Juan Maria Schuver's Travels in North East Africa, 1880-1883 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1996), pp. 344-446
- ↑ Stirtz (2012:21)
- ↑ Stirtz (2012:33)
Bibliography
- Stirtz, Timothy (2004). "Phonology and orthography in Gaahmg". Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages. 9: 127–144.
- Stirtz, Timothy (2012). A grammar of Gaahmg, a Nilo-Saharan language of Sudan (Ph.D. thesis). Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. hdl:1887/18452. ISBN 978-94-6093-078-2.
External links