His Excellency
Juscelino Kubitschek
Official portrait, 1956
President of Brazil
In office
31 January 1956 – 30 January 1961
Vice PresidentJoão Goulart
Preceded byNereu Ramos (acting)
Succeeded byJânio Quadros
Further offices held
Senator for Goiás
In office
4 October 1961 – 8 June 1964
Preceded byTaciano Gomes de Melo
Succeeded byJoão Abraão Sobrinho
Governor of Minas Gerais
In office
31 January 1951 – 31 March 1955
Vice GovernorClóvis Salgado
Preceded byMilton Campos
Succeeded byClóvis Salgado
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
In office
5 February 1946 – 31 January 1951
ConstituencyMinas Gerais
In office
2 May 1935 – 10 November 1937
ConstituencyMinas Gerais
Mayor of Belo Horizonte
In office
23 October 1940 – 30 October 1945
Nominated byBenedito Valadares
Preceded byJosé de Araújo
Succeeded byJoão Gusmán
Personal details
Born(1902-09-12)12 September 1902
Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Died22 August 1976(1976-08-22) (aged 73)
Resende, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Cause of deathCar accident
Resting placeJK Memorial
Political partyPP (1934–1937)
PSD (1945–1965)
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1931)​
Children2
Parents
  • João César de Oliveira (father)
  • Júlia Coelho Kubitschek (mother)
Alma materFederal University of Minas Gerais School of Medicine
Profession
Signature
Military service
AllegianceBrazil
Minas Gerais
Branch/serviceBrazilian Army
Military Police of Minas Gerais
Years of service1931–1933
1937–1940
RankLieutenant colonel
Battles/warsConstitutionalist Revolution

Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuseˈlinu kubiˈʃɛk(i) dʒi oliˈve(j)ɾɐ]; 12 September 1902 – 22 August 1976), also known by his initials JK, was a prominent Brazilian politician who served as the 21st president of Brazil from 1956 to 1961. His term was marked by economic prosperity and political stability,[1] being most known for the construction of a new capital, Brasília.

Early life and career

Childhood home of Kubitschek in Diamantina, Minas Gerais.

Kubitschek was born into a poor family in Diamantina, Minas Gerais.[2] His father, João César de Oliveira (1872–1905), who died when Juscelino was two years old, was a traveling salesman. He was raised by his mother, a schoolteacher named Júlia Kubitschek (1873–1973).[3] His mother was of part Czech descent. He was educated at a seminary school in Diamantina, where he was an average student.[4]

Kubitschek attended the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Belo Horizonte when he turned twenty.[5] He became a licensed medical doctor after seven years of schooling. He then went to live in Europe for a few months after graduating eventually returning to Brazil after the revolution of 1930 that marked the ascension of President Getúlio Vargas.

Kubitschek (left) and others during the Constitutionalist Revolution in 1932. Kubitschek served as a medic during the conflict.

Kubitschek served as a doctor in the military police and saw patients at a military hospital in Minas Gerais. Kubitschek befriended the Governor of Minas Gerais, Benedito Valadares, who named Kubitschek his Chief of Staff in 1932. Two years later in 1934 Kubitschek ran for office for the first time, becoming a member of the Federal Chamber of Deputies of Brazil with the support of Partido Progressista (Progressive Party). In 1940, he was appointed Mayor of Belo Horizonte; in 1945, he was elected to that position with the support of Partido Social Democrático (Social Democratic Party) and was noted to be ambitious in his push to expand public works and improve infrastructure. It was his term as Mayor of Belo Horizonte that he would establish a strong, professional relationship with the renowned architect Oscar Niemeyer, who would later become instrumental in designing Brasilia. Kubitschek at this time commissioned Oscar Niemeyer to design several municipal buildings in Belo Horizonte.[6]

He would run again for the Federal Chamber of Deputies in 1945, and in 1950 ran for Governor of the state of Minas Gerais. As Governor he was noted with focusing on addressing transportation and energy establishing a government energy corporation that built five new power plants, and he promoted improving roads, bridges, schools, and hospitals.[7]

Presidency

President Kubitschek and some cabinet members on inauguration day, 31 January 1956.

After President Getúlio Vargas committed suicide in 1954, his Vice-President João Café Filho fulfilled the rest of his term until the elections of 1955 which were held in October. Juscelino Kubitschek decided to run for president in a race with two other candidates. He ran with the slogan of “fifty years progress in five” and developed a platform that highlighted energy, agriculture, industry, education, and transportation.[8] He also stressed a wish to diversify Brazil’s economy and open it up to foreign investment. He was also a vocal supporter of moving the government capital out of Rio de Janeiro, to a more central location in the country, to promote regional development.

Before Kubitschek was even inaugurated, however, rumors of a military coup were brewing and the opposition party União Democrática Nacional (National Democratic Union or UDN) became vocal over his close ties to Vargas and his alleged sympathy towards communists. Henrique Teixeira Lott, then Minister of War, and a coalition of high ranking military officers staged a countercoup to ensure that Juscelino Kubitschek was inaugurated.[9][10] Juscelino Kubitschek would be inaugurated as the 21st President of Brazil on 31 January 1956.[8]

His economic plan had 31 goals distributed in six large categories: energy, transport, food, base industries, education, and the main goal, the construction of Brasília. This plan sought to diversify and expand the Brazilian economy, based on industrial expansion and integration of the national territory.[8]

Healthcare

As a practicing doctor, Juscelino was passionate about reforming healthcare.[11] Kubitschek campaigned on establishing a central health bureaucracy that previously did not exist to address rural health issues more adequately. The most notable is DNERU which was an agency created to address tuberculosis and malaria, and issue vaccines in areas of the country where access to healthcare was scarce.

Economy and major works

Opening of the General Motors factory in São José dos Campos by President Kubitschek, 1959.

Although his main project was to develop national industry, it was with the "Goals plan", launched in 1956, that there was a greater opening of the national economy for foreign investment. He made all imported machines and industrial equipment exempt from taxes, as well as to assist foreign capital. However, the exemption only applied if the foreign capital was associated with the national capital ("associated capital"). To amplify the internal market, he developed a generous credit policy.

He promoted the development of the automobile industry, naval industry, heavy industry and the construction of hydroelectric power stations. With the exception of the hydroelectric industry, Juscelino practically created an economy without state-owned companies. He also had a very progressive agenda proposed for Education; however, that was never carried out.

Kubitschek cared a great deal about the construction of transregional roads. He was criticised for focusing only in road construction and putting aside the railways, a decision still controversial today. The construction of the roads helped the integration of the Amazon region, together with the construction of Brasilia.

In the short term the economy boomed, with a stronger industry under his leadership. More dependent on energy resources, Brazil became one of the countries most affected by the oil crises of 1973 and 1979. Having to import over 80% of its consumption, the quadrupling of oil prices greatly contributed to Brazil's debts and spiralling inflation, for which his administration was directly blamed by the critics as a result. In fact, the economy continued to suffer well into the 1980s as Brazil's industries became less and less competitive in the global market.

By the end of his term, the foreign debt had grown from 87 million dollars to 297 million dollars. Inflation and wealth inequality had grown larger, with rural-zone strikes that spread to the urban areas. However, the minimum wage from that time is still considered the highest at any moment in Brazilian history. He also initially sought a loan from International Monetary Fund, but backed out of the negotiations.[8]

Kubitschek ended his time in office with a growth of 80% in industrial production but with an inflation rate of 43%.

The construction of Brasília

Construction of Brasília, 1959.

The idea of building a new capital in the center of the country was already idealised in the Brazilian constitutions of 1891, 1934 and 1946, but it was only in 1956 that planning began to take form in response to Kubitschek's campaign promise to develop the interior. Initially the move of the capital from Rio de Janeiro was controversial and had division and opposition from people within Rio and throughout Brazil. Debates that included statesmen, residents and professionals were televised on the TV show "Que será do Rio" and letters to the editor in Correio da Manhã.[12]

The work, led by urban planner Lúcio Costa, architect Oscar Niemeyer and landscape designer Roberto Burle Marx, started in February 1957. More than 200 machines were put to work and 30,000 workers came from every part of the country, though most from the northeast. The construction went on day and night to meet the objective of finishing Brasília by 21 April 1960, in a homage to the Inconfidência Mineira and Rome's founding. A completely new capital city, its streets, government palaces, infrastructure, living facilities, etc., suddenly emerged in the middle of a savanna in just 41 months, and before the target date. As soon as it was inaugurated, Brasília was considered a masterpiece of urbanism and modern architecture.

Brasilia plays a strategic role in integrating Brazil's farthest regions, bringing development to unpopulated areas and guaranteeing Brazil's cultural and territorial unity.

The construction of Brasilia fostered the development of many roads, linking Brazil's vast territories. One important example was the construction of the Belém-Brasilia road. Previously, the only way to go from Rio or São Paulo to Belém was via ship on the Atlantic Ocean. During the Second World War, this weak link had been blocked by German U-boats, virtually disrupting all commerce.

Monument to Kubitschek and his wife Sarah in front of the JK Memorial.

The new capital was soon to help integrate all the Brazilian regions, create jobs and absorb a workforce from the Brazilian Northeast, and to stimulate the economy of the Central-west and North. During the construction of Brasilia, in the haste to finish the job, accidents were frequent, something Kubitschek's government did its utmost to cover up.[13]

Corruption

Kubitschek's government was often accused of corruption. The accusations began at the time he was governor and intensified during his presidency, when the construction of Brasília began. There were serious reasons to believe that people connected to Juscelino had been favored in the construction. Also, the airline Pan-Air Brazil held a monopoly on the transport of people and goods during this period, yet another source of controversy.[13]

During his time in office, Time magazine wrote that he had the seventh greatest fortune in the world, a claim that was never proven. In fact, upon his death many years later, it was shown he had earned very modest means. This did not stop a candidate for the next presidency, Jânio Quadros, from stating during his presidential campaign that he would "sweep the corruption out of the country".[14] Later, during the military regime, Juscelino would be questioned about the corruption allegations and about his supposed ties with communist groups.

Kubitschek was succeeded by Jânio Quadros in 1961.[14] After the military took power in 1964, Kubitschek's political rights were suspended for 10 years. He went into self-imposed exile and stayed in numerous U.S. and European cities.[15]

Return to Brazil and death

JK Memorial in Brasília
Tomb of Kubitschek in the crypt at the memorial.
Juscelino Kubitschek bridge

Kubitschek returned to Brazil in 1967, but died in a car crash in 1976, near the city of Resende in the state of Rio de Janeiro. 350,000 mourners were present at his burial in Brasília. He is now buried in the JK Memorial in Brasilia, which was opened in 1981.[16]

On 26 April 2000, the former governor of Rio de Janeiro, Leonel Brizola, alleged that the former presidents of Brazil, João Goulart and Kubitschek, who died a few months apart in 1976, were murdered as part of the US-backed Operation Condor, and requested the investigation of their deaths as part of the National Truth Commission investigations.[16] They were originally reported to have died respectively of a heart attack and a car accident.[17][18] On 27 March 2014, the commission concluded that Kubitschek was not assassinated.[16][19]

Honours

Statue of Juscelino Kubitschek in the square that bears his name, in Belo Horizonte.

The Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek International Airport of Brasília, the Juscelino Kubitschek bridge and Juscelino Kubitschek Power Plant are named after him. There is also a luxury hotel named Kubitschek Plaza located in that city.

Many cities have things named after him, such as Juscelino Kubitschek, Santa Maria. "JK" is a ubiquitous acronym honouring the ex-president, who is often seen by Brazilians as the "father of modern Brazil".

Foreign honours

Media

In 2006, Globo created a miniseries based on Kubitschek's life called JK, featuring Wagner Moura (portraying Kubitschek ages 18–43) and José Wilker (ages 44–75).[20]

Descendants

In 1980, his daughter Márcia Kubitschek (1943–2000) married Cuban-American ballet star Fernando Bujones. Márcia Kubitschek was elected to the National Congress of Brazil in 1987 and served as lieutenant governor of the Federal District from 1991 to 1994.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Homenageados › Juscelino Kubitschek". Centro Cultural Oscar Niemeyer (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  2. ↑ "10 em Tudo". 10 em Tudo. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  3. ↑ "Júlia Kubitschek". GeneAll.net. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  4. ↑ "Juscelino Kubitschek | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change". library.brown.edu. Brown University Library. Retrieved 7 July 2017. The future president was thus raised by his mother, a schoolteacher of Czech descent.
  5. ↑ Alexander, Robert Jackson (1991). Juscelino Kubitschek and the Development of Brazil. Ohio University Center for International Studies. ISBN 978-0-89680-163-9.
  6. ↑ ."Juscelino Kubitschek".
  7. ↑ "Juscelino Kubitschek | president of Brazil | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Maram, Sheldon (1990). "Juscelino Kubitschek and the Politics of Exuberance, 1956-1961". Luso-Brazilian Review. 27 (1): 31–45. JSTOR 3513595.
  9. ↑ Stepan, Alfred C. (2015). "The Functioning of the 'Moderating Pattern'—A Comparative Analysis of Five Coups, 1945–1964". The Military in Politics. Princeton University Press. pp. 85–122. ISBN 978-1-4008-6870-4. JSTOR j.ctt13x173z.12.
  10. ↑ "BRAZIL: The Preventive Revolution". Time. 21 November 1955. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  11. ↑ Hochman, Gilberto (2015). "Brasil isn't only disease: Juscelino Kubitschek and the search for a new image of Brazil". Translating the Americas. 3 (20190612). doi:10.3998/lacs.12338892.0003.003.
  12. ↑ Osorio, Mauro; Rego, Henrique Rabelo Sá; Versiani, Maria Helena (2017). "Rio de Janeiro: trajetória institucional e especificidades do marco de poder" [Rio de Janeiro: institutional trajectory and specificities of the power framework]. Cadernos do Desenvolvimento Fluminense (in Portuguese) (12): 73–92. doi:10.12957/cdf.2017.36738.
  13. 1 2 "O verdadeiro JK". Opinião e Notícia. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  14. 1 2 "Jânio Quadros | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change". library.brown.edu. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  15. ↑ "Áudio histórico imperdivel o ex presidente juscelino kubitscheck sabendo que ia ser cassado se dirige pela última vez ao povo brasileiro". Veja. Archived from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  16. 1 2 3 "Brazil ex-president was 'not killed in political plot'". BBC News. 22 April 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  17. ↑ "Brasil examina su pasado represivo en la Operación Cóndor". El Mostrador. 11 May 2000. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
  18. ↑ "Operación Cóndor: presión de Brizola sobre la Argentina". El Clarín. 6 May 2000.
  19. ↑ "Comissão Nacional da Verdade: A Morte do ex-Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira" (PDF). National Truth Commission. 12 December 2013.
  20. ↑ "Canal Zap: Globo estréia minissérie sobre JK - 03/01/2006 - Da Redação". televisao.uol.com.br. Retrieved 27 May 2021.

Further reading

  • Alexander, Robert J. (1991). Juscelino Kubitschek and the Development of Brazil. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies, ISBN 0-89680-163-2
  • Bojunga, Cláudio. (2001). JK: o artista do impossível. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Objetiva, ISBN 85-7302-407-0 (in Portuguese)
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