National Order of the Southern Cross
Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross
Awarded by the Government of Brazil
and the Brazilian Imperial Family
TypeNational Order and dynastic order
MottoBenemerentium Præmium[1]
EligibilityForeign nationals[2]
Awarded for"As a token of gratitude and recognition for those who have rendered significant service to the Brazilian nation."[2]
StatusCurrently awarded
FounderPedro I of Brazil
Grand MasterThe President of Brazil[3] (the national order)
ChancellorThe Minister of Foreign Affairs[3]
GradesGrand Collar
Grand Cross
Grand Officer
Commander
Officer
Knight
Statistics
First inductionDecember 1, 1822[4]

Ribbon bar of the National Order of the Southern Cross

Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of the Cross.

Emperor Pedro I of Brazil founded the National Order of the Southern Cross (Portuguese: Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul) as a Brazilian order of chivalry on 1 December 1822. The order aimed to commemorate the independence of Brazil (7 September 1822) and the coronation of Pedro I (1 December 1822).[5] The name derives from the geographical position of the country, under the constellation of the Southern Cross and also in memory of the name – Terra de Santa Cruz (Land of the Holy Cross) – given to Brazil following its first arrival by Europeans in 1500.[4]

History

Originally known as the Imperial Order of the Cross (Portuguese: Ordem Imperial do Cruzeiro), the Order was created by Emperor Pedro I on the day of his Coronation, 1 December 1822. Also on the same date the first knights of the order were appointed, to commemorate the crowning of the Empire's first monarch. After the proclamation of the independence of Brazil on 7 September 1822 other honorific awards had been made, but of the Orders of chivalry shared with Portugal, Brazilian branches of which had been created upon independence; the Order of the Cross, created to mark the Coronation of the Empire's founder, was thus also the first purely Brazilian Order.

After the fall of the monarchy, Brazil's first republican Constitution, enacted on 24 February 1891, abolished all titles of nobility and all Imperial Orders and decorations.[4] The Order was later re-established by the government of Getúlio Vargas on December 5, 1932, as the National Order of the Southern Cross.[4]

The Grand Coat of Arms of the Empire of Brazil displayed the badge of the Imperial Order of the Cross suspended from a blue necklet.

During the Old Republic period (from the Proclamation of the Republic until the Revolution of 1930), National Orders did not exist and the Brazilian State bestowed only military medals.[6] Restored in 1932, the Order of the Southern Cross was the first Order to be created in the re-established, republican honours system. It is considered the senior Brazilian National Order.

During the Imperial period, the Order of the Southern Cross was not the highest ranking of the Imperial Orders, as it ranked below the Brazilian branches of the ancient orders of chivalry, that originated with Portugal: the Order of Christ (the senior-most Order), the Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz and the Order of St. James of the Sword. Those Orders were shared by Brazil and Portugal; the Order of Christ was shared with the Holy See similar to the Austrian and a Spanish Orders of the Golden Fleece. However among the Brazilian created Orders, the Imperial Order of the Cross ranked first, having higher status than the Imperial Order of Pedro I and the Imperial Order of the Rose.

The Imperial Order of the Cross continues to be used by both branches of the Brazilian Imperial Family as a House Order, awarded by the rival claimants to the position of Head of the Imperial Family, but such awards are not recognized by the Republic of Brazil.

Just like the Emperors of Brazil were ex officio Grand Masters of the Imperial Order, Presidents of Brazil are ex officio Grand Masters of the successor National Order. Accordingly, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is the Order's current Grand Master.

Criteria

Pedro I, first Emperor of Brazil, founder and first Grand Master of the Order, wearing the Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of the Cross (then the Order's highest rank) among other orders.
Archduchess Maria Leopoldina of Austria, Empress consort of Brazil, wears the insignia of the Imperial Order of the Cross and other orders.
Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, Grand Master of the Order, wearing the Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of the Cross. The portrait displays both the star of the Order and the sash of a Knight Grand Cross.

Unlike the Imperial Order, that was awarded to Brazilians and foreigners alike, the republican National Order is awarded to foreigners only. When the Order was re-established in by presidential decree on January 13, 1932,[7] it was restricted to foreigners only with the stipulation that all awards of the Order constitute an act of foreign relations on the part of the Brazilian Government.[8]

Queen Maria II of Portugal, eldest daughter of Pedro I of Brazil and sister of Pedro II, wearing the Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of the Cross and other orders.

Brazilians were excluded deliberately. In the Old Republic, the State regarded Orders and decorations as contrary to the principles of republicanism, and thus maintained no honours system; the creation of an Order that would admit Brazilians to its ranks was a step too far. However, the Brazilian State also resented the lack of a decoration with which to honour foreign dignitaries, as is sometimes almost required by diplomatic protocol. For instance, during the celebrations of the Centennial of Brazilian Independence in 1922, several foreign dignitaries, including the King and Queen of the Belgians, came to Brazil for the celebrations. The King of the Belgians bestowed Belgian honours to some Brazilians. Brazilian nationals needed authorization from the Government to accept foreign titles of honour, or else face loss of citizenship, and under normal circumstances permission for the acceptance of appointment to Orders of Chivalry would not have been granted. While the government of Brazil relaxed its practice and authorized both accepting induction into foreign Orders and the wearing of foreign insignia, it lacked any decorations with which to reciprocate the Belgian gesture. The National Order of the Southern Cross was intended as an Order that would fill that gap. Today, accepting foreign honours and insignia without the need of prior Government approval is allowed, and several Brazilian Orders have been established to which Brazilians may be admitted, starting with the National Order of Merit (Ordem Nacional do Mérito), created in 1946. Even so, the governing statutes of the National Order of the Southern Cross have never been reformed, and it thus remains unavailable to Brazilians. Paradoxically, therefore, the Order's Grand Master — the sitting President of the Republic — is never a member of the Order he or she oversees, and the President's connection with the Order is severed once the President leaves office.

The Decree that re-created the Order (Decree 22.165, signed by Vargas on 5 December 1932) does not mention the creation of a new Order, but the reestablishment of the old Order of the Southern Cross, that had been "created upon the advent of the political independence of Brazil". This was done to improve the prestige of the Order by linking it with the past, that is, by associating it with an Order that had been created more than one century earlier.[9]

In 1932, the republican version of the Order had the same five grades as the old imperial version. In 1939, by a statute issued on 17 July of that year, the additional grade of the Grand Collar was created.[10] Until the creation of the Grand Collar, awards of which are restricted to Heads of State, the Grand Cross was the Order's highest rank.

Awards of, and promotions in, the National Order of the Southern Cross are made by decree of the President of the Republic, in his capacity as the Order's Grand Master. The decree of appointment or promotion is, like all presidential decrees, published in the Federal Government's Official Journal, and, as per the Order's regulations, the appointment or promotion is also recorded in a book kept by the Order's secretary.

The Brazilian Minister of Foreign Relations serves as the Chancellor of the Order, and an officer of the Ministry of Foreign Relations that heads the ceremonial and protocol division serves as the Secretary to the Order. The Order also has a Council, chaired by its Chancellor, that recommends awards and promotions.

Classes

Empress Teresa Cristina of Brazil wearing the Sash of a Dame Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of the Cross, with the badge of the Order suspended from the sash.
The Marquis of Olinda, regent and Prime Minister of the Empire of Brazil wearing the Grand Cross and sash of the Order

Under its current regulations, the Order consists of the Grand Master and six Classes of members:[11]

  • Grand Collar: the recipient wears the adorned "Grand Collar", a chain from which the badge of the order is suspended. The recipient is also allowed to combine the wearing of the Grand Collar with any of the following insignia, or with both: the "Star" of the Order (a plaque modelled after the badge of the Order, to be worn on the left breast); and the Sash of the Order, that is proper to those of Grand Cross rank (a light blue sash, to be worn on the right shoulder). Awards of the Grand Collar are restricted to foreign Heads of State.
  • Grand Cross: the recipient wears the Sash of the Order, and the badge of the Order hangs from the bottom part of that sash (given that the sash is worn on the right shoulder, the badge hangs close to the left leg, by the waist line). The recipient further wears the "star" of the Order, displayed on the left breast.
  • Grand Officer: the recipient wears the badge of the Order around the neck suspended from a blue ribbon necklet, and the star of the order is displayed on the left breast.
  • Commander: the recipient wears the badge of the order around the neck, suspended from a blue ribbon necklet.
  • Officer: the recipient wears the badge of the Order on left breast suspended from a ribbon with a rosette.
  • Knight: the recipient wears the badge of the Order on the left breast suspended from a simple ribbon.
Ribbon bars
Knight
Officer
Commander
Grand Officer
Grand Cross
Grand Collar

Notable recipients

Foreigners

Queen Elizabeth II displays the "Grand Collar" and star of the National Order of the Southern Cross, March 2006

among others

Brazilians

among others

Cities

Recipients by class

References

  1. ↑ Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Banco Central do Brasil. Retrieved on 2010-10-10. (in Portuguese).
  2. 1 2 National Order of the Southern Cross Medal-Medaille. Retrieved on 2010-10-10.
  3. 1 2 Condecorações: Cruizeiro do Sul – Conselho Archived 2012-03-11 at the Wayback Machine Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Retrieved on 2010-10-10. (in Portuguese).
  4. 1 2 3 4 Condecorações: Cruizeiro do Sul – Histórico Archived 2010-09-02 at the Wayback Machine Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Retrieved on 2010-10-10. (in Portuguese).
  5. ↑ White, William. Notes and queries, Volume 78. London: 1888, p. 173.
  6. ↑ Even the short-lived republican Ordem de Colombo (Order of Columbus) that had been established by the Provisional Government of the Republic as a replacement to the Imperial Orders, was abolished when Congress promulgated Brazil's first republican Constitution on 24 February 1891, declaring all Orders abolished and stating that the Republic would maintain no Orders. Only after the 1891 Constitution had ceased to operate due to the 1930 Revolution was a republican honours system created, beginning with the recreation of the Order of the Southern Cross in 1932.
  7. ↑ "- no title specified". Archived from the original on 2011-07-18.
  8. ↑ "Cerimonial". Archived from the original on 2010-09-02. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
  9. ↑ http://www6.senado.gov.br/legislacao/ListaTextoIntegral.action?id=26254%5B%5D Decree that "Reestablishes the National Order of the Southern Cross".
  10. ↑ "Portal da Câmara dos Deputados".
  11. ↑ Condecorações: Cruizeiro do Sul – Regulamento Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Retrieved on 2010-10-10. (in Portuguese).
  12. ↑ da Silva, Luiz Inácio Lula [@LulaOficial] (April 22, 2023). "Reunião com o presidente de Portugal, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. Condecorei o amigo com a Ordem do Cruzeiro do Sul, uma comenda que nosso país atribui a personalidades estrangeiras" (Tweet) (in Brazilian Portuguese) – via Twitter.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 "Bolsonaro condecora líderes do Oriente Médio antes de viagem à região". UOL. 12 November 2021.
  14. ↑ "17/11/2021 - Reunião Ampliada | (Doha - Qatar, 17/11/2021) P… | Flickr". 17 November 2021.
  15. ↑ "Bolsonaro recebe presidente da Colômbia no Palácio do Planalto nesta terça-feira". 19 October 2021.
  16. ↑ "DSC_7871 | Almoço em homenagem ao Excelentíssimo Senhor Iván… | Flickr". 19 October 2021.
  17. ↑ "Governo brasileiro condecora ex-premiê Abe e vice-premiê Aso em Tóquio". Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  18. ↑ "Shinzo Abe e Taro Aso são condecorados pelo Brasil". Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  19. ↑ "Netanyahu in Brazil: Israel is forming an alliance with a superpower - Israel News - Jerusalem Post". Archived from the original on 2018-12-29.
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  24. ↑ Ministério das Relações Exteriores - Decreto de 1º de Fevereiro de 2016. Published by Imprensa Nacional in Section 1 of the Diário Oficial da União on February 2, 2016. ISSN 1677-7042.
  25. ↑ "Dilma Rousseff se emocionó al condecorar a Cristina con la "Orden del Sur de Brasil" - Los Andes Diario". www.losandes.com.ar. Archived from the original on 2015-07-22.
  26. ↑ Ministério das Relações Exteriores - Decreto de 11 de Dezembro de 2015. Published by Imprensa Nacional in Section 1 of Diário Oficial da União of December 14, 2015. ISSN 1677-7042.
  27. ↑ "Otorga Peña Orden del Águila Azteca a Rousseff; recibe la Cruz del Sur". Quadratin (in Spanish). 26 May 2015.
  28. ↑ "De vido: "Argentina, Brasil, y la región están muchísimo mejor que hace diez años" - Télam - Agencia Nacional de Noticias". www.telam.com.ar. Archived from the original on 2014-05-17.
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  30. ↑ "Decreto". 19 December 2012. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  31. ↑ Presidente Dilma é condecorada com a mais alta ordem da Bulgária Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine GazetaOnline. Retrieved on 2011-10-05. (in Portuguese).
  32. ↑ "EBC".
  33. ↑ "Decorations and Medals". Archived from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  34. ↑ "G1 > Mundo - NOTÍCIAS - Lula e Sarkozy reforçarão associação militar entre França e Brasil".
  35. ↑ United States Department of State
  36. ↑ "Pág. 7. Seção 1. Diário Oficial da União (DOU) de 06 de Setembro de 2007". 5 September 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  37. 1 2 "6280020 - Search".
  38. 1 2 DECRETO DE 3 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2007 - website JusBrasil
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  40. ↑ "Chairman James Hurlock and Founder James Sherwood to Retire from Orient-Express Board of Directors" (Press release).
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  42. 1 2 "Diário Oficial da União". 7 October 2003. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
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  44. ↑ "Ann Hartness to receive Brazil's National Order of the Southern Cross". News releases. Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas. April 10, 2003. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
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  46. ↑ "Diário Oficial da União". 17 April 2002. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
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  58. ↑ "Brazilian President Emilio Garrastazu Medici decorates Bolivian".
  59. 1 2 "Armstrong lembrou Dumont como pioneiro da aviação". Estadão. 26 August 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
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  72. ↑ My Life, by Jean Batten, George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd., 1938
  73. ↑ Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1910, p. 12
  74. ↑ Stewart, Charles Samuel, Brazil and La Plata, the personal record of a cruise, p. 335
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  76. ↑ "Governo condecora colombianos que resgataram vítimas da Chapecoense". 16 December 2016.
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