"We Are Climbing Jacob's Ladder"
White page of music notes and notation for a slave spiritual song
Sheet music to 1907 version
Song
Writtencirca 1750 CE to 1825 CE
GenreSpiritual

We Are Climbing Jacob's Ladder (also known as Jacob's Ladder) is an African American slave spiritual based in part on the Biblical story of Jacob's Ladder. It was developed some time before 1825, and became one of the first slave spirituals to be widely sung by white Christians. A number of artists have recorded notable versions of it, and it was used as one of the main themes in the critically praised documentary The Civil War.

About the song

African American slaves in the United States created a vibrant culture of resistance and dissent, despite attempts by white slaveowners to indoctrinate them into passivity using a variant of Christianity.[1] Slaves were not permitted to speak while working in the fields, but were permitted to sing and chant in order to alleviate tedium and to impose a rhythm on repetitive motions.[2] This generated two distinctive African American slave musical forms, the spiritual (sung music usually telling a story) and the field holler (sung or chanted music usually involving repetition of the leader's line).[1]

We Are Climbing Jacob's Ladder is a spiritual.[1] As a folk song originating in a repressed culture, the song's origins are lost. Some academics believe it emerged as early as 1750,[3] and definitely no later than 1825,[4] and was composed by American slaves taken from the area now known as Liberia.[3] The spiritual utilizes the image of Jacob's ladder, and equates it with the body of Christ (in ways quite similar to the teachings of Catherine of Siena).[5] The song is in the form of call and response, and although lyrics vary from place to place and over time, they generally emphasize spiritual growth, increasing one's knowledge about God, and a call to discipleship.[5] The striving nature of this "climb" toward God is depicted as a series of tests, and draws heavily on the New Testament tradition of the Christian as warrior—in this case, overcoming the slave-owner.[6] The traditional lyrics hold out hope that the slave can rise up and escape slavery, and the nature of the call-and-response asks both the singing respondents and the listener for greater sacrifice to reach the next level.[7] The spiritual implies that God's promise to the Biblical patriarch Jacob will also lead the slave to freedom.[8]

The song became one of the first African American spirituals to become popular among white Christians.[9]

Important recordings

Paul Robeson sang and later recorded an a cappella version,[10] and the American labor movement used the song in the 1930s (sometimes altering the lyrics to reflect the industry being organized).[11] Noted American folk singer Pete Seeger began singing the song some time in the 1930s or 1940s,[12] and in the mid to late 1960s added a new verse ("We are dancing Sarah's circle") to reflect, as he saw it, a more feminist, less hierarchical, less restrictive, and more joyful meaning.[13] These lyrics were publicly sung at least as early as 1969.[11] Completely revised feminist lyrics were copyrighted in 1975 by Carole Etzler.[14] Folk singer Arlo Guthrie recorded Seeger's version in 1996, with Seeger assisting with music and vocals, for Guthrie's two-record set, More Together Again.[15] In 2006, rock musician Bruce Springsteen recorded Seeger's version of Jacob's Ladder for his album We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions.[16]

Dr. Bernice Johnson Reagon recorded an a cappella version of the song for her 1987 album River of Life: Harmony One (Flying Fish Records).[17] It was later included on the soundtrack of the 1990 PBS miniseries The Civil War, which was directed by Ken Burns.[18][19] Jimmy Wolfe, host on WGTB radio in Washington, D.C., called Reagon's recording "a gem".[18]

Lyrics

We Are Climbing Jacob's Ladder is sung as a call-and-response. The first two lines ("We are / climbing") are call-and-response, while the third line ("Jacob's ladder") is sung together. The first three lines are repeated, followed by a new call-and-response seventh line ("Soldier"), and then an eighth line ("of the cross") sung together. As a folk song, lyrics to We Are Climbing Jacob's Ladder varied widely, but one 1907 version listed the lyrics (with response in parentheses) as:[20]

We are (we are)
Climbing (climbing)
Jacob's ladder
We are (we are)
Climbing (climbing)
Jacob's ladder
Soldier (soldier)
of the cross

Ev'ry round goes higher higher (x2) / soldier of the cross
Sinner do you love my Jesus (x2) / soldier of the cross
If you love Him why not serve Him (x2) / soldier of the cross
Do you think I'd make a soldier (x2) / soldier of the cross
Faithful prayer will make a soldier (x2) / soldier of the cross

References

  1. 1 2 3 Young, Ralph F. (2015). Dissent: The History of an American Idea. New York: New York University Press. pp. 109–110. ISBN 9781479806652.
  2. ↑ Cherry, Constance M. (2010). The Worship Architect: A Blueprint for Designing Culturally Relevant and Biblically Faithful Services. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Academic. p. 169. ISBN 9780801038747.
  3. 1 2 James, Jacqui (1998). Between the Lines: Sources for Singing the Living Tradition. Boston: Skinner House. p. 55. ISBN 9781558963313.
  4. ↑ Osbeck, Kenneth W. (1990). Amazing Grace: 366 Inspiring Hymn Stories for Daily Devotions. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Kregel Publications. p. 95. ISBN 9780825434259.
  5. 1 2 Wiley, Tatha (2003). Thinking of Christ: Proclamation, Explanation, Meaning. New York: Continuum. pp. 187–188. ISBN 9780826415301.
  6. ↑ Lowance, Mason I. Jr. (1998). "Spirituals". In Haralson, Eric L. (ed.). Encyclopedia of American Poetry: The Nineteenth Century. New York: Routledge. p. 403. ISBN 9781579580087.
  7. ↑ Abbington, James (2012). "Biblical Themes in the R. Nathaniel Dett collection: Religious Folk-Songs of the Negro (1927)". In Wimbush, Vincent L.; Rodman, Rosamond C. (eds.). African Americans and the Bible: Sacred Texts and Social Textures. Eugene, Ore.: Wipe & Stock. p. 293. ISBN 9781610979641.
  8. ↑ Gilkes, Cheryl Townsend (2012). "The Virtues of Brotherhood and Sisterhood: African American Fraternal Organizations and Their Bibles". In Wimbush, Vincent L.; Rodman, Rosamond C. (eds.). African Americans and the Bible: Sacred Texts and Social Textures. Eugene, Ore.: Wipe & Stock. pp. 389–390. ISBN 9781610979641.
  9. ↑ Callahan, Allen Dwight (2006). The Talking Book: African Americans and the Bible. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. 110. ISBN 9780300137873.
  10. ↑ Candelaria, Lorenzo (2014). American Music: A Panorama. Stamford, Conn.: Cengage Learning. p. 20. ISBN 9781285758749.
  11. 1 2 Bass, Amy (2009). 'Those About him Remained Silent': The Battle Over W.E.B. Du Bois. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 129. ISBN 9780816644957.
  12. ↑ Dunaway, David King (1981). 'How Can I Keep from Singing': Pete Seeger. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 240. ISBN 9780070181502.
  13. ↑ Campbell, Don G. (2008). Sound Spirit: Pathway to Faith. Carlsbad, Calif.: Hay House. p. 37. ISBN 9781401908867.
  14. ↑ Tindal, Mardi; Middleton, Kate (1994). Spirit of Singing: Songs for Building Community. Winfield, B.C.: Wood Lake Books. p. 102. ISBN 9780929032856.
  15. ↑ Reineke, Hank (2012). Arlo Guthrie: The Warner/Reprise Tears. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. pp. 264–265. ISBN 9780810883314.
  16. ↑ Kirkpatrick, Rob (2007). The Words and Music of Bruce Springsteen. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. pp. 152–154. ISBN 9780275989385.
  17. ↑ Macklin, William R. (January 10, 1991). "The Atmospheric Soundtrack of Public TV's 'The Civil War'". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  18. 1 2 Wolfe, Jimmy (February 24, 2013). "Song of the Day: 'We Are Climbing Jacob's Ladder' – Bernice Johnson Reagon". GeorgetownRadio.com. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  19. ↑ Deutsch, Didier C. (2000). MusicHound Soundtracks: The Essential Album Guide. Detroit: Visible Ink. p. 102. ISBN 9781578591015.
  20. ↑ Hallowell, Emily (1907). Calhoun Plantation Songs. Boston: C.W. Thompson. p. 33. hdl:2027/emu.010001066023.
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