Jason Priestley | |
---|---|
Born | Jason Bradford Priestley August 28, 1969 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada |
Citizenship |
|
Occupations |
|
Years active | 1978–present |
Spouse(s) |
Ashlee Petersen
(m. 1999; div. 2000)Naomi Lowde
(m. 2005) |
Children | 2 |
Jason Bradford Priestley (born August 28, 1969)[3][4] is a Canadian actor and television director. He is best known as the virtuous Brandon Walsh on the television series Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–1998, 2000). He is also known for his roles as Richard "Fitz" Fitzpatrick in the show Call Me Fitz (2010–2013) and for his role as Matt Shade in the Canadian series Private Eyes (2016–2021).
Early life
Jason Bradford Priestley was born on August 28, 1969, in North Vancouver, British Columbia. His mother, Sharon Kirk, was an actress and acting coach.[5] He is a graduate of Argyle Secondary School in North Vancouver. He has an older sister, actress Justine Priestley, and two step-siblings, Karin and Kristi. He became a naturalized American citizen in 2007.
Career
Priestley first started his television career doing commercials for companies such as Fletcher's Meats and then guest-starring as Bobby Conrad a.k.a. Roberto Coronado Jr., a mobster's grandson, in the early 1987 episode "A Piece of Cake" from the fourth and final season of the television series Airwolf, and appeared in two episodes of 21 Jump Street in 1987–88, as 'Pencil' on Quantum Leap (E1S8 May 1989), then moved on to the 1989 short-lived sitcom Sister Kate, which starred Stephanie Beacham. He played Todd, one of the foster children under the care of Sister Kate, an English nun.
In 1990, Priestley was chosen as Brandon Walsh on the hit series Beverly Hills, 90210. The show garnered worldwide fame and popularity and made Priestley a teen idol, he was nominated for two Golden Globes for his work on the show. He also directed 15 of the show's episodes. He remained on the show until 1998, when Brandon moved to Washington, D.C. Brandon was the last Walsh to leave the show; however, Priestley would continue to serve as an executive producer until the show ended in 2000.
Priestley joined the cast of Tru Calling as Jack Harper during 2004 and 2005. He was also a regular on the 2006 program Love Monkey. His television work also includes the WB show What I Like About You and a February 2006 appearance on Without a Trace. Priestley has also made several films, his most notable role perhaps being in 1997's Love and Death on Long Island, in which he played a teen idol struggling to be taken seriously as an actor. He directed the 19th episode in the final season of 7th Heaven. He also directed two episodes of The Secret Life of the American Teenager: "Slice of Life" and "Just Say No." They appeared on August 26, 2008, and September 9, 2008, on ABC Family.
On July 15, 2007, he returned to series television as one of the lead males in Lifetime Television's comedy–drama Side Order of Life. Priestley made a guest appearance on NBC's My Name Is Earl in 2008. He played Blake, Earl's better-looking and more successful cousin.[6] That year, Priestley directed five episodes of Secret Life.[7] Priestley directed the episode when Tori Spelling returned to 90210. In 2009 Priestley directed and co-produced all 12 episodes of the Web series The Lake[8] on TheWB.com. In December 2009 along with Dougray Scott, Brian Cox, and Eddie Izzard, Priestley was featured in The Day of the Triffids, written by Patrick Harbinson, whose credits include ER and Law & Order. The drama is based on John Wyndham's best-selling post-apocalyptic novel, The Day of the Triffids.[9]
Priestley directed his former co-star Luke Perry in the Hallmark Channel movie Goodnight for Justice, which aired in January 2011.[10] He guest-starred as one half of a con artist couple alongside Jennifer Finnigan in a sixth-season episode of USA's Psych[11] and also appeared in the music video "Boys" by Britney Spears. Priestley starred as the main character of the HBO Canada TV show Call Me Fitz from 2010 to 2013. It ended after its fourth season in December 2013. In August 2011 Priestley joined the cast of sci-fi television show Haven, in a recurring role during its second season and made two appearances in the final season. He also directed two episodes.
Priestley's feature film directorial debut was the independent road trip comedy Cas & Dylan, starring Richard Dreyfuss and Tatiana Maslany.
In April 2013, Priestley appeared in Canadian Stage's production of Race, a David Mamet play, in Toronto at the Bluma Appel Theater.[12] In 2015, Priestley starred alongside Gael García Bernal in Zoom, a comedy directed by Pedro Morelli that premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival.
In May 2016, Priestley began starring in the Global TV Network comedy–drama series Private Eyes, in the role of Matt Shade, a former hockey player turned private detective.[13]
In August 2016, Priestley was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame.[14]
Jason Priestley was nominated for best lead actor in a comedy series for The Movie Network's Nova Scotia-filmed Call Me Fitz.[15]
In 2013, Priestley directed one episode of the CTV television series Satisfaction.[15]
Personal life
In 1999, Priestley crashed his Porsche car into a telephone pole in Hollywood Hills and was arrested for driving while under the influence. His driver's license was suspended for a year, and he was ordered to complete an alcohol-management program.[16]
Priestley and make-up artist Ashlee Peterson married on February 2, 1999, and divorced 11 months later on January 2, 2000. On May 14, 2005, Priestley married Naomi Lowde, also a make-up artist. On July 2, 2007, the couple had a daughter, Ava Veronica.[17] On April 13, 2009, Priestley announced that he and his wife were expecting their second child.[18] On July 9, 2009, the couple had a son, Dashiell Orson.[19]
On July 9, 2007, he revealed on Late Night with Conan O'Brien that he had become an American citizen several weeks earlier.
Priestley's sister, Justine, is also an actor and appeared in a couple of episodes of the 90210 spin-off Melrose Place, in 1996.
In 2013, the restaurant chain Tim Hortons created a new doughnut in Priestley's honor, called The Priestley. It was not rolled out on a nationwide scale, however.[20]
On May 6, 2014, HarperOne published Priestley's autobiography Jason Priestley: A Memoir.[21]
Motorsports
Priestley's hobbies include race-car driving. He rallied a Toyota Celica All-Trac ST185 in the SCCA Pro Rally Series during the early to mid-1990s. He has provided commentary and interviews of racers for ABC's TV coverage of IndyCar racing. Priestley transitioned toward circuit racing in 1996.[22] Over the following two seasons, he drove Ford Mustangs in IMSA GTS, USRRC GT1, and Motorola Cup competition with Multimatic Motorsports.[23][24] In 1999, he participated in the first Gumball 3000 rally, driving a Lotus Esprit V-8. On August 11, 2002, he was seriously injured during a practice run at the Kentucky Speedway when his Indy Pro Series car crashed into a wall at nearly 180 miles per hour.
According to a January 2008 Associated Press article, it was announced that Priestley would become a joint owner in a new IndyCar Series team. The new team was known as Rubicon Race Team managed by co-owner Jim Freudenberg. They initially entered a car in the 2008 Indianapolis 500. The car was prepared by Indianapolis-based Sam Schmidt Motorsports and the driver was Max Papis.[25]
In the article, Priestley said, "I'm excited to be able to spend the month of May in Indy with my good friends and be a part of the greatest open wheel race. . . . It's been more than five years since my accident, and it's going to be so good to get to see everyone."[26] Despite the team's enthusiasm, it suffered a crash during the second weekend of qualifying, then had subsequent gearbox problems and failed to qualify for the race.
Priestley was among the owners of the FAZZT Race Team, which competed in the IndyCar Series in 2010 with Canadian racer Alex Tagliani. The car, numbered 77 and sponsored by Bowers & Wilkins, was bought out in 2011 by Sam Schmidt Motorsports. With Tagliani retained by the team, he won the pole at the 2011 Indianapolis 500. In October 2011, two-time and defending Indy 500 winner Dan Wheldon took over at Kentucky. At the season-ending IZOD IndyCar World Championship at Las Vegas Motor Speedway, Wheldon was killed in a 15-car crash.
American Open-Wheel racing results
(key)
Indy Pro Series
Year | Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Rank | Points |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2002 | Kelley Racing | KAN 2 |
NSH 6 |
MIS 13 |
KTY DNS |
STL | CHI | TXS | 14th | 99 |
Promotional activity for Barenaked Ladies
Priestley is a big fan of the band Barenaked Ladies and went to many of their California concerts in the early to mid-1990s. He eventually met the band and in his desire to help them succeed, suggested that he direct the music video for "The Old Apartment,"[27] and use his fame to persuade American stations to air it. He did just that, and also invited the band to play at the "Peach Pit After Dark" on an episode of 90210.[28] Lead singer Ed Robertson continues to cite him as being instrumental in their American success. His final notable contribution to the band came when he directed a feature-length documentary about the band's 1999 whirlwind of success titled Barenaked in America, intending to capture on film the fun he had while riding around on the tour bus with the band.[29]
Filmography
Film
Year | Title | Role | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1986 | The Boy Who Could Fly | Gary | |
1988 | Watchers | Boy on Bike | |
1989 | Nowhere to Run | Howard | |
1993 | Calendar Girl | Roy Darpinian | |
Tombstone | Deputy Billy Breakenridge | ||
1995 | Coldblooded | Cosmo Reif | |
1997 | Love and Death on Long Island | Ronnie Bostock | |
Hacks | The Dude | ||
Vanishing Point | The Voice | ||
1998 | Conversations in Limbo | ||
The Thin Pink Line | Hunter Green | ||
1999 | Choose Life | DJ | |
Dill Scallion | Jo Joe Hicks | ||
Standing on Fishes | Jason | ||
Eye of the Beholder | Gary | ||
2000 | Lion of Oz | Lion | Voice[30] |
Herschel Hopper: New York Rabbit | Xavier | Voice | |
The Highwayman | Breakfast | ||
2001 | Double Down | David | |
The Fourth Angel | Davidson | ||
2002 | Darkness Falling | Michael Pacer | |
Cherish | Andrew | ||
Cover Story | JC Peck | ||
Time of the Wolf | Mr. Nelson | ||
Fancy Dancing | Asa Gemmil | ||
2003 | Die, Mommie, Die! | Tony Parker | |
2004 | Reality of Love | film | |
Going the Distance | Lenny Swackhammer | ||
2006 | Hot Tamale | Jude | |
Made in Brooklyn | D.J. | ||
2010 | The Last Rites of Ransom Pride | John | |
2013 | Enter the Dangerous Mind | Dr. Dubrow | |
2015 | Zoom | Dale | |
Being Canadian | Himself | Documentary | |
2016 | Away from Everywhere | Alex Collins |
Television
Year | Title | Role | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1978 | Stacey | Duncan | Television film |
1987 | Airwolf | Bobby | Episode: "A Piece of Cake" |
21 Jump Street | Tober / Brian Krompasick | 2 episodes | |
Danger Bay | Derek | Episode: "Deep Trouble" | |
1988 | MacGyver | Danny | Episode: "Blood Brothers" |
1989 | Teen Angel | Buzz Gunderson | Lead role, 10 episodes |
Quantum Leap | Pencil | Episode: "Camikazi Kid" | |
1989–1990 | Sister Kate | Todd Mahaffey | Main role, 19 episodes |
1990 | Teen Angel Returns | Buzz Gunderson | Lead role, 4 episodes |
1990–2000 | Beverly Hills, 90210 | Brandon Walsh | Main role (seasons 1–9) Guest role (season 10); 246 episodes |
1992 | Saturday Night Live | Host | Episode: "Jason Priestley/Teenage Fanclub" |
Drexell's Class | Teen Priest | Episode: "Cruisin'" | |
Eek! The Cat | Bo Diddly Squat | Voice role; 6 episodes | |
1994 | Kings Island 20th Anniversary Special | Host | Television special |
1995 | Choices of the Heart: The Margaret Sanger Story | Narrator | Television film |
Biker Mice from Mars | Jack McCyber | Voice, 2 episodes | |
1997 | Vanishing Point | The Voice | Television film |
The Outer Limits | Anthony Szigetti | Episode: "New Lease" | |
1998 | Superman: The Animated Series | Reep Daggle/Chameleon Boy | Voice, episode: "New Kids in Town"[30] |
2000 | Common Ground | Billy | Television film |
Homicide: The Movie | Det. Robert Hall | Television film | |
The 11 O'Clock Show | Himself | 4 episodes | |
Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye | Jarred | Television film | |
2001 | Spin City | Scott | Episode: "In the Company of Dudes" |
2002 | Jeremiah | Michael | Episode: "...And the Ground, Sown with Salt" |
Tom Stone | Doug | Episode: "Little Bitty" | |
Warning: Parental Advisory | Charlie Burner | Television film | |
The True Meaning of Christmas Specials | Santa Dude | Television special | |
2003 | 8 Simple Rules | Carter Tibbits | Episode: "Every Picture Tells a Story" |
2004 | Chicks with Sticks | Steve Cooper | Television film[31] |
Rides | Host | Documentary | |
I Want to Marry Ryan Banks | Ryan Banks | Television film | |
Sleep Murder | Peter Radwell | Television film | |
Quintuplets | Steve Chase | Episode: "Thanksgiving Day Charade" | |
2004–2005 | Tru Calling | Jack Harper | Recurring role (season 1) Main role (season 2); 13 episodes |
2005 | Colditz | Flying Officer Rhett Barker | Television film |
Murder at the Presidio | Tom | Television film | |
What I Like About You | Charlie | 2 episodes | |
Snow Wonder | Warren | Television film | |
2006 | Hockeyville | Himself | |
Love Monkey | Mike Freed | Main role, 8 episodes | |
Without a Trace | Allen Davis | Crossroads | |
Above and Beyond | Sir Frederick Banting | Miniseries | |
Shades of Black: The Conrad Black Story | Jeff Riley | Television film | |
Masters of Horror | Alan Alstein | Episode: "The Screwfly Solution" | |
2007 | Subs | Mr. Clayton | Unsold TV pilot |
Luna: Spirit of the Whale | Ted Jeffries | Television film | |
Medium | Walter Paxton | 3 episodes | |
Don't Cry Now | Nick | Television film | |
Termination Point | Caleb Smith | Television film | |
Everest '82 | John Lauchlan | Miniseries | |
Side Order of Life | Ian Denison | Main role, 13 episodes | |
2008 | The Other Woman | Pete | Television film |
My Name Is Earl | Cousin Blake | Episode: "Earl and Joy's Anniversary" | |
A Very Merry Daughter of the Bride | William | Television film | |
2009 | Expecting a Miracle | Pete Stanhope | Television film |
The Day of the Triffids | Coker | Miniseries | |
2010 | Haven | Chris Brody | Recurring role, 6 episodes |
2010–2013 | Call Me Fitz | Richard "Fitz" Fitzpatrick | Lead role, 48 episodes |
2011 | Stephen King's Bag of Bones | Marty | Miniseries |
2012 | Psych | Clive | Episode: "Neal Simon's Lover's Retreat" |
2013 | How I Met Your Mother | Himself | Episode: "P.S. I Love You" |
2013 | CSI: Crime Scene Investigation | Jack Witten | Episode: "Frame by Frame" |
2014 | Hot in Cleveland | Corey Chambers | Episode: "Rusty Banks Rides Again" |
2015 | Mummies Alive | Himself | Narrator, TV documentary series |
Welcome to Sweden | Himself | Episode: ""Ljuden"/"Searching for Bergman" | |
2016–2018 | Raising Expectations | Wayne Wayney | Series lead |
2016–2021 | Private Eyes | Matt Shade | Series lead; also executive producer |
2018 | The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale | Himself | Episode: "Pickler, Pebbles, Pillows, and Priestley" |
2019 | The Twilight Zone | Himself | Episode: "Blurryman" |
2019 | BH90210 | Himself/Brandon Walsh | Main role; also producer and director |
2019 | Dark Angel | Tony Tatterton | Television film |
2019 | Fallen Hearts | Tony Tatterton | Television film; also director |
2019 | Gates of Paradise | Tony Tatterton | Television film; also executive producer |
2019 | Web of Dreams | Television film; executive producer | |
2020 | The Order | Himself | Episode: "Spring Outbreak" |
2020 | Dear Christmas | Chris Massey | Television film |
2020 | Corner Gas Animated | Mr. Cahill | Voice, episode: "Float Your Vote"[30] |
2022 | Canada's Got Talent | Himself | Guest Judge, 2 episodes |
2023 | Fantasy Island | Gavin Beck | Episode: "MJ Akuda & the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Wives Club" |
2023 | Mort sur la piste | Detective LAPD Ryan Martin | French Television film |
2024 | Wild Cards | George |
Music videos
Year | Song | Performer | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1992 | "I Drove All Night" | Roy Orbison | with Jennifer Connelly |
2002 | "Boys (The Co-Ed Remix)" | Britney Spears | Cameo |
As a director
Year | Title | Medium | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1993–1997 | Beverly Hills, 90210 | TV episodes | 15 episodes |
1997 | The Outer Limits | TV episode | Episode: "New Lease" |
1999 | Barenaked in America | Documentary film | |
2000 | Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye | TV film | |
2001 | Grosse Pointe | TV episode | Episode: "Opposite of Sex" |
2006 | Hollywood & Vines | TV episode | |
2007 | 7th Heaven | TV episode | Episode: "Some Break-Up and Some Get-Togethers" |
Don't Cry Now | TV film | ||
Subs | TV film | ||
2008 | The Other Woman | TV film | |
2008–2009 | The Secret Life of the American Teenager | TV series | 5 episodes |
2009 | 90210 | TV series | Episode #18: "Off the Rails" |
The Lake | TV series | Series director | |
2010 | Athletes in Motion | TV film | |
Athletes in Motion: Just Beat It | Short | ||
2010–2013 | Call Me Fitz | TV series | 8 episodes |
2011–2012 | Haven | TV episodes | 2 episodes |
2011 | Dear Santa | TV film | |
2011–2013 | Goodnight for Justice | TV miniseries | |
2013–2017 | Saving Hope | TV series | 4 episodes |
2013 | Cas and Dylan | Feature film | |
Satisfaction | TV episodes | 2 episodes | |
2014 | Working the Engels | TV series | 4 episodes |
2015 | The Night Shift | TV episode | Episode: "Fog Of War" |
Rookie Blue | TV episode | Episode: "Breaking Up the Band" | |
2016 | Dark Matter | TV episode | Episode: "She's One Of Them Now" |
Van Helsing | TV episode | 2 episodes | |
2017 | Private Eyes | TV episode | Episode: "The Extra Mile" |
Ghost Wars | TV episode | 2 episodes | |
Raising Expectations | TV episode | Episode: "Smells Like Victory" | |
2018 | Van Helsing | TV episode | 2 episodes |
2019 | Private Eyes | TV episode | Episode: "Hog Day Afternoon" |
BH90210 | TV episode | Episode: "The Photo Shoot" | |
V. C. Andrews Television movie adaptations | TV film | "Fallen Hearts" | |
2020–2021 | Private Eyes | TV episodes | 3 episodes |
2023 | My Life with the Walter Boys | TV episodes | 2 episodes |
2024 | Wild Cards | TV episodes | TBA |
Awards and nominations
- 2003: Nominated, "Best Performance or Host in a Variety Program or Series" – The True Meaning of Christmas Specials (shared w/co-stars)
- 1993: Nominated, "Best Performance by an Actor in a TV-Series (Drama)" – Beverly Hills, 90210
- 1995: Nominated, "Best Performance by an Actor in a TV-Series (Drama)" – Beverly Hills, 90210
- 1990: Nominated, "Best Young Actor Supporting Role in a Television Series" – Sister Kate
See also
References
- ↑ "Jason Priestley Weds Longtime Girlfriend". foxnews.com. FOX News Network, LLC. Associated Press. March 25, 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
- ↑ "1.73 m Tall Canadian-American Actor Jason Priestley Married Twice Is in a Relationship with Naomi Since 2005; Has Two Children". hitberry.com. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
- ↑ "Jason Priestley". TVGuide.com. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
- ↑ Rovin, Jeff (1991). Luke Mania! Jason Fever!. London: Fantail.
- ↑ "My Vancouver – then & Now: Jason Priestley". September 4, 2013.
- ↑ Camden County, 08102: Priestley to Play Blake on Earl Archived October 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine" TV Guide.Retrieved on October 16, 2008.
- ↑ Jason Priestley Gets Busy on Earl, Secret Life, 90210 Archived December 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine" TV Guide. Retrieved on November 12, 2008.
- ↑ "The Lake - Show Info". TheWB.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 2009.
- ↑ "Vanessa Redgrave to star in BBC's The Day of the Triffids". The Daily Telegraph. London. February 11, 2009. Archived from the original on May 20, 2010. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
- ↑ "Goodnight for Justice (TV 2011)". imdb.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
- ↑ Mitovich, Matt Webb (July 11, 2011). "Psych Pscoop: Jennifer Finnigan Cast as Bonnie to Jason Priestley's Clyde". TVLine.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
- ↑ "Jason Priestley to Star in David Mamet's 'Race' on Toronto Stage Archived January 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. The Hollywood Reporter, April 7, 2013.
- ↑ Wong, Tony (May 24, 2016). "Jason Priestley Turns Detective in Private Eyes". The Toronto Star. Toronto Star Newspapers. Archived from the original on December 11, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
- ↑ "Darryl Sittler, Jason Priestley Among 2016 Walk of Fame Inductees". The Globe and Mail. The Canadian Press. August 23, 2016. Archived from the original on April 19, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
- 1 2 "B.C. Players mostly on small screen in Canadian Screen Award nominations".
- ↑ "Jason Priestley's Close Call". ABC News. January 6, 2006. Archived from the original on April 14, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
- ↑ "Jason Priestley: First Look at My Daughter "Took My Breath Away"". US Magazine. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2007.
- ↑ Ritti, Missy (April 13, 2009). "Jason and Naomi Priestley Expecting Baby No. 2". People. Retrieved March 5, 2019.
- ↑ Ritti, Missy (July 10, 2009). "Jason Priestley and His Wife Welcome a Boy". People. Retrieved March 5, 2019.
- ↑ "Tim Hortons, Jason Priestley and the doughnut mash-up you have to see". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
- ↑ Priestley, Jason (May 6, 2014). Jason Priestley: A Memoir. HarperOne. ISBN 978-0062357892. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
- ↑ Feature on Jason Priestly Racing 1995 Cobra R Mustang, 1996, archived from the original on January 3, 2016, retrieved November 7, 2015
- ↑ "Jason Priestley (CDN) - Complete Archive - Racing Sports Cars". www.racingsportscars.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
- ↑ "Motorola Cup". Autocourse.ca. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
- ↑ Fink, Pete (March 4, 2008). "Papis wieder beim Indy 500". Motorsport-Total.com (in German). Archived from the original on December 24, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
- ↑ Herman, Steve. Actor Jason Priestley to become joint owner in new IRL race team, Associated Press, January 21, 2008
- ↑ "Jason Priestley - Beverly Hills 90210". canada.com. Postmedia Network, Inc. Archived from the original on April 20, 2008.
- ↑ "Barenaked Ladies Biography on Yahoo! Music". yahoo.com. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
- ↑ Joslyn, Heather (September 27, 2000). "Barenaked in America". Baltimore City Paper. Archived from the original on December 24, 2008.
- 1 2 3 "Jason Priestley (visual voices guide)". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved August 5, 2023. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its opening and/or closing credits and/or other reliable sources of information.
- ↑ "Chicks with Sticks". Northernstars. Toronto, Ontario: Canadian Independent Visual and Digital Media Association. June 30, 2016. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2021.