Ja'far Pishevari
President of Azerbaijan People's Government
In office
2 November 1945 – 15 November 1946
Member-elect of the Parliament of Iran
In office
Admission refused on 13 July 1944
ConstituencyTabriz
Interior Minister of the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic
In office
1921
Personal details
Born
Jafar Javadzadeh[1]

26 August 1892
Zaviyeh-ye Sadat, Khalkhal, Sublime State of Persia
Died11 June 1947 (aged 54)
Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union
CitizenshipIran
Soviet Union[2]
Political partyAzerbaijani Democratic Party
Other political
affiliations

Sayyed Ja'far Pishevari (Persian: سید جعفر پیشه‌وری; Azerbaijani: سید جعفر پیشهوری; Russian: Сеид Джафар Пишевари 26 August, 1892 – 11 June, 1947) was an Iranian Azerbaijani communist[3] politician who most-notably founded and led the Azerbaijani Democratic Party, the founding and ruling party of the Azerbaijan People's Government.

Life

He was born in Khalkhal in Ardabil province, Iran. He had lived in the Caucasus in the early 20th century and was introduced to Marxism during this period. He was a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.

He was a founding member of the Communist Party of Iran (not to be confused with the Tudeh Party), established in 1920, in Rasht. He became a journalist and communist activist in the 1920s.[4]

In 1921, Pishevari served the Soviets as minister of the interior in the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic.[5]

He was arrested and imprisoned during nine years in the late 1930s and early 1940s by the government of Reza Shah Pahlavi for his communist ideas and activities.[4] He was released from prison after Reza Shah was deposed by the Allies in 1941. Pishevari was the Tudeh Party of Iran candidate for the Majlis and was elected, but was denied entry[6] by the rest of deputies. Of the 100 votes cast, his credentials were rejected 47–50.[7]

He then established the Azerbaijani Democratic Party with manifest material and organizational support from the USSR.

Political career

The Soviet Union founded the communist Azerbaijan People's Government in November 1945 during their occupation of Northern Iran, making Pishevari its leader.[4] It seems however that the strong man of this government was Mohammed Biriya, Minister of Propaganda and head of secret police trained by the NKVD.[4] His government's actions, including organizing and arming local militias, disarming of regular Iranian military and police forces, setting up an independent judiciary based on the Soviet legal system, nationalising banks,[4] levying taxes, land reform[4] without ratification of the Majlis, using Azerbaijani as the official language[4] and banning the usage of Persian, and setting up an alternative curriculum and educational system, were viewed with deep suspicion by the central government and other Iranians.

Following an agreement reached between the governments of Iran and the USSR under intense American pressure, who viewed Pishevari's government as a not-too-subtle scheme by the USSR to partition Iran, the Soviets removed their protection. Iranian armed forces, kept away from the provinces of Azerbaijan and Kurdistan by the Red Army presence since 1942, entered these provinces in November 1946. Pishevari's self-proclaimed government collapsed quickly, as many of the people welcomed the central government's troops. By December 1946, both Azerbaijan and Kurdistan were evacuated by the Soviet forces and the Iranian government re-established control over the USSR-occupied territories. It appeared as if Pishevari's government was becoming very unpopular, especially in larger cities where the merchants feared communism.

After the collapse of this short-lived republic, he fled to Azerbaijan SSR and died in a car crash in Baku in 1947.

His legacy is a matter of heated debate today. While many Iranians consider him as either a Soviet stooge or a traitor, he is considered a national hero for Azeri nationalists or a socialist revolutionary by the Iranian Left. It is now beyond doubt that he had the support of Joseph Stalin and the USSR in setting up his government. There is also no doubt that USSR indeed wanted to annex several provinces in northern Iran.[8]

Available sources show that Soviet territorial aspirations included provinces of Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Gilan, Mazandaran, and Khorasan. What Pishevari intended to achieve and his role in the Soviet plans is a matter of debate though. Some scholars on the Left argue that he never intended to partition Iran and what he wanted was a gradual transformation of the whole country to a communist state. Those on the Right argue that the proclamations and directives issued by his person and his government leave no doubt that he intended to join his republic to the Azerbaijan SSR, and thus the Soviet Union.

References

  1. ↑ Ghods, M. Reza (1990). "The Iranian Communist Movement under Reza Shah". Middle Eastern Studies. Taylor & Francis. 26 (4): 506–513. doi:10.1080/00263209008700833. JSTOR 4283395.(subscription required)
  2. ↑ Lucas, William O. (1946), East of the Iron Curtain, Ziff-Davis Publishing Company, p. 263
  3. ↑ Iran in the 21st Century: Politics, Economics & Conflict, page 51, Homa Katouzian, Hossein Shahidi, Routledge
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sebestyen, Victor (2014). 1946. The Making of the Modern World. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230758001.
  5. ↑ R. Crosby Kemper III, ed. (1996), Winston Churchill: Resolution, Defiance, Magnanimity, Good Will, University of Missouri Press, p. 22, ISBN 9780826210364
  6. ↑ Ladjevardi, Habib (1985). Labor unions and autocracy in Iran. Syracuse University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-8156-2343-4.
  7. ↑ Atabaki, Touraj (2000). Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran. I.B.Tauris. p. 74. ISBN 9781860645549.
  8. ↑ "CWIHP Virtual Archive : Collection : 1945-46 Iranian Crisis". Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
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