Major General
Khaled Mosharraf
Bir Uttam
খালেদ মোশাররফ
3rd Chief of Army Staff
In office
3 November 1975 – 7 November 1975
Preceded byLieutenant General Ziaur Rahman
Succeeded byLieutenant General Ziaur Rahman
Personal details
Born9 November 1937
Jamalpur, Bengal, British India (now Mymensingh, Bangladesh)
Died7 November 1975(1975-11-07) (aged 38)
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Manner of deathAssassination
SpouseSalma Khaled
RelationsRashed Mosharraf (brother)
Children3, including Mahjabeen Khaled
Alma materDhaka College
Awards Bir Uttom
Military service
Allegiance Bangladesh
 Pakistan (before 1971)
Branch/service
Years of service1955-1975
Rank Major General
UnitEast Bengal Regiment
Commands
Battles/wars

Khaled Mosharraf, Bir Uttom (Bengali: খালেদ মোশাররফ; 9 November 1937 – 7 November 1975) was a Bangladeshi army officer who is known for his role in the Bangladesh Liberation War and the subsequent coups in post-independence Bangladesh. After deposing Khondakar Mustaq Ahmad in the 3 November 1975 coup, Mosharraf was assassinated on 7 November 1975.[1]

During the outset of the Bangladesh Liberation War, Mosharraf was Second in Command of the 4th East Bengal Regiment in Comilla, which revolted against Pakistan on 27 March 1971.[2] During the war, Mosharraf was appointed the sector commander of sector 2, in addition to leading K Force and Crack Platoon.[3] After being wounded in combat, A.T.M. Haider was appointed as the new sector commander of sector 2.[3]

After the war ended, Mosharraf was awarded Bir Uttom, the second highest gallantry award and was appointed Chief of General Staff of Bangladesh Army.[4] Following the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the chain of command in the military broke down, which Mosharraf intended to restore on 3 November 1975 by removing Khondakar Mustaq Ahmad from power and the exiling army officers responsible for Mujib's assassination.[5] On 7 November 1975, a counter-coup was organised by Lt. Colonel Abu Taher and his clandestine group Biplobi Shainik Sangstha, during which Mosharraf was killed, alongside Lt. Colonel A.T.M. Haider and Colonel Nazmul Huda.[1]

Early life

Khaled Mosharraf was born on 9 November 1937 in Jamalpur, British India to Mosharraf Hossain and Jamila Akhter.[4] Mosharraf completed his Matriculation examination in Cox Bazar High School in 1953 and IA examination from Dhaka College in 1955.[4]

After graduating from Dhaka College, Mosharraf immediately joined the Pakistan Army and attended the military academy in Kakul.[6] During the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War, Mosharraf served as the adjutant of the 4th Bengal Regiment. Subsequently, he received additional training in West Germany and Britain and served as an instructor in the Kakul academy.[6]

Bangladesh Liberation War

4th East Bengal Regiment

During the outset of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, Major Mosharraf was the Brigade Major of the 57th Infantry Brigade, which was based in Dhaka. On 22 March 1971, he was posted to Comilla as the Second in Command of the 4th East Bengal Regiment (EBR).[2] On 24 March, while Mosharraf was on his way to Shamshernagar, his military vehicles were stopped by civilians at Brahmanbaria, who informed Mosharraf that Pakistani troops were killing civilians.[7] After being informed by Major Shafaat Jamil of the situation in Dhaka, Mosharraf led a mutiny of the 4th EBR on 27 March.[7]

The troops of the 4th EBR wanted to go to Dhaka to fight the Pakistani army, but Mosharraf warned that:[7]

"You may kill only a few Pakistani soldiers and you may also get killed. Presently your life is very precious for our country, if you stay alive you could train hundreds of young people to become soldiers and fight for our motherland. Yes, we will have to fight the Pakistan Army someday soon, but not now. This is not the time to go for confrontation and we need to re-equip and gain our strength."

Sector Commander of Sector 2

On 4 April 1971, a conference was held at Teliapara under the leadership of Colonel M.A.G. Osmani, where it was agreed that eastern Bangladesh should be divided into four sectors, with Mosharraf being assigned to commander of sector 2, which comprised Comilla, Dhaka, Faridpur and part of Noakhali.[7]

Crack Platoon

In June 1971, Mosharraf and A.T.M. Haider formed a special commando team known as Crack Platoon, whose objective was to terrorise the Pakistani Army. The Crack Platoon carried out a number of operations in Dhaka, including a grenade attack on 9 June and an attack on 5 power stations on 19 July.[8]

Wounded in combat

On 23 October 1971, Mosharraf was wounded by a gunshot to the head and was treated at a military hospital in Lucknow.[4]

Post-independence Bangladesh

After Bangladesh gained independence, Mosharraf was awarded Bir Uttom and appointed Chief of General Staff of Bangladesh Army.[4]

15 August 1975 Coup

When Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was killed on 15 August 1975, Mosharraf was instructed by General Ziaur Rahman to prepare an operation in the case of an intervention by the Indian army.[9] Following the 15 August coup, the chain of command broke down in the Bangladesh army, as the junior officers who led the coup began 'acting like generals'.[5] Wanting to restore order, Mosharraf organised meetings on 18 and 19 August, which were attended by the commanders of the army, police and BDR.[9]

The junior officers who organised the 15 August coup were staying in Bangabhaban with the new president Khandakar Mustaq Ahmad. On 22 August, Mosharraf visited Mustaq and requested that the troops stationed at Bangabhaban be removed, which Mustaq refused.[9] On 24 August, Ziaur Rahman replaced K.M. Shafiullah as the Chief of Army Staff.[9]

3 November 1975 Coup

During the early hours of 3 November 1975, Mosharraf and Colonel Shafaat Jamil used the Dhaka Brigade to capture all key points around the capital, except for Bangabhaban.[5] Ziaur Rahman was forced to resign as Chief of Army Staff and Mosharraf appointed himself as Major General and declared himself as the new Chief of Army Staff.[5] The leaders of the 15 August coup, along with the artillery and armoured troops under their command were holding out at Bangabhaban. To avoid a confrontation, Mosharraf allowed the junior army officers involved in the 15 August coup to leave Bangladesh unharmed.[5] Before the junior army officers left, a group of soldiers under their command killed four Awami League politicians in Dhaka Central Jail.[10]

7 November 1975 Coup

Before Ziaur Rahman was arrested in the early hours of 3 November 1975, he made a phone call to his friend Lt. Colonel (retired) Abu Taher and urged him to do something.[11] In response, Taher and his clandestine group Biplobi Shainik Sangstha (BSS) held meetings every night between 4 and 6 November in preparation for an uprising, which was launched during the early hours of 7 November. When the coup began, Mosharraf was at Bangabhaban, with A.T.M. Haider and Nazmul Huda.[12]

Upon realising that their 3 November coup had been undone, Khaled Mosharraf, A.T.M. Haider and Nazmul Huda left Bangabhaban to seek safety at the headquarters of the 10 Bengal Regiment. Although the soldiers of the 10 Bengal Regiment did not have any direct link to the Biplobi Shainik Sangstha, they came to know about the mutiny.[12] Colonel Nawazesh, who was the commanding officer of the 10 Bengal Regiment, received a phone call from Ziaur Rahman, who asked Nawazesh to ensure the safety of Mosharraf and his companions.[12]

Nawazesh held a meeting with other officers of the 10 Bengal Regiment, during which two officers, Captain Asad and Captain Jalil allegedly said "Let the bastards come, we'll sort them out", referring to Mosharraf.[12]

Death

When Mosharraf, Haider and Huda arrived at the headquarters of the 10 Bengal Regiment, Colonel Nawazesh climbed on top of a jeep and ordered the troops not the harm the three men. However, the soldiers were defiant and threatened to kill Nawazesh if he tried to stop them.[12] An eyewitness claimed that Captain Asad and Captain Jalil led their troops upstairs, where Mosharraf was staying. Mosharraf and Huda were dragged outside and killed by automatic gunfire, while Haider was killed by a single gunshot after he tried to reach for his pistol.[12] After Mosharraf was killed, Colonel Nawazesh informed Ziaur Rahman of the incident, stating "I am sorry sir, situation got out of hand".[13] Zia asked Nawazesh to preserve the bodies of the three men.[13]

While it is unclear what prompted Asad and Jalil to kill Mosharraf, Anthony Mascarenhas has suggested that at least one of them were influenced by Lt. Colonel Taher.[14]

Legacy

In May 2023, police opened an investigation into the killings of Khaled Mosharraf, Nazmul Huda and A.T.M. Haider after the daughter of Huda, Naheed Ezaher Khan, filed a case with Sher-e-Bangla Nagar Police Station.[15] Khan held several army officers responsible, including Ziaur Rahman and Abu Taher.[15] The BNP criticised Khan for including Ziaur Rahman in the case, as Zia ordered Colonel Nawazesh to protect Mosharraf, Huda and Haider.[16]

References

  1. 1 2 Lifschultz, Lawrence (1977). "Abu Taher's Last Testament: Bangladesh: The Unfinished Revolution". Economic and Political Weekly. 12 (33/34): 1309. ISSN 0012-9976.
  2. 1 2 Alam, Habibul; Pratik, Bir (26 March 2019). "Khaled Musharraf, Bir Uttam - The Commander". The Daily Star. Retrieved 17 June 2023. Khaled being the 2IC and the senior most Bengali officer of the battalion took over the charge from Major Shafayat Jamil who made a very successful revolt of 4 EBR in Brahmanbaria on March 27, 1971.
  3. 1 2 "The day we lost Khaled Mosharraf". Dhaka Tribune (Opinion). 6 November 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Mosharraf, Major General Khaled". Banglapedia. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Lifschultz, Lawrence (1977). "Abu Taher's Last Testament: Bangladesh: The Unfinished Revolution". Economic and Political Weekly. 12 (33/34): 1305. ISSN 0012-9976.
  6. 1 2 Newton, Michael (2014). Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 Volumes]. California: ABC-CLIO. p. 341. ISBN 9781610692861.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Alam, Habibul; Pratik, Bir (26 March 2019). "Khaled Musharraf, Bir Uttam - The Commander". The Daily Star. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  8. ↑ "Of valour and love for motherland". New Age. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Liton, Shakhawat (14 August 2016). "Of the helpless chiefs of army, air, navy". The Daily Star. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  10. ↑ Bikram, Mahbub Uddin Ahmed Bir (3 November 2021). "Jail Killing Day: How the horrors of November 3 transpired". The Daily Star (Opinion). Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  11. ↑ Lifschultz, Lawrence (1977). "Abu Taher's Last Testament: Bangladesh: The Unfinished Revolution". Economic and Political Weekly. 12 (33/34): 1307. ISSN 0012-9976.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Khaled Mosharraf Killing: An Eyewitness Account". Daily Sun. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  13. 1 2 Khan, Q.M. Jalal (2021). President Ziaur Rahman: Legendary Leader of Bangladesh. Writers Republic LLC. ISBN 9781637285749.
  14. ↑ Mascarenhas, Anthony (1986). Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0340394205.
  15. 1 2 "Case filed over killings of Khaled Mosharraf, two other freedom fighters after 48 years". bdnews24.com. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  16. ↑ "AL's interest behind case filed against Zia: BNP". New Age. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
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