| Toposa | |
|---|---|
| Toposa–Jiye | |
| Native to | South Sudan |
| Region | Eastern Africa |
| Ethnicity | Toposa |
| Speakers | 320,000 (2017)[1] |
| none | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | toq |
| Glottolog | topo1242 |
Toposa (also Akara, Kare, Kumi, Taposa, Topotha) is a Nilo-Saharan language (Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic) spoken in South Sudan by the Toposa people. Mutually intelligible language varieties include Jiye of South Sudan, Nyangatom of Ethiopia, Karimojong, Jie[2] and Dodos of Uganda and Turkana of Kenya. Teso (spoken in both Kenya and Uganda) is lexically more distant.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | Voiceless | p | t | k | |
| Voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||
| Affricate | Voiceless | t͡ʃ | |||
| Voiced | d͡ʒ | ||||
| Fricative | s | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Flap | r | ||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||
- All consonants (except, of course, for /w/ and /j/) can occur in labialized and palatalized forms.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open |
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
- Toposa, like many Nilotic languages, has vowel harmony with two sets of vowels: a set with the tongue root advanced (+ATR) and a −ATR set. +ATR is marked. The vowel /a/ is neutral with respect to vowel harmony.[3]
- All nine vowels also occur as devoiced, contrasting with their voiced counterparts. These voiceless vowels occur primarily in prepause contexts. Some Toposa morphemes consist only of a high voiceless vowel; the functional load appears to be much greater with the high vowels than with the lower.[4]
- Toposa has tone, which is grammatical rather than lexical. Tone is used to mark case in nouns and tense in verbs.
Bibliography
- Schröder, Martin C. (1989). "The Toposa Verb in Narrative Structure". Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere. 20: 129–142.
- Schröder, Martin C.; Helga Schröder (1987a). "Voiceless Vowels in Toposa". Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere. 12: 17–26.
- Schröder, Martin C.; Helga Schröder (1987b). "Vowel Harmony in Toposa". Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere. 12: 27–36.
References
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