Early years (1948–1967)

An Avia S-199

Forerunners of the Israeli Air Force were the Palestine Flying Service established by the Irgun in 1937, and Sherut Avir, the air wing of the Haganah.^[5] The Israeli Air Force formed on May 28, 1948, shortly after Israel declared statehood and found itself under attack. The force consisted of a hodge-podge of commandeered or donated civilian aircraft converted to military use. A variety of obsolete and surplus ex-World War II combat-aircraft were quickly sourced by various means to supplement this fleet. The backbone of the IAF consisted of 25 Avia S-199s purchased from Czechoslovakia, essentially Czechoslovak-built Messerschmitt Bf 109s, and 60 Supermarine Spitfire LF Mk IXEs, the first of which, "Israel 1", was locally assembled from British abandoned spare parts and a salvaged engine from an Egyptian Air Force Spitfire, with most of the rest purchased from Czechoslovakia.^[6]

Creativity and resourcefulness were the foundations of early Israeli military success in the air, rather than technology, which, at the inception of the IAF, was generally inferior to that used by Israel's adversaries. The majority, 15 out of the first 18 pilots in 101 Squadron (Israel), of the IAF's first military-grade pilots in 1948 were foreign volunteers, both Jewish and non-Jewish, mainly World War II veterans who wanted to collaborate with Israel's struggle for independence. The rest of the military-grade pilots were Israeli WWII veterans. Pilots from Sherut Avir were mainly locals who flew light civilian aircraft for supply, reconnaissance, and makeshift ground attack with hand-thrown light bombs and hand fired light machine guns.

Israel's new fighter-arm first went into action on May 29, 1948, assisting efforts to halt the Egyptian advance from Gaza northwards. Four newly arrived Avia S-199s, flown by Lou Lenart, Modi Alon, Ezer Weizman and Eddie Cohen, struck Egyptian forces near Ashdod. Although damage to the enemy was minimal, two aircraft were lost and Cohen killed. The attack achieved its goal and stopped the Egyptians.

On May 30, after un-assembled planes were strafed on the ground at Ekron airfield, the fighters were moved to makeshift strip located around the current Herzliya Airport. The airfield was used as it was a bit back from the front-lines, and was clandestine since it was a purpose built strip, that was constructed after the beginning of hostilities, in between the orange orchards around Herzliya, and did not appear on published maps. The Israeli Air Force scored its first aerial victories on June 3 when Modi Alon, flying Avia D.112, shot down two Egyptian Air Force DC-3s which had just bombed Tel Aviv. The first dogfight against enemy fighters took place a few days later, on June 8, when Gideon Lichtaman shot down an Egyptian Spitfire.^[7]

During these initial operations, the squadron operated with a few planes versus almost complete Arab theater air supremacy. The airplanes were parked dispersed between the orange trees. The fighters were moved in October to Hatzor Airbase from the Herzliya strip due to its unsuitability in rainy conditions, probable loss of clandestine status, moving front lines which made former British bases safe for use, and a shift in the balance of air superiority towards the Israelis.^[8][9][10]

As the war progressed Israel procured more aircraft, including Boeing B-17s, Bristol Beaufighters, de Havilland Mosquitoes and P-51D Mustangs, leading to a shift in the balance of power.

Suez Crisis (1956)

The Israeli Air Force played an important part in Operation Kadesh, Israel's part in the 1956 Suez Crisis. At the launch of the operation, on October 29, Israeli P-51D Mustangs, some using their propeller blades, severed telephone lines in the Sinai.^[11] 16 IAF DC-3s – escorted by fighters – dropped Israeli paratroopers behind Egyptian lines at the Mitla Pass and Et-Tur. The Israeli Air Force conducted attacks on Egyptian ground units and assisted the Israeli Navy in capturing the Egyptian Navy destroyer Ibrahim el Awal, which had bombarded the Israeli city of Haifa – an airstrike damaged the Egyptian ship's engines, enabling Israeli ships to reach it and capture it.

201 Squadron IAF F-4E Phantom II with 3 kill markings

Six-Day War (1967)

In three hours on the morning of June 5, 1967, the first day of the Six-Day War, the Israeli Air Force executed Operation Focus, crippling the opposing Arab air forces and attaining air supremacy for the remainder of the war. In a surprise attack, the IAF destroyed most of the Egyptian Air Force while its planes were still on the ground. By the end of the day, with surrounding Arab countries drawn into the fighting, the IAF had mauled the Syrian and Jordanian air forces, striking as far as Iraq. After six days of fighting, Israel claimed a total of 452 Arab aircraft destroyed, of which 49 were aerial victories.

After the IAF's impressive performance in the Six-Day War, the Lyndon Johnson administration decided to sell F-4 Phantom fighters to Israel in 1968, marking the first sale of American military equipment to Israel.^[12]

War of Attrition

Shortly after the end of the Six-Day War, Egypt initiated the War of Attrition, hoping to prevent Israel from consolidating its hold over the lands captured in 1967. Israel's goal in the fighting was to exact heavy losses on the opposing side, in order to facilitate a ceasefire. The Israeli Air Force undertook repeated bombings of strategic targets deep within enemy territory and repeatedly challenged Arab air forces for aerial supremacy, while supporting operations by Israel's ground and naval forces.

In late 1969 the Soviet Union began to deploy fighter aircraft units and surface-to-air missile units to Egypt. The Soviet surface-to-air missile units soon joined their Egyptian allies in direct confrontations with Israeli aircraft. Soviet fighters conducted patrols, but Israeli pilots were ordered not to engage them. On July 30, 1970, the tension peaked: An IAF ambush resulted in a large scale air brawl between IAF planes and MiGs flown by Soviet pilots—five MiGs were shot down, while the IAF suffered no losses.

Fear of further escalation and superpower involvement brought the war to a conclusion. By the end of August 1970, the Israeli Air Force had claimed 111 aerial kills while reporting losing only four aircraft to Arab fighters. Egyptian and Soviet forces claimed to shoot down approximately 20 Israeli Air Force planes with surface-to-air missile and anti-aircraft artillery units.

Yom Kippur War (1973)

An Israeli airforce A-4N Skyhawk

On October 6, 1973, with war imminent, the IAF began preparing for a pre-emptive strike against Egyptian and Syrian airfields and anti-aircraft positions. The Israeli government decided against pre-emption.^[13] IAF aircraft were therefore in the process of re-armament to the air-to-air role when Yom Kippur War hostilities began at 14:00.^[14] The next morning began with Operation Tagar, a SEAD offensive against Egyptian air defences, beginning with strikes against Egyptian air bases. Tagar was quickly discontinued when the dire situation on the Golan Heights became apparent.^[15]

IAF efforts were redirected north, where the ill-fated Operation Model 5 was carried out. Flying with outdated intelligence and no electronic screening against mobile SAM batteries and heavy flak, 6 IAF Phantoms were lost.^[15] The sustained campaign required to defeat enemy air defences was abandoned in the face of Egyptian and Syrian advances and the IAF was forced to operate under the SAM threat. Nevertheless, the close air support it provided allowed Israeli troops on the ground to stem the tide and eventually go on the offensive, first in the north and later in the south.^[16][17]

After the failure of the Israeli counter-offensive in the Sinai on October 8, the southern front remained relatively static and the IAF focused its attention on the Syrian front.^[17] While A-4 Skyhawks provided much needed support to troops on the ground, at the cost of 31 aircraft by the end of fourth day of the war,^[18] IAF Phantoms repeatedly struck Syrian air fields.^[19] Following Syrian FROG-7 strikes on military and civilian targets in northern Israel, the IAF initiated a campaign to destroy the infrastructure on which Syria's war-making capacity depended, targeting strategic targets in Syria such as its oil industry and electricity generating system.^[20] By October 13 the Syrians had been pushed back and beyond their initial lines, Damascus had come within range of Israeli artillery and an Iraqi armored brigade, the vanguard of its expeditionary force, was destroyed.^[21]

On October 14 the Egyptian army launched an offensive along the entire front but was repulsed by the IDF. Israel followed on this success by attacking at the seam between the 2nd and 3rd Egyptian armies and crossing the Suez Canal into Egypt. Israeli forces fanned north and south, destroying Egyptian rear units and punching holes through its air defence array. This allowed the IAF the freedom of action it was previously denied and renewed attacks led to the collapse of the Egyptian Air Defence Force. This prompted increased diplomatic activity to resolve the war, coupled with increased activity by the Egyptian Air Force. From about October 18 to the end of the war, intensive air battles took place between Israeli and Egyptian aircraft.^[17][22]

Official Israeli Air Force losses of the Yom Kippur War were 102 aircraft, including 32 F-4 Phantoms, 53 A-4 Skyhawks, 11 Dassault Mirages, and 6 IAI Sa'ars, although other accounts suggest as many as 128 Israeli aircraft were lost.^[23][24] 91 air force personnel, of which 53 were airmen, were killed. 172 Egyptian aircraft were shot down in air-to-air combat, for a loss of between 5 and 21 for the Israelis, on all fronts.^[24][25] No official numbers were released on the Arab side, though total Egyptian losses were between 235 and 242 aircraft. Syria lost between 135 and 179.^[24][26]

Expansion (1973–1982)

Since the war, most of Israel's military aircraft have been obtained from the United States. Among these are the F-4 Phantom II, A-4 Skyhawk, F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon. The Israeli Air Force has operated a number of domestically produced types such as the IAI Nesher, and later, the more advanced IAI Kfir, which were derivatives of the French Dassault Mirage 5. The Kfir was adapted to utilize a more powerful U.S. engine, produced under license in Israel. On July 4, 1976, four Israeli C-130 Hercules transport aircraft secretly flew to Entebbe Airport for a rescue operation. In March 1978, the Israeli Air Force participated in Operation Litani.

On June 7, 1981, eight IAF F-16A fighters covered by six F-15A jets carried out Operation Opera to destroy the Iraqi nuclear facilities at Osiraq. Among the pilots who took part in the attack was Ilan Ramon, later Israel's first astronaut.

1982 Lebanon War and aftermath

An F-16A Netz 107 with 7.5 kills including one for Operation Opera

Prior to the 1982 Lebanon War, Syria, with the help of the Soviet Union, had built up an overlapping network of surface-to-air missiles in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley. On June 9, 1982, the Israeli Air Force carried out Operation Mole Cricket 19, crippling the Syrian air defence array. In subsequent aerial battles against the Syrian Air Force, the IAF managed to shoot down 86 Syrian aircraft without losing a single fighter plane in an air-to-air combat. IAF AH-1 Cobra helicopter gunships destroyed dozens of Syrian armored fighting vehicles and other ground targets, including some T-72 main battle tanks.

For many years after the war's official end, and throughout Israeli presence in Lebanon, the IAF continued to mount attacks on Hezbollah and PLO positions in south Lebanon. On October 1, 1985, In response to a PLO terrorist attack which murdered three Israeli civilians in Cyprus, the Israeli air force carried out Operation Wooden Leg. The strike involved the bombing of PLO Headquarters in Tunis, by F-15 Eagles. This was the longest combat mission ever undertaken by the IAF, a stretch of 2,300 kilometers, involving in-flight refueling by an IAF Boeing 707. As a result, PLO headquarters and barracks were either destroyed or damaged.

1990s and beyond

Many of the IAF's electronics and weapons systems are developed and built in Israel by Israel Military Industries, Israel Aerospace Industries, Elbit, and others. Since the 1990s, the IAF has upgraded most of its aircraft with advanced Israeli-made systems, improving their performances. In 1990 the IAF began receiving the AH-64 Apache helicopter gunship and started equipping its aircraft with the Rafael Python 4, Popeye, and Derby missiles.

During the first Gulf War of 1991, Israel was attacked by Iraqi Scud missiles. Israeli Air Force pilots were on constant stand-by in their cockpits throughout the conflict, ready to fly to Iraq to retaliate. Diplomatic pressure as well as denial of IFF transponder codes from the United States, kept the IAF grounded. Coalition air assets and Patriot missile batteries supplied by the US and the Netherlands sought to deal with the Scuds.

In 1991, the IAF carried out Operation Solomon which brought Ethiopian Jews to Israel. In 1993 and 1996, the IAF participated in Operation Accountability and Operation Grapes of Wrath, respectively.

69 Squadron F-15I Ra'ams at Red Flag 04-3

In the late 1990s, the IAF began acquiring the F-15I Ra'am (Thunder) and the F-16I Sufa (Storm), manufactured specially for Israel according to IAF requirements. The first of 102 F-16I Sufas arrived in April 2004, joining an F-16 fleet that had already been the largest outside the US Air Force. The IAF also purchased the advanced Israeli air-to-air missile Rafael Python 5, with full-sphere capability, as well as a special version of the Apache Longbow, designated AH-64DI or Saraph. In 2005 the Israeli Air Force received modified Gulfstream V jets ("Nachshon"), equipped with advanced intelligence systems made by Israel Military Industries. By 2013 Israel became the world's largest exporter of drones.^[27] In December 2016, Israel received its first pair of F-35 Lightning II from the United States.^[28]

Three months after the assassination of the leader of Hizbullah, Abbas al-Musawi, the IAF launched an offensive across South Lebanon with five air raids in six days. Some of the targets struck were as far north as Baalbek. On the final day, 26 May 1992, there were more than 40 missile strikes. Over 20 civilians were killed during the attacks.^[29]

The Israeli Air Force took an extensive part in IDF operations during the al-Aqsa Intifada, including the controversial targeted killings of Palestinian terrorist leaders, most notably Salah Shakhade, Ahmed Yassin and Abed al-Aziz Rantissi. While this policy was criticized due to the collateral damage caused in certain instances, Israel claims it is vital in its fight against terrorism and that IAF pilots do whatever they can to avoid civilian casualties, including aborting strikes. In 2007, Israel achieved a civilian casualty ratio of 1:30, or one civilian casualty for every thirty combatant casualties, in its airstrikes on militants in the Palestinian territories.^[30] Alan Dershowitz noted that "No army in history has ever had a better ratio of combatants to civilians killed in a comparable setting".^[31]

On October 5, 2003, the Israeli Air Force attacked an alleged Palestinian militant training camp in Ain es Saheb, Syria. A reaction to an earlier suicide bombing in Haifa, this was the first overt Israeli military operation in Syria since the 1973 Yom Kippur War.

2006 Lebanon War

Israeli Air Force F-16I Sufa carried out many airstrikes during the Second Lebanon War.

The IAF played a critical role in the 2006 Lebanon War. IAF strikes—mainly, though not exclusively, in southern Lebanon—were aimed at stopping rocket launches by Hezbollah's militia targeting Israeli towns. The IAF flew more than 12,000 combat missions during this war. The most notable, taking place during the second day of the war, resulted in the IAF destroying 59 Iranian-supplied medium- and long-range missile launchers in just 34 minutes.^[32]

Widespread condemnation followed the July 30 IAF airstrike on a building suspected to be a militant hideout near the village of Qana, in which 28 civilians were killed. Hezbollah shot down an IAF CH-53 Yas'ur helicopter on the last day of the war, killing five crew members.^[33][34] Israeli aircraft shot down three of Hezbollah's Iranian-made^[35] aerial drones during the conflict.^[36]

2007 Operation Outside the Box

In the 2007 Operation Outside the Box, the Israeli Air Force attacked a suspected Syrian nuclear weapons site.^[3] The IAF used electronic warfare (EW) system to take neutralize Syria's air defenses,^[37] feeding them a false sky-picture while IAF jets crossed much of Syria, bombed their targets and returned to Israel unchallenged.^[38]

Against Hamas

Israeli Air Force F-16I Sufa preparing for take off to strike Hamas targets, during Operation Cast Lead (2008-2009).

Since Hamas' takeover of Gaza in 2007, the Israeli Air Force has taken part in repeated bouts of violence between Israel and the Hamas-held Gaza Strip. In December 2008, the IAF spearheaded Operation Cast Lead, carrying out more than 2,360 air strikes. It had a principal role in destroying Hamas targets, and killed several senior Hamas commanders, including Said Seyam,^[39] Nizar Rayan,^[40] Tawfik Jaber,^[41] and Abu Zakaria al-Jamal.^[42]

According to a CBS news report, in January 2009 Israeli planes struck a convoy of trucks in Sudan headed for Egypt and carrying weapons apparently meant for the Gaza Strip. Seventeen trucks were bombed, and thirty-nine smugglers were killed in the strike.^[43] On April 5, 2011, a car driving from Port Sudan Airport to Port Sudan was destroyed by a missile. Both passengers were killed. one of whom may have been a senior Hamas military commander. The Sudanese Foreign Minister blamed the attack on Israel.^[44] Sudanese newspapers reported that Israeli aircraft attacked Gaza-bound arms convoys again in late 2011.^[45] On October 24, 2012, Sudan claimed that Israel had bombed a munitions factory south of Khartoum.^[46][47][48]

The Israeli Air Force also operates surface-to-air missile and anti-aircraft artillery units. Since 1990 their primary role has been the interception of surface-to-surface missiles and rockets fired into Israel. In 2011 the IAF began operating the 'Iron Dome' anti-rocket missile system, which within a year had successfully intercepted and destroyed 93 rockets fired at Israeli towns from Gaza.^[49]

In November 2012, the IAF participated in Operation Pillar of Defense, during which, according to the IDF Spokesperson, Israeli forces targeted more than 1,500 military sites in Gaza Strip, including rocket launching pads, smuggling tunnels, command centers, and weapons manufacturing and storage facilities. Many of these attacks were carried out by the Air Force.^[50]

Between July 8 and August 5, 2014, the IAF participated in Operation Protective Edge, during which, according to the IDF Spokesperson, Israeli forces targeted 4,762 terror sites across the Gaza Strip, including rocket launching sites, command and control centers, military administration facilities, weapons storage and manufacturing facilities and training and military compounds.^[51]

In May 2021, Israeli artillery and air force carried out 1,500 strikes on Gaza during Operation Guardian of the Walls.^[52] Starting in October 2023, the Israeli Air Force fulfilled a main role in the war against Hamas.^[53]

Incidents during the Syrian Civil War

The F-35I Adir recorded its first operational strike, targeting Iranian military facilities in Syria during 2018's clashes. The F-35I also recorded the first operational shoot down for the F-35, intercepting two Iranian drones in 2021.

The civil war raging within Israel's northern neighbor, has occasionally witnessed activity by the IAF, some overt, some unacknowledged and some merely attributed. Notable actions include:

• The downing of a Syrian Air Force Sukhoi Su-24 on 23 September 2014: The aircraft was shot down by an IAF MIM-104 Patriot air defense battery, after allegedly crossing the Syrian-Israeli ceasefire line during a ground attack mission against Syrian opposition forces.^[54]
• On 20 and 21 August 2015, after four rockets hit the Golan Heights and Upper Galilee, Israel launched airstrikes in Syria, killing several militants.^[55]
• The March 2017 Israeli airstrikes in Syria: On March 17, 2017, Israeli jet fighters attacked targets in Syria. Several S-200 missiles were fired at the jets, and one missile was shot down by an Arrow 2 missile; no aircraft were damaged.^{[56][57][58][59]} The incident was the first clearly confirmed Israeli strike on Syrian territory during the Syrian Civil War.^[60]
• On 10 February 2018, an Israeli AH-64 shot down an Iranian drone that entered Israel. 4 Israeli F-16's launched a strike into Syria while remaining in Israeli airspace, reportedly to strike Iranian drone control facilities, conducting a cross-border raid. One of the F-16s was shot down by Syrian surface to air missiles and crashed in northern Israel, the first Israeli jet to be shot down in combat since 1982. Both pilots managed to eject in Israeli territory. The pilots were injured but walked out of hospital around a week later.^[61] Israel subsequently attacked Syrian air defenses and Iranian targets.^[62][63]
• On May 10, 2018, after Iranian elite forces on the Syrian-held side of the Golan Heights fired around 20 rockets towards Israeli army positions without causing damages or injuries,^[64] Israel responded with rounds of rocket fire into Syria.^[65] The Israeli Air Force confirmed the strikes.^[66] Twenty-three fighters, among them 18 foreigners, were killed.^[67] IAF commander Amikam Norkin said Israel used its F-35 stealth fighters for the first time.^[68]
• On September 17, 2018, Syrian media reported several explosions over the city of Latakia after allegedly intercepting missiles fired from the Mediterranean Sea. Israel assumed responsibility for the attack on Latakia, following the shoot down of a Russian reconnaissance plane by Syrian air defense systems.^[69] SANA news agency claimed ten people were injured by the Israeli attack.^[70] The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported two Syrian soldiers died,^[71] while 113 Iranian soldiers have been killed during the past month as a result of Israeli strikes in Syria.^[72]

Administrative organization

Tel Aviv

Jerusalem

Haifa

Beersheba

Eilat

Ramat David

Palmachim

Tel Nof

Hatzor

Hatzerim

Nevatim

Ramon

Ovda

Sdot Micha

Israeli Air Force air bases (blue)

• Chief of Air Staff Group
• Fixed Wing Group
• Helicopter Group
• Intelligence Group
• Equipment Group
• Manpower Group
• Chief Medical Officer
• Unit Control Group
• Air Special Forces Group
  • Shaldag – air force special operations unit
  • Unit 669 – medevac extraction unit
• Air Defense Command
  • Northern Air Defense Regiment
  • Central Air Defense Regiment
  • Southern Air Defense Regiment (including Air Defense School)

Operational organization

IAF Boeing 707 refueling F-15s

• Ramat David Airbase (Wing 1)
  • 101 "First Fighter" Squadron
  • 105 "Scorpion" Squadron
  • 109 "Valley" Squadron
  • 193 "Defenders of the West" Squadron
• Sdot Micha Airbase (Wing 2)
  • 150 Squadron
  • 199 Squadron
  • 248 Squadron
• Hatzor Airbase (Wing 4)
  • 100 "Flying Camel" Squadron
• Hatzerim Airbase (Air Force Base 6)
  • 69 "Hammers" Squadron
  • 102 "Flying Tiger" Squadron
  • IAF Aerobatic Team
  • 107 "Knights of the Orange Tail" Squadron
  • Air Force Infantry School
• Tel Nof Airbase (Air Force Base 8)
  • 106 "Spearhead" Squadron
  • 118 "Night Riders" Squadron
  • 133 "Knight of the Twin Tail" Squadron
  • 210 "White Eagle" Squadron^[73]
  • 601 Squadron (Flight Test Center)
  • Unit 555 "Sky Crows" (electronic warfare unit)^[74]
• Ovda Airbase (Air Force Base 10)
  

  An M-346 'Lavi' in IAF service.
  • 115 "Flying Dragon" Squadron
  • Aviation Professions School
  • Air Force Officers School
• Haifa Airbase (Air Force Base 21)
  • Technical Professions School
  • IAF Technological College
• Ramon Airbase (Wing 25)
  • 113 "Hornet" Squadron
  • 119 "Bat" Squadron
  • 190 "Magic Touch" Squadron
  • 201 "The One" Squadron
  • 253 "Negev" Squadron
• Nevatim Airbase (Air Force Base 28)
  • 103 "Elephants" Squadron
  • 116 "Lions of the South" Squadron
  • 117 "First Jet" Squadron
  • 120 "Desert Giants" Squadron
    

    A IAF Heron UAV in flight
  • 122 "Nahshon" Squadron
  • 131 "Knights of the Yellow Bird" Squadron
  • 140 "Golden Eagle" Squadron
• Palmachim Airbase (Air Force Base 30)
  • 123 "Desert Birds" Squadron
  • 124 "Rolling Sword" Squadron
  • 151 Squadron (Missile Testing Squadron)
  • 161 "Black Snake" Squadron
  • 166 "Spark" Squadron
  • 200 "First UAV" Squadron

Current inventory

A F-16I "Sufa" in flight

The Israeli AH-64D "Saraf"

The F-35I "Adir's" first flight in Israel

An Israeli UH-60 Yanshuf

A C-130J Shimshon during Israel's 68th Independence Day

Historic

Munitions and space systems

Ranks

IAF ranks are identical to other Israel Defense Forces ranks. The rank insignia are identical except for the use of silver against a dark blue background. The service's most senior-ranking active officer is the air force commander, which is the billet of a major general (aluf), and reports directly to the IDF Chief of Staff.

Officers

Rank group	General/Flag/Air officers										Senior officers						Junior officers								Officer cadet
Israeli Air Force[86]
					רב-אלוף Rav aluf		אלוף Aluf		תת-אלוף Tat aluf		אלוף משנה Aluf mishne		סגן-אלוף Sgan aluf		רב סרן Rav seren		סרן Seren		סגן Segen			סגן-משנה Segen mishne			קצין אקדמאי בכיר Katzín akademai bakhír						קצין מקצועי אקדמאי Katzín miktsoí akademai

Enlisted

Rank group	Senior NCOs																						Junior NCOs						Enlisted
Israeli Air Force[86]																													No insignia
	רב-נגד Rav nagad			רב-סמל בכיר Rav samal bakhír			רב-סמל מתקדם Rav samal mitkadem	רב-סמל ראשון Rav samal rishon	רב-סמל Rav samal		סמל ראשון Samal rishon						סמל Samal						רב טוראי Rav turai						טוראי Turai

Citations

Bibliography

• Aloni, Shlomo (July–August 2001a). "Trainers in Combat: Valour and Sacrifice in the Six Day War". Air Enthusiast. No. 94. pp. 42–55. ISSN 0143-5450.
• ——— (2001b). Arab-Israeli Air Wars. Combat Aircraft. UK: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-294-4.
• ——— (2004a). Israeli Mirage and Nesher Aces. UK: Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-783-2.
• ——— (2004b). Israeli Phantom II Aces. UK: Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-653-4.
• ——— (2009). Israeli A-4 Skyhawk Units in Combat. Combat Aircraft. UK: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-430-5. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012.
• ———; Avidror, Zvi (2010). Hammers – Israel's Long-Range Heavy Bomber Arm: The Story of 69 Squadron. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7643-3655-3.
• Dunstan, Simon (2003). The Yom Kippur War 1973 (1): The Golan Heights. Campaign. Vol. 118. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-220-3.
• Franken, Johan; Van Der Avoort, Frank (October 2012). "Blue-Starred Defenders". Air Forces Monthly (295): 72–83.
• Gordon, Shmuel (2008). Thirty hours in October (in Hebrew). Ma'ariv Book Guild.
• Nordeen, Lon (1990). Fighters Over Israel. New York: Orion Books. ISBN 0-517-56603-6.
• Norton, William 'Bill' (2004). Air War on the Edge – A History of the Israel Air Force and its Aircraft since 1947. Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-088-5.