Ireland-Israel relations
Map indicating locations of Ireland and Israel

Ireland
Israel

Israeli President Reuven Rivlin with Irish Foreign Minister Simon Coveney in Jerusalem, 2017

Ireland–Israel relations are foreign relations between Ireland and Israel.

History

Since 25 January 1996, Ireland has an embassy in Tel Aviv and Israel has an embassy in Dublin. The Israeli ambassador to Ireland is Dana Erlich,[1] who took over the role from Lironne Bar-Sade in August 2023, and the Irish ambassador to Israel is Sonya McGuinness.[2] Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.

Ireland Embassy, Tel Aviv

Ireland only extended de jure recognition to Israel in 1963, and both countries established diplomatic relations in 1975, when Ireland's ambassador to Switzerland was also accredited to Israel. Prior to that, Ireland had refused to establish relations due to Israel's alleged violations of UN Resolutions. In 1981, however, Ireland condemned Israel's attack on Iraq's Osirak nuclear reactor. Ireland did not allow an Israeli embassy to open until 20 December 1993. Two weeks prior to that, Ireland had allowed PLO Leader Yasser Arafat to visit and open a delegation.[3]

During the 20th century both the Irish and the Jews provided each other with moral support for the war effort for independence against the British, when the Irish fighting tactics inspired the Jews in their fight in Mandatory Palestine for independence. For example, Yitzhak Shamir, inspired by the IRA fighter Michael Collins, applied in the Lehi the policy that every fighter would have to carry a weapon with him at all times. Shamir's underground nickname, "Michael", (pronounced [miχaˈʔel]) was based on the name of Michael Collins.[4]

In 1978, the Irish Army contributed forces to Lebanon as part of UNIFIL, a UN peacekeeping force in Southern Lebanon, which was the scene of fierce fighting between Israeli forces and their proxy militias and Lebanese guerillas. From 1978 to 2000, Ireland contributed over 40,000 troops to UNIFIL, and was the country's largest military involvement outside its own borders. Tensions erupted between the two countries over alleged mistreatment of Irish forces by the Israel Defense Forces. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the Irish Government regularly called the Israelis to criticise them over their treatment of Irish peacekeepers. Irish Foreign Minister Brian Lenihan said that much of his sympathy for Israel disappeared when he saw how Irish soldiers were treated.[5] Irish forces were a major participant in the Battle of At Tiri, where UNIFIL troops withstood an attack by the South Lebanon Army, an Israeli-backed militia, after it attempted to set up a checkpoint in At Tiri. One Irish soldier was killed in the battle. Following the 2006 Lebanon War, Ireland deployed a unit of 150 troops to protect Finnish Army engineers.[6]

In 1978, Aer Lingus, the national airline of Ireland, without prior agreement with the Irish government, secretly trained Egyptian Air Force pilots, at a time when Israel and Egypt were still in peace talks, and had yet to sign a treaty.[7]

In 2003, the Irish government opposed the building of Israel's security wall in the West Bank.

In 1987 Corporal Dermot McLoughlin of the Irish Defence Forces was serving in Lebanon as a member of the UN peacekeeping force when he was killed after being hit by an Israeli tank shell. The Irish Army believed the incident to have been a "deliberate and unprovoked attack" by the Israeli forces. The Israeli ambassador was summoned as a response.[8][9]

According to leaked diplomatic cables, following the 2006 Lebanon War, Ireland sought to "limit US weapons transfers to Israel" through its territory and Shannon Airport.[10]

In 2010, Boaz Moda'i was named Israel's ambassador to Ireland.[11] In the same year an Israeli embassy official was expelled from Ireland after it emerged that the Israeli intelligence service, Mossad, had created eight fake Irish passports when they assassinated Hamas leader Mahmoud Al-Mabhouh.[12] The Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs Micheál Martin said Israel's action were "clearly unacceptable".[13]

In 2012, Nurit Tinari-Modai, wife the ambassador Boaz Moda'i, was appointed deputy ambassador. Noting that the appointment would be "reviewed annually", an Israeli Foreign Ministry source stated that Tinari-Modai was a "professional diplomat" who could have "secured a full ambassadorship on her own merits".[14]

In March 2013, Alan Shatter, minister of Justice, Equality and Defence said, while visiting Israel, that "Ireland is a friend of Israel. We have a government in Ireland that wants a deeper engagement. But we also have a government in Ireland that is committed to the peace process."[15] During that trip, it was announced that Ireland and Israel would start an initiative to work closely together on reducing road deaths in both countries.[16][17]

In May 2014, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) published the "ADL Global 100 survey" into global anti-Semitism. The survey ranked Ireland as "in the middle in comparison with other countries in Western Europe" in terms of responses to questions on attitudes to Israel and to Jewish people.[18][19]

In September 2014, Irish UN peacekeepers on the Golan Heights rescued Filipino colleagues who were surrounded by Islamist extremists. Senior sources confirmed that Irish soldiers would "almost certainly" have been killed or taken hostage if it wasn't for the military intervention of the Israeli army, and that assistance from the Israeli army was "decisive" in the success of the rescue.[20][21]

In November 2015, Alison Kelly became Ireland's ambassador to Israel, replacing Eamonn McKee. Kelly presented her credentials to Israeli President Reuven Rivlin noting her goal to "continue to work to strengthen and expand the cooperation between our countries".[22][23] Also in 2015, Zeev Boker became the Israeli ambassador to the Republic of Ireland, presenting his credentials to the President of Ireland, Michael D. Higgins.

In 2021 the Dáil Éireann (Irish Parliament) unanimously passed a motion condemning the "de facto annexation" of Palestinian land.[24]

As of September 2023, Ireland's ambassador to Israel is Sonya McGuinness,[2] and Dana Erlich is Israel's ambassador to Ireland.[25]

Commercial ties and tourism

The commercial relationship between Israel and Ireland goes back to the early days of Israeli statehood. In 1988, Israeli exports to Ireland were valued at $23.5 million, while Irish exports to Israel were valued at $32.8 million. In 2010 Israeli imports from Ireland approached $520 million and exports to Ireland stood at $81 million.[26]

Israeli exports to Ireland include machinery and electronics, rubber and plastics, chemicals, textiles, optical/medical equipment, gems, and fruit and vegetables. Irish exports to Israel include machinery and electronics, chemicals, textiles, foodstuffs, beverages, and optical/medical equipment.[27] A bilateral agreement on double taxation signed in 1995 has facilitated economic cooperation.[28]

In August 2014 controversy erupted when it became public that Ireland had approved export licences for military goods worth up to €6.4m to be shipped to Israel over the previous three years. Opposition parties complained that the types of materials sold to Israel were being kept secret from the Irish public. While the Irish government refused to give exact details on the type of equipment, updated figures showed military licences totalling €126,637 had been approved in advance of the 2014 Gaza conflict. Sinn Féin's Pádraig Mac Lochlainn and Fianna Fáil senator Averil Power demanded more transparency over the export approvals.[29]

According to Haaretz newspaper, Ireland was the most popular destination for Israeli holidaymakers in 2000. In 2004, a peak number of Irish nationals visited Israel to attend the Ireland-Israel World Cup qualifying match.[28]

Country comparison

Ireland Israel
Flag Republic of Ireland Israel
Population 5,281,000 (2023) 9,059,800 (2019)
Area 70,273 km2 (27,133 sq mi) 20,770 km2 (8,019 sq mi)
Population density 75/km2 (194/sq mi) 403/km2 (1,044/sq mi)
Capital Dublin Jerusalem (limited recognition)[fn 1]
Largest city Dublin 593,000 (2,083,000 Metro) Jerusalem 971,800 (1,253,900 Metro)
Largest metro area Dublin

2,083,000

 Tel Aviv-Yafo 3,854,000
Government Parliamentary republic Parliamentary republic
First head of state Douglas Hyde Chaim Waitzman
Current head of state Michael D. Higgins Isaac Herzog
First head of government Éamon de Valera David Ben-Gurion
Current head of government Leo Varadkar Benjamin Netanyahu
Official language Irish, English Hebrew
Main religions 69% Catholic, 15% no religion, 4% Protestant, 1.6% Muslim, 6.7% others (as of 2022)[40] 74% Judaism, 18% Muslim, 2% Christian, 6% others (as of 2019)[41]
Ethnic groups 77% White Irish, 0.7% Irish Travellers, 22% others[42] (as of 2022) 74% Jews, 21% Arab, 5% others
GDP (nominal) US$594 billion ($112,500 per capita) US$521 billion ($53,000 per capita)
Military expenditures $1.1 billion (0.3% of GDP) $23.2 billion (7.6% of GDP)
Military troops 10,676 176,500
English speakers 98.47% 84.97%
Labour forces 2,224,000 4,198,000

Ireland and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Ireland annually provides €10 million in bilateral and multilateral aid to the Palestinian people and organizations, including €3.5 million through the UNRWA.[43]

On 19 January 2010, Mahmoud al-Mabhouh, a senior Hamas military commander, was assassinated in Dubai by a team of eight suspected Mossad officers who used counterfeit European passports, including Irish passports.[44] The Irish government responded by expelling a staff member of the Israeli Embassy in Dublin.[45] Ireland subsequently delayed an EU–Israel agreement which would involve allowing Israel to access sensitive information on EU citizens, and demanded that Israel tighten its data protection laws.[46]

On 5 June 2010, the humanitarian aid vessel MV Rachel Corrie sailing from Ireland (where she had been refitted) to Gaza, was intercepted and seized by the Israeli Navy.[47] This caused political tension between Ireland and Israel.[48][49]

On 25 January 2011, Ireland upgraded the Palestinian envoy in Ireland to that of a full embassy, which resulted in the Irish Ambassador to Israel being summoned. Israel announced that it "regrets" the decision[50] and it was "not surprised" due to the Irish government's "biased policy regarding the conflict over the years".[51]

On 4 November 2011, the Irish ship MV Saoirse travelling to Gaza was intercepted by the Israeli Navy in international waters.[52] The Navy boarded the ship, took those aboard in custody and towed it to Ashdod. In response, Irish Tánaiste and Minister for Foreign Affairs Eamon Gilmore stated that the Irish government do "not agree with [the Gaza blockade], (...) regard it as contrary to international humanitarian law in its impact on the civilian population of Gaza, and (...) have repeatedly urged Israel to end a policy which is unjust, counter-productive and amounts to collective punishment of 1.5 million Palestinians."[53]

On 16 November 2011, unnamed sources from the Israeli Foreign Ministry claimed that "Ireland (is the) most hostile country in Europe" and was "pushing all of Europe's countries to a radical and uncompromising approach". The unnamed official made an accusation that "the Irish government is feeding its people with anti-Israel hatred" and that "what we are seeing here is clear anti-Semitism." The subsequent survey by the Anti-Defamation League of worldwide anti-Semitism proved that the unnamed source was incorrect, since Ireland was found to have less anti-Semitism than the average of European countries and a more favourable view of Israel.[54] Additionally, an official from the Irish Foreign Affairs Department countered that "the Government is critical of Israeli policies in the occupied Palestinian territories. It is not hostile to Israel and it is clearly wrong to suggest as much," he said. "The notion that this Government is or would be trying to stoke up anti-Israeli feeling is untrue. We are not hostile to Israel. We are critical of policies, particularly in the occupied Palestinian territories. These are not the same things".[55] Israel's ambassador to Ireland was reported as distancing himself from claims of Irish anti-Semitism.[56]

In December 2012 the IsraelinIreland posted on the Embassy's Facebook page a comment that was viewed as racist and slanderous to Palestinians: "A thought for Christmas. ... If Jesus and mother Mary were alive today, they would, as Jews without security, probably end up being lynched in Bethlehem by hostile Palestinians. Just a thought ...".[57][58] The post resulted in protests, and the Embassy removed the statement issuing an apology, and posted the following statement: "To whom it may concern: An image of Jesus and Mary with a derogatory comment about Palestinians was posted without the consent of the administrator of the Facebook page. We have removed the post in question immediately. Apologies to anyone who may have been offended. Merry Christmas!"

In early 2012 the Irish Palestine Solidarity Campaign organised a "cultural boycott" of Israel, as a result of which Irish music group Dervish cancelled a proposed tour of Israel, citing "an 'avalanche of negativity' and 'venom' directed towards them."[59] This online campaign was officially condemned by Irish Justice Minister Alan Shatter[60] and Irish Tánaiste and Minister for Foreign Affairs Eamon Gilmore.[61]

In June 2012, Israel's Channel 10 published an e-mail in which Nurit Tinari-Modai, deputy ambassador to Ireland, proposed harassing expatriate Israelis who criticized Israeli policies, posting photos of them and publishing disinformation that would embarrass them. She claimed that they were critical of Israel because of their sexual identity. The Foreign Ministry quickly distanced itself from her letter, disavowing her approaches to handling critics. Her recommendation included the following: "You have to try and hit their soft underbellies, to publish their photographs, maybe that will cause embarrassment from their friends in Israel and their family, hoping that local activists would understand that they may actually be working on behalf of Mossad."[62][63][64]

In September 2013 Israeli soldiers clashed with Palestinians, EU diplomats (including an Irish diplomat) and foreign activists at the site of a West Bank village demolished by the Israel Defense Forces. The diplomats were manhandled.[65]

On 31 July 2014 on the 23rd day of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, Ireland's Foreign Minister Charlie Flanagan said he shared "the horror and revulsion of senators and very many of our citizens at the horrendous scenes we have witnessed since the start of the Israeli military operation." The Irish government, he said, condemned "both the unacceptably high civilian casualty rate resulting from disproportionate military action on Israel's part as well as the firing of rockets by Hamas and other militants into Israel."[66] The Israeli embassy in Dublin came under criticism twice in the month of July 2014, first for posts likening Free Palestine activists to Hitler, and second for posting edited images of iconic European art in ways that imply Islam is taking over Europe (see Islam in Europe and Islamophobic incidents). The image of the Irish Molly Malone statue was edited by the Israeli Embassy to show her covered with a Muslim veil along with the words, "Israel now, Dublin next." Following criticism that the anti-Muslim posting promoted hatred and were offensive, they were taken down. The embassy claims it meant no offence.[67][68]

In October 2014, the Irish upper house of parliament called on the government to give formal recognition to the State of Palestine and take active steps to promote a viable two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.[69]

On 22 October 2014, the Seanad (Irish upper house of parliament) passed a motion calling on the government to give formal recognition to the State of Palestine and take active steps to promote a viable two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The move follows similar initiatives in other European states, including Sweden and the United Kingdom.[69][70][71] While Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and most Israelis are opposed to the establishment of a Palestinian state within the pre-1967 borders,[72] in December 2014 a petition was sent by over 800 Israelis asking Ireland to offer Palestine this recognition. The petition was sent to Ireland's Lower House ahead of a recognition vote already approved in the Upper House. Signatories to the letter included three well-known authors, Amos Oz and A.B. Yehoshua, both Israel Prize winners, and David Grossman, as well as former Foreign Ministry director-general Alon Liel.[73] Subsequently, the Irish government announced that it would accept a motion proposing the recognition of Palestine, with 1967 borders and with East Jerusalem as the capital, as specified in U.N. resolutions. According to the Jerusalem Post, European countries have become frustrated with Israel, since peace talks have collapsed and Israel is still building settlements in Palestinian territories. Ireland will not be alone in recognising Palestine; Sweden became the largest Western European country to offer Palestine recognition, and parliaments in Spain, Britain and France have backed resolutions in favour of recognition.[74] However, the Spanish and British governments, are at this time, refusing to recognise a Palestinian state.[75][76]

In January 2018, Senator Frances Black proposed a private member's bill in the Irish Seanad which would have criminalised the purchase of goods and services from settlements in occupied territories, including Israeli settlements in the West Bank. The Control of Economic Activity (Occupied Territories) Bill 2018[77] was opposed by the Government and voting on the Bill has been postponed.[78]

On 9 April 2018 Dublin City Council became the first European capital to vote in favour of resolutions endorsing the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement against Israel and calling for the expulsion of the Israeli Ambassador to Ireland. The City Council boycott motion included a specific call to boycott products and services from Hewlett Packard.[79] On 10 April, the Lord Mayor of Dublin Mícheál Mac Donncha travelled to Ramallah to attend a Palestinian Authority conference on the status of Jerusalem, avoiding an Israeli government ban due to confusion arising from the spelling of his name in Irish on his passport.[80] In response, the Israeli government summoned the Irish Ambassador to formally demand an explanation for the boycott motions of Dublin City Council and the Lord Mayor's attendance at the conference.[81]

In 2019, despite opposition from the Government of Ireland, the Dáil passed the second stage of the 'Occupied Territories Bill' by 78 to 45 votes.[82][83] If fully enacted, it will restrict the importation of goods that originated from any of the Israeli-occupied territories, including the settlements in the West Bank, Golan Heights and East Jerusalem. The Israeli ambassador to Ireland, Ophir Kariv said "it would make Ireland the most extreme anti-Israel country in the western world and entrench it deeply on the wrong side of history.",[84][83] while supporters of Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions policies reportedly described the bill as a "victory for the BDS movement" and Trócaire's chief executive, Caoimhe de Barra said it would serve as a good example for the rest of the European Union.

In May 2021, the Dáil declared that the building of Israeli settlements on Palestinian land was de facto annexation, becoming the first EU member state to do so. The motion proposing the declaration was proposed by the opposition, and was supported by the Government. An amendment calling for the expulsion of the Israeli ambassador was defeated.[85]

In November 2023, a nine-year-old girl with joint Irish and Israeli citizenship was released as part of a hostage deal between Hamas and Israel. Irish Taoiseach Leo Varadkar's tweet welcoming her release as "an innocent child who was lost has now been found and returned" faced criticism from the Israeli President and Foreign Minister. They rejected the use of the word "lost" and said that she was not lost but had been taken hostage by Hamas.[86][87]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Recognition by other UN member states: Russia (West Jerusalem),[30] the Czech Republic (West Jerusalem),[31] Honduras,[32] Guatemala,[33] Nauru,[34] and the United States.[35] In September 2020 it was reported that Serbia would be moving its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.[36][37] Ireland maintains its embassy in Ramat Gan in the Tel Aviv District,[38] and has voted (along with 128 other UN members) against unilateral changes to recognition status of Israel's capital[39]

References

  1. ↑ https://embassies.gov.il/dublin/AboutTheEmbassy/Pages/The-Ambassador.aspx
  2. 1 2 https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/epressevenambs
  3. ↑ Eliash, Shulamit (5 April 2007). The Harp and the Shield of David: Ireland, Zionism and the State of Israel. Routledge. ISBN 9781134268283 – via Google Books.
  4. ↑ Shulamit Eliash, The Harp and the Shield of David: Ireland, Zionism and the State of Israel, Routledge, 2007.
  5. ↑ "Irish Attitudes Toward Israel - Interview with Rory Miller". Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
  6. ↑ "150 Irish troops to join UN interim force in Lebanon". The Irish Times. 9 September 2006. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012.
  7. ↑ "Aer Lingus secretly trained Egyptian Air Force". 31 December 2009. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  8. ↑ "No apology 31 years after death of Sligo soldier in Lebanon". Sligo Champion.
  9. ↑ Murtagh, Peter. "Killing of Irish soldier by Israelis believed to be 'deliberate and unprovoked'". The Irish Times.
  10. ↑ "Wikileaks: Ireland prevented US arms transfers to Israel". Jerusalem Post. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011.
  11. ↑ "Ambassador Modai's Biography". embassies.gov.il. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  12. ↑ McEnroe, Juno. "'No guarantee' over fake Irish passports being used by Israeli secret service again". Irish Examiner.
  13. ↑ Fitzgerald, Mary. "Israeli official expelled over use of fake passports". The Irish Times.
  14. ↑ Marcus, Dych (1 March 2012). "Why, Mr Ambassador, you're spoiling me". JEWISH CHRONICLE ONLINE. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  15. ↑ "Irish minister to 'Post': Ireland not hostile". Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  16. ↑ "Ireland, Israel to partner on road safety". Jerusalem Post. 15 March 2013. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  17. ↑ "Minister Shatter launches IRIS, the Joint Ireland Israel Programme on Road Safety". Irish Government News Service. 15 March 2013. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  18. ↑ "ADL Global 100: An Index of Anti-Semitism - Ireland". Anti-Defamation League. 13 May 2014. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  19. ↑ "30% of Irish people 'think Jews talk too much about the Holocaust'". thejournal.ie. Journal Media Ltd. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  20. ↑ "Foreign Affairs Minister: 'I don't want Irish troops sucked into Syrian civil war'". Irish Independent. 7 September 2014. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  21. ↑ "Israeli Defense Force rescues Irish troops from Islamist extremists". Irish Central. 12 September 2014. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  22. ↑ Rank and File: President Rivlin Receives Diplomatic Credentials of Five New Ambassadors Archived 27 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Haaretz, 6 Nov 2015
  23. ↑ President Rivlin receives diplomatic credentials of new ambassadors to Israel Archived 25 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine The World of Diplomacy in Israel, accessed 18 January 2016
  24. ↑ "Ireland condemns Israel's 'de facto annexation' of Palestine". Al Jazeera.
  25. ↑ https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/d124b-new-ambassadors-present-credentials-20-september-2023/
  26. ↑ "Summary of Israel's Foreign Trade by Country 2010" (PDF). cbs.gov.il. State of Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  27. ↑ "Israel – Ireland Trade Relations". tamas.gov.il. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
  28. 1 2 "Ireland-Israel trade relations". moital.gov.il. Israel's Government Services and Information Website.
  29. ↑ Connolly, Shaun (27 August 2014). "State approved €6.4m in Israel arms exports". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  30. ↑ "Foreign Ministry statement regarding Palestinian-Israeli settlement". www.mid.ru. 6 April 2017.
  31. ↑ "Czech Republic announces it recognizes West Jerusalem as Israel's capital". Jerusalem Post. 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. The Czech Republic currently, before the peace between Israel and Palestine is signed, recognizes Jerusalem to be in fact the capital of Israel in the borders of the demarcation line from 1967." The Ministry also said that it would only consider relocating its embassy based on "results of negotiations.
  32. ↑ "Honduras recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital". The Times of Israel. 29 August 2019.
  33. ↑ "Guatemala se suma a EEUU y también trasladará su embajada en Israel a Jerusalén" [Guatemala joins US, will also move embassy to Jerusalem]. Infobae (in Spanish). 24 December 2017. Guatemala's embassy was located in Jerusalem until the 1980s, when it was moved to Tel Aviv.
  34. ↑ "Nauru recognizes J'lem as capital of Israel". Israel National News. 29 August 2019.
  35. ↑ "Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's Capital and Orders U.S. Embassy to Move". The New York Times. 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  36. ↑ Frot, Mathilde (4 September 2020). "Kosovo to normalise relations with Israel". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  37. ↑ "Kosovo and Serbia hand Israel diplomatic boon after US-brokered deal". The Guardian. 4 September 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  38. ↑ "Ireland in Israel - Contact Embassy of Ireland, Israel". dfa.ie. Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  39. ↑ "Ireland joins UN rejection of US move on Jerusalem". irishtimes.com. Irish Times. 21 December 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  40. ↑ "Census of Population 2016 - Releases - Chapter 8 - Religion" (PDF). CSO.ie. Central Statistics Office. 12 October 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  41. ↑ Israel's Independence Day 2019 (PDF) (Report). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 6 May 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  42. ↑ "Ethnicity – CSO – Central Statistics Office". CSO. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  43. ↑ "Palestine - Irish Aid - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". www.irishaid.gov.ie. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  44. ↑ "'Hit squad' used fake Irish passports". Irish Independent. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
  45. ↑ "Irish to expel Israeli diplomat over Hamas killing". BBC News. 15 June 2010. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  46. ↑ "Ireland delays EU deal with Israel on data transfers". BBC News. 3 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  47. ↑ Laub, Karin (5 June 2010). "Israel remains defiant, seizes Gaza-bound aid ship". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 8 June 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  48. ↑ "Taoiseach warns Israel of 'serious consequences'". Irish Times. 2 June 2010. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  49. ↑ Myers, Kevin (20 August 2010). "Kevin Myers: Cead mile failte to Hell, Mr Israeli ambassador". Irish Independent.
  50. ↑ Weiss, Mark; Fitzgerald, Mary (26 January 2011). "Israel summons Ambassador over Palestinian envoy upgrade". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 13 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
  51. ↑ Medzini, Ronen (25 January 2011). "Ireland becomes first EU member to take such measure; Israel says move detrimental to peace process". Ynet News. Yedioth Internet. Archived from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  52. ↑ "Column: The Irish ship to Gaza wasn't carrying aid – it was making a point". The Journal. 18 November 2011. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  53. ↑ "Irish activists to be deported from Israel after MV Saoirse detained". Irish Independent. 5 November 2011. Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  54. ↑ "The ADL GLOBAL 100: An Index of Anti-Semitism". Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  55. ↑ "Ireland most hostile country in Europe". Yedioth Internet. 16 November 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  56. ↑ Minihan, Mary; Weiss, Mark (17 November 2011). "Ireland rejects claim of hostility towards Israel". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  57. ↑ Robert Tait (18 December 2012). "Israel investigates embassy 'Christmas message'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  58. ↑ Raphael Ahren (17 December 2012). "Israeli Embassy's 'lynching Jesus' Facebook post sparks Irish ire". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
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  63. ↑ "Israel's Irish embassy: UN would have made Hitler happy". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
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  65. ↑ Cohen, Gil (20 September 2013). "European diplomats: Israeli army manhandled us, seized Palestinian aid". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
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  67. ↑ "Israeli embassy says no offence meant over Molly Malone images". Irish Times. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  68. ↑ "Israeli Embassy Tweets Images of Jihadist Mona Lisa and Michelangelo's David". Newsweek. 29 July 2014. Archived from the original on 1 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  69. 1 2 "Irish parliament calls on government to recognize Palestine". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  70. ↑ "Ireland's Upper House Calls On Government to Recognize Palestine". 24 October 2014. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  71. ↑ "Irish upper house backs Palestinian state". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  72. ↑ "Three-quarters of Israeli Jews oppose detail of Palestinian state, poll shows". The Guardian. 20 October 2014. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  73. ↑ "Oz, Grossman, Yehoshua call on Europe to recognise 'Palestine'". The Jerusalem Post. 8 December 2014. Three of Israel's great authors signed a petition calling for Europe to officially recognise a Palestinian state, something so far only Sweden has done
  74. ↑ "Irish government to accept motion to recognise Palestinian state". The Jerusalem Post. 9 December 2014. The motion calls on the government to 'officially recognise the State of Palestine, on the basis of the 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as the capital, as established in UN resolutions.'
  75. ↑ "The British vote to recognise Palestine won't change a complex reality". The Guardian. 13 October 2014. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  76. ↑ "How serious is Spain about recognising Palestine?". Al Arabiya. 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  77. ↑ "Senator Frances Black Tables Occupied Territories Bill 2018". francesblack.ie. October 2018. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  78. ↑ "Ambassador explains Government's stand on West Bank settlements to Israelis". The Irish Times. 31 January 2018. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  79. ↑ "Dublin City Council vote to support economic sanctions against Israel". Irish Examiner. 10 April 2018. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  80. ↑ "Israel tries to bar Dublin mayor, but fails because it spells his name wrong". The Times of Israel. 11 April 2018. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  81. ↑ "Israel summons Irish ambassador over Dublin mayor's visit". Ynet News. 12 April 2018. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  82. ↑ "Irish Ambassador 'reprimanded' by Israel over Occupied Territories bill". independent.ie. Independent News & Media. 25 January 2019. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  83. 1 2 O'Halloran, Marie (24 January 2019). "TDs back controversial occupied territories Bill, Independent Ministers abstain". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  84. ↑ "Ireland passes BDS bill banning Israel settlement goods". Middle East Monitor. 25 January 2019. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  85. ↑ O'Halloran, Marie; O'Riordan, Ellen (26 May 2021). "Ireland becomes first EU country to declare Israel is involved in 'de facto annexation'". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  86. ↑ garofalo, Sophie Tanno, elise (26 November 2023). "Israeli president talks hostages, truces and criticizes Irish PM's tweet in CNN interview". CNN. Retrieved 29 November 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  87. ↑ "Emily Hand among Gaza hostages freed on Saturday". 25 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
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