Iranian Arabs
عرب إيران (Arabic)
عرب‌های ايران (Persian)
Total population
1.3–2.1 million[1] (2014, est.)
Regions with significant populations
Khuzestan, Khorasan, Hormozgan, Bushehr, Qom
Languages
Arabic (Khuzestani Arabic, Khorasani Arabic), Persian
Religion
Twelver Shi'a Islam (majority), Sunni Islam (minority)[2]
Related ethnic groups
Persians, Lurs, Huwala, Bahranis

Iranian Arabs (Arabic: عرب إيران ʿArab Īrān; Persian: عرب‌های ايران Arabhāye Irān) are the Iranian citizens who speak Arabic as a first language.[3] In 2008, Iranian Arabs comprised about 1.6 million people,[4] and are primarily located in Khuzestan Province.[5][6][7]

Overview

The presence of Arabic speaking populations in Iran dates back to the 7th-8th centuries AD, where under the Sasanian Empire, Arabic speaking Mesopotamians were an important segment of the empire’s population along and west of the lower Euphrates river in southern Iraq and between the Tigris and Euphrates in northern Iraq. This stretch included Shatt al-Arab, which meets at the current Iran–Iraq border, down to its mouth, where it discharges into the Persian Gulf. The ethnic Arabs of the Sasanian empire included nomads, semi nomads, peasants, and townsmen. Some Arabs followed polytheistic religions, and a few adopted Judaism, but most appear were Christians.[8]

The historian and Iranologist Elton L. Daniel explains that for centuries, Iranian rulers maintained contacts with Arabs outside their borders, dealt with Arabic speaking subjects and client states such as those of the Lakhmids and Himyarites, and settled Bedouin tribesmen in various parts of the Iranian Plateau.[9] The Arab expedition to Iran began before the Muslim conquests and continued with joint exertions of the civilized Arabs (ahl al-madar) and desert Arabs (ahl al-wabar).[9]

According to the Minorities at Risk Project 2001, about 40 percent of Iranian Arabs are unskilled workers living in urban areas. The Arabic speaking Iranians in the rural areas are primarily farmers and fishermen. The Arabic speakers living along the Persian Gulf coastal plains are mostly pastoral nomads. Tribal loyalties are present among rural Iranian Arabs, but also have an influence in urban areas, impacting their socialization and politicization.[10]

Hamid Ahmadi noted that the Arabs of Khuzestan Province are direct descendants of the ancient non-Arab population of the area, having adopted the Arabic language and identity with the spread of Islam,[11] although there are numerous immigrant Arab tribes of Khuzestan with origins from the Arabian Peninsula,[12] such as the Banu Ka'b at Dawraq, the later Fallāhīya and present-day Shadegan, the Musha'sha' at Hoveyzeh,[13] Banu Tamim, and more from southern Iraq.[12]

Multiple human rights groups including Minority Rights Group International and Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization have listed the population of Iranian Arabs between 1-4 million.[14][15]

History

Shapur II the Great (309–379 A.D.) of the Sasanian Empire, after a punitive expedition across the Persian Gulf early in his reign, transplanted several clans of the Taghleb to Dārzīn (Daharzīn) near Bam, several clans of the Abd al-Qays and Tamīm to Haǰar (the Kūh-e Hazār region) southeast of Kermān, several clans of the Bakr ben Wāʾel to Kermān, and several clans of the Hanzala to Tavvaz, near present-day Dālakī in Fārs.[16]

Although after the Arab conquest of the Sasanian Persian empire in the 7th century, several Arab tribes settled in different parts of Iran, it is the Arabic speaking Iranians of Khuzestan that have somewhat retained their identity in language and culture to the present day. But ethno-linguistic characteristics of the region must be studied against the long and turbulent history of the province, with its own local language khuzi, which may have been of Elamite origin and which gradually disappeared in the early medieval period. The immigration of Arab tribes from outside the province was also a long-term process. There was an influx of Arab-speaking immigrants into the province from the 16th to the 19th century, including the migration of the Banu Kaab and Banu Lam. There were attempts by the Iraqi Hussein regime during the Iran–Iraq War (1980–88) to generate Arab nationalism in the area but without any palpable success.[17]

Genetics

Iranian Arabs are genetically different from Arabs and their genetic affinity with other Iranian people "might be the result of their common ancestry".[18] Hajjej et al. found that Khuzestani Arabs have close relatedness with Gabesians.[19] Haplogroup J1-M267 reaches 33.4% in samples from Khuzestan, slightly higher than in other parts of Iran. It also reaches a frequency of 31.6% in Khuzestani Arabs.[20] Sampling NRY diversity, it was determined that the Y-DNA haplogroups F and J2 such as haplogroup J1 are carried at high frequency among the Iranian Arabs, accounting for more than half of Iranian Arab haplogroups.[21] The high ratio of haplogroup F genetically relates Iranian Arabs to Eastern Mediterraneans and the people of the Barbary Coast. An elevated frequency of haplogroup J-M172 is typical of Near Eastern people and reflective of the genetic legacy of early agriculturalists in the Neolithic Near East c. 8000–4000 BCE.[22][23][24] Haplogroup R1a1, and R1, typical of Indo-Iranian groups, occurred in more than 11 percent of the sample and haplogroup G was present in more than 5 percent.[21][25]

Culture

Many Iranian Arabs are Persianized (culturally, linguistically, and genetically). Shahbaz Shahnavaz noted that the Arabic speaking population in Khuzestan is "a hybrid race with a considerable infusion of Persian blood",[26] and observed that "as a result of generations of contacts, the Arabs of Khuzestan had more in common with their fellow Persian countrymen than with their brethren across the border in the Ottoman territory".[27] He wrote that Arabs in Khuzestan had adopted Iranian customs, manners, ceremonious occasions, and even dress (with the exception of headgear).[27] Strong blood relations are common among Iranian Arabs, which results in cooperation between families in hardships as well as the intensification of violence between Iranian tribes. Iranian Arabs are well known for hospitality too.[28]

Women's costumes

Women's scarves have various types including Aba that is a black Chador with long sleeves from which hands are only exposed from wrist. Another is called Asabe or a turban like scarf, and the quality of the used cloth denotes the social rank of the woman. Pooshie is a mask-like silk cloth that covers the face. Dresses are of different types too. Nefnef is a long loose dress and Thoub is a gauzy loose dress that is worn on the Nefnef. Ne'al and Kabkab or Karkab are two kinds of footwear.[29]

Regional groups

Percent Arab population of Iranian provinces, according to a survey carried out by Ministry of Culture in 2010.

Khuzestan

Iranian Arabs in Khuzestan Province are bilingual speakers of Persian and Arabic.

The Bani Turuf tribe is settled in the Dasht e Azadegan (formerly Dasht-e Mīshān) around the town of Hūzagān (formerly Hoveyzeh), and consists of seven tribes, the Sovārī, Marzaā, Shorfa, Banī Sāleh, Marvān, Qāṭeʿ, and Sayyed Nemat. North of the lands of the ʿAnāfeja of the Āl Katīr, in the area called Mīānāb, between the Kārūn and Karkheh Rivers, dwell several Arab tribes, of which the best known are the Kaab (probably an offshoot of the Banī Kaʿb of southern Khuzestan), the ʿAbd al khānī, the Mazraa, the Al Bū Rāwīya, and the Sādāt. These tribes gradually immigrated into Iran during and after the early years of the Qajar period.[13]

Fars

Khamseh Arab nomads live in eastern Fars Province (From Lar and close surrounding areas to Khorrambid and Bavanat). Arabs that live in eastern Fars Province and Hormozgan mostly belong to the tribes of Banu Tamim, Banu Kaab and Banu Hammed.

Khorasan

Most Khorasani-Arabs belong to the tribes of Sheybani, Zangooyi, Mishmast, Khozaima and Azdi. According to a 2013 article in peer-reviewed journal Iran and the Caucasus, the Khorasani Arabs, numbering c. 50,000, are "already almost totally Persianised".[11] Only a very few speak Arabic as their mother tongue.[11] Khorasani Arabs in the cities Birjand, Mashhad and Nishapur are a small ethnic group but they are Persianized.[30]

Demographics

Elton Daniel in The History of Iran (Greenwood Press, 2001), states that the Arabs of Iran "are concentrated in the province of Khuzistan and number about half a million".[31] The Historical Dictionary of Iran puts the number at 1 million.[32] Iranian Arabs form 1-2% of Iran's population.[4]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Potter, Lawrence G. (2014). Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf. Oxford University Press. p. 290. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  2. ↑ Nikki R. Keddie, "Iran and the Muslim World: Resistance and Revolution", New York University Press, 1995 (3/5/09). pp. 12–13: "Many writings state that the Arabs are Sunni, but the only bases for this assertion seem to be that most Arabs in the world are Sunni, that some Arabs in Khuzestan rarely are Sunni, and the Shi’a Arabs follow some customs that Persians associate with Sunnism. In the absence of scholarly work or census surveys, it is impossible to estimate the percentages of Shi’as and Sunnis among the Arabs, but the evidence suggests that the great majority of Iranian Arabs are Shi’ite. First, the Arabs border on a part of Iraq that is, and has long been, almost entirely Shi’ite, and it would be surprising to find a Sunni pocket in such an area, especially since, second, they live in the Shi'ite state of Iran."
  3. ↑ Fast, April (2005). Iran: The Land. Crabtree Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7787-9315-1.
  4. 1 2 CIA World Factbook
  5. ↑ Plan of "study and measure the indicators of the country's public culture" (non-fixed indicators); ISBN 978-600-6627-48-9
  6. ↑ Human Geography of Qom Province - Qom Governorate 2013
  7. ↑ Karimipour, Kosar - Karimipour, Yadollah: Khuzestan Arabs: Divergence and Convergence. In the journal: "Geographical Research". Summer 1 - No. 1. P. Statistics on the Comprehensive Plan of State Division 2.
  8. ↑ Egger, Vernon O. (2018). A history of the Muslim world to 1750: the making of a civilization (2d. ed.). New York (N.Y.): Routledge. ISBN 9781315143309.
  9. 1 2 Daniel, E. L. (1985). "Arab settlements in Iran". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume II/2: Anthropology–ʿArab Moḥammad. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 210–214. ISBN 978-0-71009-102-4.
  10. ↑ Iran Overview from British Home Office Archived 2009-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
  11. 1 2 3 Ahmadi, Hamid (2013). "Political Elites and the Question of Ethnicity and Democracy in Iran: A Critical View". Iran and the Caucasus. 17 (1): 82. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20130106.
  12. 1 2 "ʿARAB iv. Arab tribes of Iran". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2022-09-25.
  13. 1 2 Towfīq, F. "ʿAŠĀYER "tribes" in Iran". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  14. ↑ "Minorities and indigenous peoples in Iran: Arabs". Minority Rights Group International. Minority Rights Group International. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
  15. ↑ "Ahwazi Arabs". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
  16. ↑ Oberling and Hourcade, P.and B. "Arab tribes of Iran". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
  17. ↑ FRYE, Richard Nelson (May 2, 2006). "PEOPLES OF IRAN". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
  18. ↑ Farjadian & Ghaderi 2007
  19. ↑ Hajjej et al. 2018
  20. ↑ Kivisild, Toomas (18 July 2012). "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e41252. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. PMC 3399854. PMID 22815981.
  21. 1 2 Nasidze, I., Quinque, D., Rahmani, M., Alemohamad, S. A. and Stoneking, M. (2008), "Close Genetic Relationship Between Semitic-speaking and Indo-European-speaking Groups in Iran." Annals of Human Genetics, 72: 241–252.
  22. ↑ Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner P J, Lin A A, Arbuzova S, Beckman L E, de Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, et al. (2000) Science 290:1155–1159
  23. ↑ Underhill P A, Passarino G, Lin A A, Shen P, Foley R A, Mirazon-Lahr M, Oefner P J, Cavalli-Sforza L L (2001) Ann Hum Genet 65:43–62
  24. ↑ R. Spencer Wells et al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (August 28, 2001)
  25. ↑ Kivisild, Toomas (18 July 2012). "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e41252. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741252G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. PMC 3399854. PMID 22815981.
  26. ↑ Shahnavaz 2005, p. 121
  27. 1 2 Shahnavaz 2005, p. 123
  28. ↑ Ghayyem, Abdonnabi, a sociological look into life and culture of Arabs of Khuzestan, National seasonal magazine, 217.
  29. ↑ Yasini, Razieh, a cultural and sociological study on local costumes of Iranian women from Southern seaside, Woman in culture and art magazine.
  30. ↑ History of the Arabs. Filip Hetti 1990
  31. ↑ The History of Iran (Greenwood Press, 2001), (pg. 14)
  32. ↑ Lorentz, J. (1995) p.172

Works cited

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