Irom Chanu Sharmila
Irom Sharmila at a reception given by Solidarity Youth Movement to her in Kozhikode
Born (1972-03-14) 14 March 1972
Kongpal, Imphal, Manipur, India
NationalityIndian
Occupation(s)Civil rights activist, political activist, poet
Known forHunger strike against Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act
SpouseDesmond Anthony Bellarnine Coutinho
ChildrenNix Shakhi and Autumn Tara
Parent(s)Irom c Nanda (father)
Irom Ongbi Sakhi (mother)
Charcoal portrait of Irom Sharmila with her nasogastric tube by Amitabh Mitra

Irom Chanu Sharmila (born 14 March 1972),[1] also known as the "Iron Lady of Manipur"[2] or "Mengoubi" ("the fair one")[3] is an Indian civil rights activist, political activist, and poet from the Indian state of Manipur, which is located on the north-eastern side of India. On 5 November 2000,[4] she began a hunger strike in favour of abolishing the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 that applies to the seven states and grants Indian armed forces the power to search properties without a warrant, and to arrest people, and to use deadly force if there is "reasonable suspicion" that a person is acting against the state. She ended the fast on 9 August 2016, after 16 long years of fasting. Having refused food and water for more than 500 weeks (she was nasally force fed in jail), she has been called "the world's longest hunger striker".[5] On International Women's Day, 2014 she was voted the top woman icon of India by MSN Poll.[6][7]

In 2014 two parties asked her to stand in the national election, but she declined. She was then denied the right to vote as a person confined in jail cannot vote according to law.[8][9][10] On 19 August 2014 a court ordered her release from custody, subject to there being no other grounds for detention. She was re-arrested on 22 August 2014 on similar charges to those for which she was acquitted, and remanded in judicial custody for 15 days.[11] Amnesty International has declared her as a prisoner of conscience.

Background

Sharmila grew up and lives in Manipur, one of the Seven Sister States in India's northeast, which has suffered from an insurgency for decades; from 2005 to 2015 about 5,500 people died from political violence.[12] In 1958, the Indian government passed a law, the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 that applies to just the seven states and grants security forces the power to search properties without a warrant, and to arrest people, and to use deadly force if there is "reasonable suspicion" that a person is acting against the state; a similar Act applies to Jammu and Kashmir.[12]

She was already involved in local peace movements with regard to human rights abuses in Manipur when, on 2 November 2000, in Malom, a town in the Imphal Valley of Manipur, ten civilians were shot and killed while waiting at a bus stop.[13] The incident, known as the "Malom Massacre",[14][15] was allegedly committed by the Assam Rifles, one of the Indian Paramilitary forces operating in the state.[16][17] The victims included Leisangbam Ibetombi, a 62-year-old woman, and 18-year-old Sinam Chandramani, a 1998 National Bravery Award winner.

The fast and responses

Sharmila, who was 28 at the time of Malom Massacre, began to fast in protest.[13] Her primary demand to the Indian government has been the repeal of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA).[4][13][18] She began her fast in Malom on 5 November 2000, and vowed not to eat, drink, comb her hair or look in a mirror until AFSPA was repealed.[19]

Three days after she began her strike, she was arrested by the police and charged with an "attempt to commit suicide",[4] which was unlawful under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) at that time, and was later transferred to judicial custody. Her health deteriorated rapidly, and nasogastric intubation was forced on her from 21 November in order to keep her alive while under arrest.[5][19]

Sharmila has been regularly released and re-arrested every year since her hunger strike began.[18]

By 2004, Sharmila had become an "icon of public resistance."[16] Following her procedural release on 2 October 2006 Sharmila went to Raj Ghat, New Delhi, which she said was "to pay floral tribute to my idol, Mahatma Gandhi." Later that evening, Sharmila headed for Jantar Mantar for a protest demonstration where she was joined by students, human rights activists and other concerned citizens. On 6 October, she was re-arrested by the Delhi police for attempting suicide and was taken to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, where she wrote letters to the Prime Minister, the President, and the Home Minister.[13] At this time, she met and won the support of Nobel-laureate Shirin Ebadi, the Nobel Laureate and human rights activist, who promised to take up Sharmila's cause at the United Nations Human Rights Council.[13]

In 2011, she invited anti-corruption activist Anna Hazare to visit Manipur,[20] and Hazare sent two representatives to meet with her.[21]

In September 2011, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (CPI ML) openly stated its support for her and for repeal of AFSPA, calling for nationwide agitation.[22]

Following that in October 2011, the Manipur Pradesh All India Trinamool Congress announced their support for Sharmila and called on party chief Mamata Banerjee to help repeal the AFSPA.[23] Then in November, at the end of the eleventh year of her fast, Sharmila again called on Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to repeal the law.[24] On 3 November 100 women formed a human chain in Ambari to show support for Sharmila, while other civil society groups staged a 24-hour fast in a show of solidarity.[25]

In 2011 the Save Sharmila Solidarity Campaign (SSSC) was launched to highlight Sharmila's struggle[26] and in December 2011, Pune University announced a scholarship program for 39 female Manipuri students to take degree courses in honour of Irom Sharmila Chanu's 39 years of age.[27]

She only met her mother once during the fast, as she believed that seeing her mother's anguish might have broken her resolve. She said "The day AFSPA is repealed I will eat rice from my mother's hand."[28][29]

On 28 March 2016, she was released from judicial custody as charges against her were rejected by a local court in Imphal.[30] Sharmila kept her vow of neither entering her house nor meeting her mother until the government repeals AFSPA and went to continue her fast at Shahid Minar, Imphal on the same day of her release.[31] She was again arrested by the police under the same charge of attempt to commit suicide by means of indefinite fast.

End of the fast

On 26 July 2016, Irom Sharmila, who had been on a hunger strike since 2000, announced that she would end her fast on 9 August 2017. She also announced that she would contest the next state elections in Manipur.[32][33]

The objective of her fast and entering politics is to fight for the removal of AFSPA as she has asserted "I will join politics and my fight will continue."[34]

International attention

Sharmila was awarded the 2007 Gwangju Prize for Human Rights, which is given to "an outstanding person or group, active in the promotion and advocacy of Peace, Democracy and Human Rights".[35] She shared the award with Lenin Raghuvanshi of People's Vigilance Committee on Human Rights, a northeastern Indian human rights organisation.[35]

In 2009, she was awarded the first Mayilamma Award of the Mayilamma Foundation "for achievement of her nonviolent struggle in Manipur".[36]

In 2010, she won a lifetime achievement award from the Asian Human Rights Commission.[37] Later that year, she won the Rabindranath Tagore Peace Prize of the Indian Institute of Planning and Management, which came with a cash award of 5,100,000 rupees,[38] and the Sarva Gunah Sampannah "Award for Peace and Harmony" from the Signature Training Centre.[39]

In 2013, Amnesty International declared her a Prisoner of conscience, and said she "is being held solely for a peaceful expression of her beliefs."[40] The influence made by Irom Sharmila is often considered as powerful as the influences by personalities in the past and present.[41]

Subsequent work

In October 2016, she launched a political party named Peoples' Resurgence and Justice Alliance to contest two Assembly constituencies of Khurai and Khangabok. Khangabok is the home constituency of Chief Minister Okram Ibobi Singh.[42][43][44][45] In the 2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election, the winner in Thoubal, Ibobi Singh, received 18,649 and Sharmila received 90 votes;[46] the fewest of the five candidates.[47]

In 2019, after the death of Gauri Lankesh, Sharmila criticized the NDA government, accusing it of disregarding people's sentiments when making policy decisions. In an interview with The Economic Times, she mentioned that she was no more interested in politics as she already experienced electoral politics and the dirtiness involved in the process.[48]

After the MHA tweeted removal of the AFSPA from swathes of the North East the Chief Minister of Manipur called for a day of celebration to which he would invite Irom Sharmila as a guest.[49]

Deepti Priya Mehrotra's Burning Bright: Irom Sharmila and the Struggle for Peace in Manipur details Sharmila's life and the political background of her fast.[50] IronIrom: Two Journeys : Where the Abnormal is Normal (2012, with Minnie Vaid and Tayenjam Bijoykumar Singh)

Ojas S V, a theater artist from Pune, performed a mono-play titled Le Mashale ("Take the Torch"), based on Irom Sharmila's life and struggle. It is an adaptation of Meira Paibi (Women bearing torches), a drama written by Malayalam playwright Civic Chandran. The play was performed at several venues in several Indian states.[51][52]

Personal life

On Thursday 17 August 2017, Irom Sharmila Chanu married her British partner Desmond Anthony Bellarnine Coutinho in Kodaikanal, a hill station in Tamil Nadu.[53] On Sunday 12 May 2019, at the age of 47, she gave birth to twin daughters in Bengaluru, Karnataka, named Nix Shakhi and Autumn Tara.[54][55][56]

See also

Bibliography

  • Fragrance of Peace (2010)
  • IronIrom: Two Journeys: Where the abnormal is normal.

References

  1. ↑ Mehrotra, Deepti Priya (2012). "The Making of an Activist". Burning Bright: Irom Sharmila and the Struggle for Peace in Manipur. Penguin Books India. ISBN 9788184751536.
  2. ↑ "Iron Lady of Manipur". Divya Bhaskar. 10 August 2016. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  3. ↑ Chatterjee, Rituparna (20 April 2011). "Spot the Difference: Hazare vs. Irom Sharmila". Sinlung. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
  4. 1 2 3 Bagchi, Suvojit (19 September 2006). "Manipur woman's marathon fast". BBC News, Manipur. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  5. 1 2 Buncombe, Andrew (4 November 2010). "A decade of starvation for Irom Sharmila". The Independent. Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  6. ↑ "Irom Sharmila is top woman icon: MSN poll". MSN. 11 March 2014. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  7. ↑ "Irom Sharmila voted MSN poll's Top Woman Icon in India". Seven Sisters Project. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  8. ↑ "Irom Sharmila not allowed to vote in Manipur". Zee News. 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  9. ↑ "Irom Sharmila Chanu's moral support to AAP". The Times of India. 14 March 2014. Archived from the original on 6 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  10. ↑ "Irom Sharmila not allowed to vote in Manipur EC official says Under Section 62 (5) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, a person confined in jail cannot vote". Business Standard. 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  11. ↑ "Irom Chanu Sharmila charged with attempted suicide, sent to judicial custody again". The Times of India. 22 August 2014. Archived from the original on 23 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  12. 1 2 Krishna Pokharel for the Wall Street Journal. 7 January 2015. Indian Activist Presses 14-Year Hunger Strike to Protest Abuses; Court Postpones Decision Whether Irom Sharmila Chanu Should Be Charged Again Archived 24 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Shoma Chaudhury (5 December 2009). "Irom and the Iron in India's Soul". Tehelka. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  14. ↑ Anjuman Ara Begum (3 November 2010). "AFSPA and Unsolved massacres in Manipur". Twocircles. Archived from the original on 11 January 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  15. ↑ Imphal Free Press (2 November 2013). "Malom Massacre horror relived 13 years later". Imphal Free Press. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  16. 1 2 Nilanjana S. Roy (8 February 2011). "Torchbearers for Victims in a Violent Land". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  17. ↑ Rahul Pathak (6 August 2004). "Why Malom is a big reason for Manipur anger against Army Act". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  18. 1 2 "Manipur Fasting Woman Re-arrested". BBC News. 9 March 2009. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  19. 1 2 Mehrotra, Deepti Priya (2009). Burning bright : Irom Sharmila and the struggle for peace in Manipur (2009 ed.). New Delhi: Penguin Books India. ISBN 9780143103691.
  20. ↑ Vidya Subramaniam (28 August 2011). "Irom Sharmila urges Anna to visit Manipur". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  21. ↑ "Highlights of Anna Hazare's interview to NDTV". NDTV. 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  22. ↑ "CPI (ML) to show solidarity to Sharmila with nation-wide agitation". Imphal Free Press via Kanglaonline. 29 September 2011. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  23. ↑ "Mamata's help sought for raising voice against AFSPA". The Times of India. 17 October 2011. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012.
  24. ↑ "PM should realize I am struggling for people: Irom". The Times of India. Times News Network. 4 November 2011. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  25. ↑ "Civil society groups in state back Irom's cause". The Times of India. Times News Network. 3 November 2011. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013.
  26. ↑ "'Save Sharmila Solidarity Campaign' launched". 2 October 2011. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012 – via www.thehindu.com.
  27. ↑ "Scholarship for Manipuri girl students in Sharmila's honour". The Times of India. 10 December 2011. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012.
  28. ↑ "A Life-Affirming Fast". Economic & Political Weekly. 23 March 2013.
  29. ↑ Sarkar, S. (18 January 2013). "The Iron Lady of Manipur". Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 20 (1): 147–151. doi:10.1177/0971521512465965. S2CID 147673483.
  30. ↑ "Irom Sharmila Released: Latest News, Photos, Videos on Irom Sharmila Released - NDTV.COM". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  31. ↑ "Irom Sharmila re-arrested after resuming hunger strike over Afspa repeal". http://Hindustan Times/. 3 March 2016. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  32. ↑ Express, The New Indian. "Live Updates, News, Headlines, Videos And More". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016.
  33. ↑ "Irom Sharmila: India activist to end fast after 16 years". BBC. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  34. ↑ "Irom Sharmila to end her fast of 16 years; will fight polls". Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  35. 1 2 "Gwangju Prize for Human Rights". 18 May Memorial Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  36. ↑ Sobhapati Samom (1 March 2010). "Kerala activists promise support to Irom Sharmila". Assam Tribune. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  37. ↑ "Human rights defender awarded for lifetime achievement". Asian Human Rights Commission. 29 January 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  38. ↑ "Irom Sharmila awarded Rabindranath Tagore peace award". dnaindia.com. 12 September 2010. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  39. ↑ "Sharmila Conferred Peace Award". manipuronline.com. 27 December 2010. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  40. ↑ Manash Pratim Gohai (2 October 2013). "Irom Sharmila Chanu must be immediately released, Amnesty India says". Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  41. ↑ "Moving on leaving a mark". The Talking Stream. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  42. ↑ "The Assam Tribune Online". assamtribune.com. 18 October 2016. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016.
  43. ↑ TNN & Agencies (18 October 2016). "Irom Sharmila's new party: People's Resurgence Justice Alliance". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016.
  44. ↑ "Irom Sharmila launches People's Resurgence Justice Alliance, to contest Manipur polls". The Indian Express. 18 October 2016. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016.
  45. ↑ "Irom Sharmila Floats People's Resurgence and Justice Alliance Party in Manipur". News18. 18 October 2016. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016.
  46. ↑ IANS. "Irom Sharmila secures just 90 votes, loses to Manipur CM in Thoubal". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  47. ↑ "Irom Sharmila suffers defeat, gets only 90 votes". Times of India. 11 March 2017. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  48. ↑ PTI (19 February 2019). "Centre should take people's opinion into account before making decisions: Irom Sharmila". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  49. ↑ "AFSPA curtailed in Manipur: N Biren remembers Irom Sharmila's sacrifice". YouTube.
  50. ↑ Laxmi Murthy (December 2009). "Reluctant heroine: 'Burning Bright' by Deepti Priya Mehrotra". Himal South Asian. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  51. ↑ T. Saravanan (11 February 2011). "For a noble cause". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 13 February 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  52. ↑ Shalini Umachandran (12 February 2011). "Single act that captures a dozen wounds of Manipur". The Times of India. Times News Network. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  53. ↑ "Irom Sharmila marries in Kodaikanal, sans family and fanfare". The Hindu. 18 August 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  54. ↑ Akhil Kadidal, DH News Service, Bengaluru (13 May 2019). "Irom Sharmila has twins on Mother's Day". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  55. ↑ "On Mother's Day, twin girls for Irom Sharmila". The Indian Express. 13 May 2019. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  56. ↑ "Irom Sharmila delivers twin girls in Bengaluru". The Hindu. 13 May 2019. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
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