Alam al-Jabarut (Arabic: عَالَم الْجَبَرُوت, romanized: ʿālam al-jabarūt "World of Power")[1] is a realm proposed in Islamic cosmology. According to Suhrawardi (1154–1191), this is the highest realm, and denotes the place of God's presence.[2]: 189  Below alam al-jabarut lies alam al-malakut ("World of Sovereignty"), followed by alam al-mulk ("World of Dominion"). The term jabarut doesn't appear in the Quran, but al-jabbar does (59:23). Thus the things in al-jabarut were those which cannot change and are compelled in their state of eternity.[3]: 310 

In the writings of al-Ghazali (c. 1058–1111), alam al-jabarut has not been conceived as the highest realm yet, but connects the physical realm (al-mulk) with the intelligible world (al-malakut).[2]: 188  First centuries later, alam al-jabarut becomes an independent ontological realm, latest within the writings of Suhrawardi.[2]: 189  Here, al-malakut is below alam al-jabarut, which in turn, is placed above alam al-mulk. The higher realms are thought to influence the realms below, but not as spatially separated worlds.[4]

ʻAziz Nasafi, a 13th-century Persian Sufi, describes in Manazil as-sa'irin the ontological ordering of the world. Accordingly, both alam al-malakut and alam al-mulk, in which existence is actual, are potentially in jabarut.[3]: 307  The term "world" (alam) is accidental, thus limited to al-mulk and al-malakut, but not applied to jabarut, which is eternal.[3]: 306 

While some scholars argued there is no significant difference between alam al-jabarut and al-malakut,[3]: 306–07  others regarded alam al-jabarut to be the abode of the highest angels (Cherubim)[3]: 308  and spirits, while al-malakut denotes a realm for lower spirits (angels, jinn, Satan).[3]: 308  In this regard, al-jabarut is also considered to be the created aspect of rasul and the original reality of Adam as the perfect human (Al-Insān al-Kāmil). The lower angels, who dwell in al-malakut, could be encountered by humans, the most elected angels inhabit al-jabarut.[3] This would depict the domain of primary angelic manifestations; the realm of archetypes, thrones and powers. This is also the paradise of the afterlife, with the exception of the supreme paradise.[1] This realm is thus eternal existence, while the others are created and limited.[3]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Cyril Glassé, Huston Smith The New Encyclopedia of Islam Rowman Altamira 2003 ISBN 978-0-759-10190-6 pp. 144–45
  2. 1 2 3 Lange, Christian (2016). Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions. Cambridge United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-50637-3.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 N. Hanif Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: Central Asia and Middle East Sarup & Sons 2002 ISBN 978-8-176-25266-9
  4. ↑ Amira El-Zein Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn Syracuse University Press 2009 ISBN 978-0-815-65070-6 p. 6
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.