2024 Haneda Airport runway collision
Japan Airlines Flight 516
Japan Coast Guard DHC-8
Wreckage of JA13XJ the day after the collision
Accident
Date2 January 2024 (2024-01-02)
SummaryRunway collision, under investigation
SiteRunway 34R, Haneda Airport, Tokyo, Japan
35°32′50″N 139°47′59″E / 35.54722°N 139.79972°E / 35.54722; 139.79972
Total fatalities5
Total injuries15
Total survivors380
First aircraft

JA13XJ, the JAL Airbus A350 involved in the accident, pictured at Haneda Airport in 2023
TypeAirbus A350-941[Note 1]
OperatorJapan Airlines (JAL)
IATA flight No.JL516
ICAO flight No.JAL516
Call signJAPAN AIR 516
RegistrationJA13XJ
Flight originNew Chitose Airport, Chitose, Japan
DestinationHaneda Airport, Tokyo, Japan
Occupants379
Passengers367
Crew12
Fatalities0
Injuries14
Survivors379
Second aircraft

JA722A, the Japan Coast Guard Dash 8 involved in the accident, pictured at Haneda Airport in 2023
TypeDe Havilland Canada DHC-8-315Q MPA[Note 2]
NameMizunagi-1 (みずなぎ1号)[1]
OperatorJapan Coast Guard
Call signJULIETT ALPHA 722 ALPHA
RegistrationJA722A
Flight originHaneda Airport, Tokyo, Japan
DestinationNiigata Airport, Niigata, Japan
Occupants6
Crew6
Fatalities5
Injuries1
Survivors1

On 2 January 2024, a runway collision occurred between an Airbus A350, operating Japan Airlines Flight 516 (JAL516), and a De Havilland Canada Dash 8 operated by the Japan Coast Guard. While JAL516 was landing at Haneda Airport in Tokyo, Japan, it collided with the Coast Guard plane on the runway and both aircraft caught fire.[2][3][4][5] Five of the six crew on board the Dash 8 died in the collision, but all 367 passengers and 12 crew on the A350 survived.[6][7][8]

JAL516 was a scheduled passenger flight from New Chitose Airport near Sapporo, Japan, to Haneda Airport in Tokyo, and the Coast Guard plane was on a relief mission in response to the 2024 Noto earthquake which occurred the day before. The collision ignited fires that destroyed both aircraft.[9][10] It was Japan Airlines' first major accident and hull loss since Flight 123 in 1985,[11][10] and also the first hull loss of an Airbus A350.

Aircraft

The JAL aircraft involved in the accident was an Airbus A350-941,[Note 1] manufacturer serial number 538, and registered as JA13XJ. The aircraft was just over two years old at the time of the collision, first flying on 20 September 2021 and delivered to JAL on 10 November.[12][13][14]

The Japan Coast Guard aircraft involved was a De Havilland Canada DHC-8-315Q MPA,[Note 2][15] manufacturer serial number 656, nicknamed Mizunagi-1 (Japanese: みずなぎ1号), and registered as JA722A. The aircraft was approximately 16 years old, first flying in November 2007, and acquired by the Coast Guard in March 2009.[16][15] The aircraft had been damaged in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami while parked at Sendai Airport, and was the only aircraft damaged there to be repaired after the disaster.[1] The Dash 8 was fitted with a Mode S-capable transponder but was reportedly not equipped with ADS-B; this meant the aircraft's position and speed were not reported by the aircraft itself and instead relied on multilateration by on-ground receivers.[13][17]

Collision

Airport layout with the location of the runway collision and the wreckage of both aircraft.[18]

Coast Guard plane

The Japan Coast Guard aircraft, carrying six crew members, was preparing to bring supplies to an airbase in Niigata in response to the 2024 Noto earthquake, which had occurred the day before.[19] It was one of four aircraft deployed by the government to provide help to the affected areas.[20]

The aircraft was reported to be stationary on the runway for around 40 seconds before the collision. The captain reported that the back of the aircraft suddenly caught fire shortly after he had increased the engine power[21][22] before exploding following the collision.[23] He survived with serious injuries, while the five remaining crew members were confirmed dead by the Tokyo Fire Department.[24][25][26][27][28] The wreckage of the Coast Guard aircraft was left several hundred metres from the final stopping point of the JAL plane.[29]

JAL Flight 516

Japan Airlines Flight 516 (ICAO flight number JAL516) departed New Chitose Airport at 16:27 JST (07:27 UTC) en route to Haneda Airport.[30] The flight landed after dark with light and variable winds, visibility greater than 10 km (6.2 mi), few clouds at 2,000 feet (610 m), and a scattered cloud layer at 9,000 feet (2,700 m).[13]

At approximately 17:47 JST (08:47 UTC), JAL516 collided with a Japan Coast Guard Dash 8, identified by its call sign and registration number JA722A, while landing on runway 34R at Haneda Airport.[30][31] CCTV footage shows a fireball erupting from the aircraft, with the JAL plane leaving a fiery trail as it travelled down the runway[19] for about 1 km (0.62 mi) before coming to a stop[32][33] on the grass apron beside the runway.[34] Smoke filled the A350's cabin quickly after the incident.[35][36] Firefighters arrived at the scene in about three minutes, with about 70 fire trucks responding.[19] According to the Tokyo Fire Department, the fire was largely extinguished shortly after midnight,[37] by which time the plane's structure had collapsed due to the intensity of the flames.[23] The collision and subsequent fire were captured by CCTV cameras in Terminal 2.[38] After the collision, the ADS-B signals, except for position information, from the aircraft were received for about one minute.[39]

According to a statement by a JAL spokesman, the three pilots felt a sudden shock immediately after landing and lost control of the aircraft while trying to maintain its course along the runway. They were unaware that a fire had broken out on board until they were informed by a cabin attendant that the left engine was on fire,[40][41] and one of the pilots later said that he had seen an object that had caused him concern before the collision. However, the three pilots denied that they had visually confirmed the presence of the Coast Guard aircraft.[21]

With the right engine still running,[14] all 367 passengers and 12 crew members on board JAL516 evacuated through three of the plane's eight evacuation slides, located at doors 1L, 1R and 4L.[5][42] JAL said the plane's in-flight announcement system had failed, leading the crew to give instructions through megaphones or by shouting.[10] Eight children were on board.[43] Two pets, a dog and a cat, were checked in on board and died.[6] Fourteen people on board suffered minor injuries,[44][45][46] four of whom were taken to hospital.[23] It was noted that no one exited with hand luggage, a factor that facilitated a smoother evacuation.[47] Another factor cited in the survival of those on board was that the aircraft, one of the first commercial models to be made of composite carbon fibre materials, appeared to have withstood the initial impact of the collision and fire relatively well.[42] The plane was fully evacuated at 18:05 JST (09:05 UTC), 18 minutes after landing,[32] according to Japan's public broadcaster NHK; the captain was the last person to leave the plane.[48]

Aftermath

A sign indicating the suspension of ANA flights inside Terminal 2 of Haneda Airport

Operations at Haneda Airport

Although all passengers and crew on the Airbus A350 were evacuated with few minor injuries, the plane was damaged beyond repair, with JAL estimating the operational losses from its destruction at 15 billion yen ($105 million), which is set to be covered by insurance.[21] The aircraft following immediately behind Flight 516—JAL166, a Boeing 737-800 approaching runway 34R—had to perform a go-around at 1,150 feet (350 m) before diverting to Narita International Airport. There were also several flights waiting for takeoff; most returned to the terminal after the runways were closed.[13]

The incident occurred as millions were travelling for the New Year holidays, one of the busiest travel periods of the year. All runways at Haneda Airport were temporarily closed following the crash, and many flights were diverted to nearby Narita Airport, as well as Chubu Centrair International Airport and Kansai International Airport.[49][50] Others were cancelled as the result of the crash,[51][52] with All Nippon Airways registering 112 domestic flight cancellations for the rest of the day[53] and JAL cancelling 116 domestic flights.[33] At around 21:30 JST (12:30 UTC), Haneda Airport's remaining three runways were reopened according to the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT).[54] Cancellations continued through 7 January, by which time at least 1,227 flights and 221,910 passengers had been affected.[55] The incident reduced Haneda Airport's flight capacity to 70%.[56] In response to these delays, JR group set up supplemental Shinkansen services on the Tokaido, Hokuriku, and Tohoku Shinkansen routes on 4 January out to Osaka, Kanazawa, and Hokkaido respectively.[57][58] These extra services were offered without seat reservations.[58]

Workers began clearing the wreckage of the Coast Guard aircraft on the afternoon of 4 January, followed by that of JAL 516 on the morning of 5 January.[59] The clearance operations, which included restoring damaged sections of pavement on the runway, were completed on 7 January.[60] The affected runway reopened to traffic on 8 January.[61] Operations at the airport were expected to fully normalize on 10 January.[55] Lighting damaged by the incident was also expected to be repaired by February 2024. The MLIT also warned of additional aircraft flying over Chiba Prefecture at low altitudes after the collision rendered low-altitude routes over central Tokyo unusable.[62]

On 12 January, the Japan Coast Guard suspended personnel at the Haneda Air Station, which has jurisdiction over the coastal waters between Ibaraki and Shizuoka Prefectures, from operating the facility's two helicopters and three fixed-wing aircraft as part of efforts to ensure safety and psychological care to the staff, delegating the operation of the station's air assets to personnel from other coast guard facilities.[63]

Government response

The Japanese government set up an information liaison office at the Crisis Management Center in the Prime Minister's Office.[51] The Japan Transport Safety Board announced that a formal investigation would begin on 3 January.[64]

Following reports that the air traffic controllers were unaware that the Coast Guard aircraft had entered the runway without clearance, the MLIT installed a new air traffic controller post on 6 January that would provide constant monitoring of aircraft at the airport.[65] The use of the phrase "number 1" in air traffic control parlance was also prohibited after the investigation suggested that the usage of the term led the coast guard pilot to think he had clearance to enter the runway.[66] Brighter colors for stop lines before runway entrances were also to be introduced in Haneda and other airports.[67]

Commemorations

The remains of the fatalities aboard the coast guard aircraft were subjected to an autopsy before being returned to their families on 8 January. A tribute was held by their colleagues at the Japan Coast Guard base in Haneda.[61]

JAL announced that it was considering to preserve the remains of Flight 516 to remind employees of the importance of prioritizing safety, similar to what it had done with the remains of Japan Air Lines Flight 123 which crashed in 1985.[68]

Reactions

Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida extended his condolences to the dead, referring to their service to the victims of the 2024 Noto earthquake.[69] Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike also expressed sadness over "the fact that 'one disaster led to another disaster'".[70][71]

IATA posted on Twitter extending its condolences to the passengers and crew onboard the two aircraft. They also expressed condolences regarding the previous day's earthquake.[72]

Airbus released a statement confirming it was in communication with JAL and would "communicate further details when available".[73][74] It also said that it was sending specialists to help in the investigation.[23]

JAL released a statement confirming the events of the runway collision and sent condolences to the families and friends of the five people killed. It also apologized for the inconvenience and distress caused to passengers, friends, families, and everyone affected by the incident, and gave assurances that it would cooperate with the investigation.[75] JAL also offered full refunds and free rebooking up until 31 January for passengers who had already booked flights scheduled between 2 January and 1 April.[76]

The Japan Federation of Civil Aviation Workers' Union for Air Safety (JFAS) said that, with ICAO Annex 13, finding out the facts should be the first priority, adding that in many cases police intervention prevented the identification of the cause of aircraft accidents.[77]

Investigation

The Japan Transport Safety Board is the lead agency for the investigation.[78] The French Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety (BEA) announced on Twitter that they will be cooperating with Airbus during the investigation.[79][80] It also added that it would send a team to Japan to investigate the incident,[81] as part of their protocol for accidents involving an Airbus aircraft.[82] UK investigators from the A350 engine manufacturer Rolls-Royce also planned to join them.[83] The Transportation Safety Board of Canada, along with technical advisers from the Dash 8's manufacturer De Havilland Canada and engine manufacturer Pratt & Whitney Canada, announced they would also be taking part in the investigation.[84][85] The United States' National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) will also provide assistance in the investigation.[86]

On 3 January, the MLIT released the transcript of air traffic control communication, covering the last 4 minutes and 27 seconds before the crash.[87][88] It showed that prior to the accident, air traffic controllers cleared the JAL aircraft to land on runway 34R,[89] while the Coast Guard aircraft was instructed to hold short of the runway at a holding point on taxiway C5.[64] NHK, however, citing a source within the Coast Guard, reported that the pilot of the Coast Guard plane claimed to have received clearance to take off.[29] Air traffic controllers later told MLIT officials that they had not noticed the Coast Guard plane moving onto the runway, adding that they were preoccupied with assisting other aircraft.[90] An MLIT official said that the pilot of the Coast Guard aircraft may not have heard the air traffic control tower authorizing the JAL aircraft for landing as at the time, his radio could have been set on the same frequency as that of ground control.[91] Another MLIT official also said that the Coast Guard was not informed of measures introduced by a government task force to prevent airport runway incursions following similar incidents in 2007.[92] Japanese police were reportedly investigating possible professional negligence that may have caused the accident.[23]

A Notice to Airmen posted on 25 December 2023, noted that the stop bar lights at the holding point for runway 34R was out of service, and, according to MLIT, had been inoperable since April 2023 as they were undergoing maintenance. The stop bar lights are embedded in the taxiway as an extra safety measure to prevent runway incursions, although for Haneda Airport these lights are usually only used when the visibility is 600 m (2,000 ft) or lower (and thus would not have been switched on at the time of the incident).[93][94][95] By 6 January the flight data and cockpit voice recorders of both aircraft had been recovered.[5][49][96]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 The 9 in the suffix denotes that this aircraft was a -900 series variant of the A350; 41 is the Airbus type code designating it was equipped with Rolls-Royce Trent XWB engines.
  2. 1 2 The 3 in the suffix denotes that this aircraft was a -300 series variant of the Dash 8, 15 designates that the aircraft was equipped with Pratt & Whitney Canada PW123E engines, Q denotes that it was fitted with the active noise and vibration suppression system, and MPA designates that it was equipped as a maritime patrol aircraft.

References

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  71. ↑ "海保５人死亡「痛恨の極み」、日航「着陸許可が出ていたと認識」…小池都知事「災害が災害を呼んでしまうことは残念」" [Five people killed in the Japan Coast Guard: "Extremely saddened; Japan Airlines "recognizes landing permission had been given...Tokyo Governor Koike: "It's unfortunate that a disaster leads to another disaster]. Yomiuri Shimbun Online (in Japanese). The Yomiuri Shimbun. 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  72. ↑ @IATA (2 January 2024). "Our thoughts are with the passengers and crew of #JL516, and the crew of the Japan #CoastGuard aircraft. The last two days have been difficult for Japan. Our thoughts are with the people of #Japan during these challenging times" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  73. ↑ "Japan Airlines plane fire: Five dead on coastguard plane after collision with jet on Haneda Airport runway". BBC News. 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024. Airbus, the maker of the A350 passenger plane which caught fire after colliding with the coastguard aircraft, has released a statement saying it is in contact with the operator Japan Airlines. The statement adds that Airbus will "communicate further details when available".
  74. ↑ "Airbus statement on Flight JAL516". airbus.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  75. ↑ "Collision Incident Involving Japan Airlines Flight JAL516 and Japan Coast Guard Aircraft". Japan Airlines. 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  76. ↑ "Special measures for air tickets following the collision between Japan Airlines Flight JL516 and a Japan Coast Guard aircraft". Japan Airlines. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  77. ↑ "Urgent Statement for the Accident at Tokyo International Airport on Jan 2nd 2024". Japan Federation of Civil Aviation Workers' Union for Air Safety. 3 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  78. ↑ "Japan begins probing cause of JAL jet collision at Tokyo airport". Kyodo News. 3 January 2024. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  79. ↑ @BEA_Aero (2 January 2024). "⚠️ Accident to the @Airbus #A350 #JapanAirlines registered JA13XJ on 02/01/24 at @Haneda_official / @BEA_Aero is participating in the investigation opened by Japan #JTSB / 4 @BEA_Aero investigators will be on site tomorrow joined by 5 @airbus technical advisors" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 3 January 2024 – via Twitter.
  80. ↑ "事故調査支援へ専門家チーム＝日航機炎上で派遣―エアバス" [Airbus sent experts to support the investigation of the JAL aircraft combustion accident.]. Jiji Press (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  81. ↑ "Airbus, French government to send teams to help probe Haneda airport collision". NHK. 3 January 2024. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  82. ↑ Regulation (EU) No 996/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010 on the investigation and prevention of accidents and incidents in civil aviation and repealing Directive 94/56/EC
  83. ↑ McCurry, Justin (3 January 2024). "Japan jet crash: passenger plane was cleared to land, say officials". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  84. ↑ "Canadian safety watchdog pitching in on probe into fatal Japan Airlines crash". CTV News. 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  85. ↑ @TSBCanada (3 January 2024). "The TSB offers assistance to Japan Transport Safety Board & under ICAO's Annex 13 has appointed an Accredited Rep to participate in the investigation of the JAL Airbus A350 & Bombardier Dash-8 collision at Tokyo's Haneda Airport. Learn more about our role: https://ow.ly/mPp850QnAas" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 5 January 2024 – via Twitter.
  86. ↑ "US to provide assistance to Japan on airplane recorders in fatal collision". Reuters. 4 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  87. ↑ "Full text: Air traffic control communications right before Tokyo Haneda collision". NHK World. 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  88. ↑ Klug, Foster; Yamaguchi, Mari (3 January 2024). "Investigators focus on air traffic communication after a fatal Tokyo runway crash". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  89. ↑ Maruyama, Mayumi; Rebane, Teele; Hardingham-Gill, Tamara; Jozuka, Emiko (2 January 2024). "Japan Airlines jet bursts into flames after collision with earthquake relief plane at Tokyo Haneda airport". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  90. ↑ "Haneda air traffic controllers 'unaware of JCG plane movement before collision'". NHK. 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  91. ↑ "Coast guard pilot unlikely heard JAL-tower comms before crash". Kyodo News. 6 January 2024. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  92. ↑ "Japan runway incursion measures not shared suitably with coast guard". Kyodo News. 11 January 2024. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  93. ↑ Shiraki, Maki; Leussink, Daniel; Barrington, Lisa (3 January 2024). "Japan says Coast Guard plane apparently not cleared for take-off before runway collision". Reuters. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  94. ↑ "Clues emerge of what caused Tokyo airport crash". CBC. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  95. ↑ "Haneda runway 'stop' lights out of service in deadly collision". The Asahi Shimbun. 7 January 2024. Archived from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  96. ↑ "Controllers interviewed in Haneda Airport collision, data recovered". NHK WORLD. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
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