Kōmeitō
公明党
FounderDaisaku Ikeda
Founded17 November 1964
Dissolved1998
Preceded byClean Government League
Succeeded byKomeito
Ideology
Political positionCentre-left[4] to centre-right[1]
ReligionBuddhism (Soka Gakkai)

The Kōmeitō (Japanese: 公明党), also known as the Kōmei Party and Clean Government Party (CGP), was a political party in Japan, initiated by Daisaku Ikeda, and described by various authors as the "political arm" of Soka Gakkai.[9]

Kōmeitō was considered a centre[10] to centre-left political party of the progressive camp until the 1990s.[11] However, since the 1990s, Kōmeitō has become politically closer to the right-wing LDP and has become a centre to centre-right conservative party.

History

The party was established in January 1962 as the Kōmei Seiji Renmei (Clean Government League) by the Sōka Gakkai, an organization that promoted Nichiren Buddhism. Running as independents, three members of the Sōka Gakkai had been elected to the House of Councillors in the 1956 elections, with the 1959 elections seeing nine members elected. It also had several members elected to local assemblies.

In 1957, a group of Young Men's Division members campaigning for a Gakkai candidate in an Osaka House of Councillors by-election were arrested for distributing money, cigarettes, and caramels at supporters' residences, in violation of elections law, and on July 3 of that year, at the beginning of an event memorialized as the "Osaka Incident," Daisaku Ikeda was arrested in Osaka. He was taken into custody in his capacity as Sōka Gakkai's Youth Division Chief of Staff for overseeing activities that constituted violations of elections law. He spent two weeks in jail and appeared in court forty-eight times before he was cleared of all charges in January 1962.[12]

Amongst its policies, the new party supported the 1947 constitution and opposed nuclear weapons. Headed by Harashima Kōji. In the July 1962 elections the new party won nine seats in the House of Councillors.[13]

On 17 November 1964 the party was renamed Kōmeitō.[13] In 1968, fourteen of its members were convicted of forging absentee ballots in Shinjuku, and eight were sentenced to prison for electoral fraud. In the 1960s it was widely criticized for violating the separation of church and state, and in February 1970 all three major Japanese newspapers printed editorials demanding that the party reorganize. It eventually broke apart based on promises to segregate from Soka Gakkai.[14][15][16]

In 1969, the Kōmeitō became the third political party in Japan.

In the 1980s Akahata discovered that many Soka Gakkai members were rewarding acquaintances with presents in return for Komeito votes, and that Okinawa residents had changed their addresses to elect Komeito politicians.[17] It was also revealed that while the party was technically separate from the Soka Gakkai, monetary donations made that were tax exempt were being funneled into funding for the Kōmeitō party as revealed by an expelled Kōmeitō member of the Tokyo municipal assembly.[18]

It was usually supportive of the Japan Socialist Party, and opposed the LDP (Liberal Democratic Party), the major ruling party at that time.

Kōmeitō did quite well, and in 1993, when the LDP was for the first time declared an opposition party, the Kōmeitō became one of the ruling parties, headed by the liberal Japan New Party, but which also included the Democratic Socialist Party, Japan Renewal Party, the New Party Sakigake, and the Japan Socialist Party. In 1994, the latter two parties left the coalition, and in July they took over the rule, making another coalition with the LDP. The Kōmeitō was again thrown into opposition.

On December 5, 1994, The Kōmeitō split into two parties. The Lower House chairs and some of Upper House chairs formed Kōmeitō New Party, and five days later, they joined into the New Frontier Party. The others, i.e. local assembly members and the rest of the Upper House chairs, formed Kōmei and independent friend of the New Frontier Party.

In 1998, however, the New Frontier Party dissolved, and former Kōmeitō members formed New Peace Party and Reform Club. They merged with Kōmei in the same year and then became known as the NKP (New Kōmeitō Party). The NKP adopted a more conservative agenda than the former Kōmeitō and in 1999 they supported the ruling party, the LDP.[19]

Leaders

No. Name (Birth–death) Constituency / title Term of office Prime Minister (term) Status
Took office Left office
1Kōji Harashima

(1909–1964)

 Cllr for
national district		17 November 19649 December 1964 Satō (1964–72) Opposition
2Takehisa Tsuji

(1918–2012)

 Cllr for
national district		9 December 196413 February 1967
3Yoshikatsu Takeiri

(1926–2023)

 Rep for Tokyo 10th13 February 19675 December 1986
Tanaka K. (1972–74)
Miki (1974–76)
Fukuda T. (1976–78)
Ōhira (1978–80)
Ito (1980) (acting)
Suzuki Z. (1980–82)
Nakasone (1982–87)
4Junya Yano

(b. 1932)

 Rep for Ōsaka 4th5 December 198621 May 1989
Takeshita (1987–89)
5Kōshirō Ishida

(1930–2006)

 Rep for Aichi 6th21 May 19895 December 1994
Uno (1989)
Kaifu (1989–91)
Miyazawa (1991–93)
Hosokawa (1993–94) Governing coalition
Hata (1994)
Murayama (1994–96) Opposition

Election results

House of Representatives

House of Representatives
Election Leader No. of
candidates		 Seats Position Constituency votes PR Block votes Status
No. ± Share No. Share No. Share
1967 Takehisa Tsuji 32
25 / 486
 5.1% 4th 2,472,371 5.4% Opposition
1969 Yoshikatsu Takeiri 76
47 / 486
 Increase 22 9.6% Increase 3rd 5,124,666 10.9% Opposition
1972 59
29 / 491
 Decrease 18 5.9% Decrease 4th 4,436,755 8.5% Opposition
1976 84
55 / 511
 Increase 26 10.7% Increase 3rd 6,177,300 10.9% Opposition
1979 64
57 / 511
 Increase 2 11.1% Steady 3rd 5,282,682 9.78% Opposition
1980 64
33 / 511
 Decrease 24 6.4% Steady 3rd 5,329,942 9.03% Opposition
1983 59
58 / 511
 Increase 25 11.3% Steady 3rd 5,745,751 10.12% Opposition
1986 61
56 / 512
 Decrease 2 10.9% Steady 3rd 5,701,277 9.43% Opposition
1990 Kōshirō Ishida 58
45 / 512
 Decrease 11 8.7% Steady 3rd 5,242,675 7.98% Opposition
1993 54
51 / 511
 Increase 6 9.9% Decrease 4th 5,114,351 8.14% Governing coalition (until 1994)

House of Councillors

House of Councillors
Election Leader Seats Nationwide (PR votes since 1983) Prefecture Status
Total[lower-alpha 1] Contested Number  % Number  %
1965 Yoshikatsu Takeiri
20 / 251
11 / 125
 5,097,682 13.7% 1,910,975 5.1% Minority
1968
24 / 250
7 / 125
 6,656, 771 15.5% 2,632,528 6.1% Minority
1971
22 / 249
10 / 125
 5,626,293 14.1% 1,391,855 3.5% Minority
1974
24 / 250
14 / 125
 6,360,419 12.1% 6,732,937 12.6% Minority
1977
25 / 249
14 / 125
 7,174,459 14.2% 3,206,719 6.1% Minority
1980
26 / 250
12 / 125
 6,669,387 11.9% 2,817,379 4.9% Minority
1983
27 / 252
14 / 126
 7,314,465 15.7% 3,615,995 7.8% Minority
1986
24 / 252
10 / 126
 7,438,501 12.97% 2,549,037 4.40% Minority
1989 Kōshirō Ishida
21 / 252
11 / 126
 6,097,971 10.86% 2,900,947 5.10% Minority
1992
24 / 252
14 / 126
 6,415,503 14.27% 3,550,060 7.82% Minority (until 1993)
Governing minority (1993–1994)
Minority (1994)

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Upper house is split in two classes, one elected every three years.

References

  1. 1 2 Li, Jooinn (1970). "Komeito: Sokagakkai-Ism in Japanese Politics". Asian Survey. 10 (6): 501–518. doi:10.2307/2642883. JSTOR 2642883.
  2. ↑ Hashimoto, Hideo; McPherson, William (1976). "Rise and Decline of Sokagakkai Japan and the United States". Review of Religious Research. 17 (72): 82–92. doi:10.2307/3510626. JSTOR 3510626.
  3. ↑ Falkenheim, Peggy L. (1979). "Eurocommunism in Asia: The Communist Party of Japan and the Soviet Union". Pacific Affairs. 52 (1): 64–77. doi:10.2307/2757766. JSTOR 2757766.
  4. ↑ Stockwin, J. A. A. (1971). "The Japanese opposition: Political irrelevance or wave of the future?". Australian Outlook. 25: 181–197. doi:10.1080/10357717108444408.
  5. ↑ Hook, Glenn D.; Gilson, Julie; Hughes, Christopher W.; Dobson, Hugo (2013-01-11). Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security. Routledge. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-134-32805-5.
  6. ↑ Hrebenar, Ronald J. (2019-08-15). Japan's New Party System. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-72108-3.
  7. ↑ Andrew Gebert. "Soka Gakkai". Oxford Bibliographies. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  8. ↑ Palmer, A. (2012-12-06). Buddhist Politics: Japan's Clean Government Party. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 60. ISBN 978-94-010-2996-4.
  9. ↑ [5][6][7][8]
  10. ↑ Albrecht Rothacher, ed. (2016). The Japanese Power Elite. Springer. p. 121. ISBN 9781349229932.
  11. 1 2 Japan Echo - Volume 16. Japan Echo Incorporated. 1989. p. 52.
  12. ↑ "World Religions & Spirituality | Sōka Gakkai". Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2015-02-19.
  13. 1 2 Haruhiro Fukui (1985) Political parties of Asia and the Pacific, Greenwood Press, pp459–460
  14. ↑ Ikuo Kabashima, Gill Steel Changing Politics in Japan 2012 Page 38 "Fragmented Opposition: Other Parties Other smaller parties include Komeito (the party officially became known as New Komeito in 1998), a party that Soka Gakkai formed in 1964 from its precursor, the Komei Political League."
  15. ↑ John McCormick Comparative Politics in Transition 2011- Page 179 "Clean Government Party (CGP) (Komeito) New Komeito is the political wing of Soka Gakkai, Japan's largest lay Buddhist ..."
  16. ↑ Jeffrey Haynes Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics Page 17 "Talking to young Japanese people one normally gets very little sense of enthusiasm about Buddhism, and few people seem to take seriously the notion that the New Komeito Party is a Buddhist political party. The Komeito or 'Clean Government Party' ..."
  17. ↑ Yōichi, Kira (1986). Sōka Gakkai nanatsu no daizai : jitsuroku (Shohan. ed.). Tōkyō: Shin Nihon Shuppansha. ISBN 4406013881.
  18. ↑ Sanger, David E.; Times, Special To the New York (1989-07-20). "Japan Finds Latest Scandal in a Dump". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-08-19.
  19. ↑ Hiroshi Aruga, "Sōka Gakkai and Japanese politics", in Global citizens, the Sōka Gakkai Buddhist Movement in the world
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