Killer Instinct
Arcade flyer for Killer Instinct
Developer(s)Rare
Publisher(s)
Designer(s)
  • Chris Tilston
  • Mark Betteridge
  • Kevin Bayliss
  • Ken Lobb
Programmer(s)
  • Mark Betteridge
  • Steve Patrick (SNES)
  • Robert Harrison (GB)
Composer(s)
SeriesKiller Instinct
Platform(s)
Release
  • Arcade
    • NA: October 28, 1994
  • SNES
    • NA: August 30, 1995
    • EU: September 21, 1995
    • BR: September 1995
    • AU: 1995
  • Game Boy
    • NA: November 1995
    • UK: December 14, 1995
Genre(s)Fighting
Mode(s)Single-player, multiplayer
Arcade systemProprietary MIPS based hardware system

Killer Instinct is a 2.5D fighting game developed by Rare, published by Nintendo and manufactured by Midway. It was originally released for arcades in October 1994, and ported to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and the Game Boy the following year. The game's plot involves an all-powerful corporation organizing a fighting tournament. The story was adapted in a limited comic book series published under the short-lived Acclaim Comics imprint.

According to Ken Lobb, during his time at Namco, the groundwork for Killer Instinct started as a Namco's fighting game project in the early planning stages, titled Melee (which itself later became Weaponlord). Aspects of Killer Instinct's core gameplay were influenced from SNK fighting games, namely both the World Heroes and the Fatal Fury series, particularly Kim Dragon and Kim Kaphwan characters.[1]

Killer Instinct featured more detailed graphics and more diverse characters than any other games of its genre as well as some gameplay elements unique to fighting games of the time. Instead of fighting enemies in best-of-three-rounds bouts, each player has two life bars. The player that depletes the other player's life bars first wins the match. The game also introduced "auto-doubles", a feature which allows players to press a certain sequence of buttons to make characters automatically perform combos on opponents. Also featured in the game are "combo breakers", special defensive moves that can interrupt combos.

A critical and commercial success, Killer Instinct, was followed by a sequel, the 1996 arcade game Killer Instinct 2, later ported to the Nintendo 64 as Killer Instinct Gold, as well as a new 2013 game rebooting the franchise, serving as a launch title for the Xbox One. An emulated version of the original game is included with the 2013 game, under the title Killer Instinct Classic. Retrospective lists by various publications included it among the best fighting games of all time.

Gameplay

Killer Instinct used advanced pre-rendered computer-generated imagery for its characters and backgrounds.

Killer Instinct plays like many other fighting games, in which the player controls a character to beat an opponent in a one-on-one encounter. The game borrows the attack set of Street Fighter and is also inspired by the finishing moves from Mortal Kombat. There are also several features that distinguish it from other franchises:

  • A double health bar: instead of winning two rounds, each player has two bars of health. The player who depletes the opponent's health bar wins the bout, and a player does not recover health upon draining their opponent's first health bar.
  • Automatic combos: Many combos are automated, after an initial button press sequence.
  • Finishing moves: Bearing resemblance to (but being less graphic than) Mortal Kombat's Fatalities, each character has at least two moves known as No Mercy (Danger Move in later revisions) to finish the opponent. Another finisher is the Humiliation, that forces the opponent to dance.
  • Ultra Combo: Another finisher, it operates like an Ultimate Combo, though this one allows the character to deliver a long string of hits as the combo finisher instead, usually surpassing 20 hits, and can sometimes reach upwards of 80 hits.
  • Combo Breaker: The player who is being caught in a combo may break out of it by performing a combo breaker move. A combo can be broken at either the auto-double or linker stage. After performing a combo breaker, a white starburst will appear at the tip of the breaker's current health bar, enabling advanced versions of some special moves that require a different command.

Plot

Ultratech is a very powerful megacorporation which organizes a tournament called Killer Instinct. Along with regular participants, experimental creatures created by Ultratech also fight in the tournament so their strength can be tested. Ultratech also discovers a technology to make bridges between dimensions, and releases a two-headed cyclops, satyr-like monster called Eyedol from his dimensional prison in Limbo.

Characters

In addition to the boss Eyedol, the game offers a roster of 10 playable characters: Black Orchid, an agent working to stop Ultratech; Chief Thunder, a Native American chief sent to look for his brother; Cinder, an escaped convict who—due to a failed chemical test—garners a body composed of flame; Fulgore, a cyborg created by Ultratech to stop Jago; Glacius, an alien abducted by Ultratech; Jago, a Tibetan warrior monk guided by the Tiger Spirit; Riptor, a velociraptor cloned by Ultratech; Sabrewulf, a man afflicted by lycanthropy; Spinal, the skeleton of an undead warrior; and T.J. Combo, a heavyweight champion boxer stripped of his title after he was discovered to be cheating with enhanced arms instead of natural ones.

According to GamePro in 2010, Killer Instinct is "remembered for its colorful cast of combatants [including] a velociraptor, a sword-wielding skeleton, a creature made out of ice, and a host of other memorable characters".[2] In 2012, Topless Robot wrote that it features "one of the most amazing and varied cast of characters ever to grace a fighting game".[3]

Development

The concept of Killer Instinct dates back to early 1993, when game designer Ken Lobb sketched his concept during his time at Namco, dubbing it "Melee". He sent his pitch to Namco, but it disapproved of the concept and instead made Weaponlord in its place. Lobb took the concept with him to Nintendo of America, where he became head developer. He flew to England and joined Rare, which was planning to rival the success of Mortal Kombat. Rare founders Tim and Chris Stamper approved of his pitch. In early 1994, Nintendo signed a licensing agreement with WMS Industries, Midway's parent company, which enabled Midway to develop and market games using the early arcade-based version of the Ultra 64 platform (later to become a home console and then be renamed to Nintendo 64) and formed a joint venture company called Williams/Nintendo to market Nintendo-exclusive home conversions of these games. Killer Instinct was announced as the first of these games.[4] The announcement came at a time when Nintendo was still known for its stance against violent video games. To avert speculation that Killer Instinct would not be as violent as the title suggests, Nintendo's director of marketing George Harrison stated that "Williams would not have entered into this deal if they thought their hands would be tied. We won't restrict them in any way". He added that Nintendo believed that an industry-standard ratings system, which was expected to be in place by the time the home version was released, would make their stance against violent games no longer necessary.[4]

The music was composed by Graeme Norgate and Robin Beanland, their first works for Rare. Beanland and Norgate would later go on to compose the music of GoldenEye 007 (1997). Initially released in 1994, Killer Instinct's arcade-based Ultra 64 hardware is different than the home console version which would be renamed to Nintendo 64 in 1996. The Ultra 64 arcade is a proprietary hardware platform co-developed by Rare and Midway, and created by Chris Stamper and Pete Cox. This hardware uses a 64-bit MIPS CPU and the Nintendo 64 file format for data structure, but not the Nintendo 64 memory media or graphics technology.[5] The game's attract mode advertises plans to be "available for your home in 1995 only on Nintendo Ultra 64". The game was slated to be part of the North American launch lineup for the system.[6] However, the Nintendo 64's release was delayed to December 1996 and the game was converted to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and the Game Boy for 1995 release.

Killer Instinct is the first arcade game to use an internal hard disk drive in addition to the game's ROMs.[7][8] This allows it to store massive amounts of data thereby giving it the ability to have more detailed graphics than other games of this genre. The game uses pre-rendered sprites and backgrounds, created with Silicon Graphics computers. The backgrounds are stored as a "movie" which adjusts frames based on the players' movements.[8] Killer Instinct's R4600 processor is clocked at 100 MHz.[9] Unlike most arcade games of the time, Killer Instinct does not display which version number of the game is being played.[10]

In the SNES port, many of the features found in the arcade version were altered, downgraded, or removed to fit the standard 16 bit format. The graphic detail was vastly reduced and the character sprites are smaller. The stages with a 3D panning camera were simplified into a 2D panning view using parallax scrolling for the background and a raster effect for the ground or arena, thus simulating a pseudo-3D effect. Zooming and scaling were removed. Some of the stages were redesigned. The full-motion videos that show the characters after a victory were mostly replaced by still images. Voice samples and sound effects were shortened or removed, and the music's quality is lower. Most of the characters' special moves and danger moves were retained, but some of the special graphical effects were removed. Some other modes were added, including a training mode and a tournament mode (used for multi-player purposes).[11]

According to Peter Main, Nintendo's vice president of marketing at the time, the game had a marketing budget of $20 million.[12]

Release

The Europe, Australia, Canada, and US releases of the SNES game have black cartridge casing, instead of the standard grey shell. Nintendo made a large-scale advertising campaign.

A Game Boy port was also made, but cuts were necessary due to the system's limitations. As a result, neither Cinder nor Riptor are featured and the moves were severely altered due to the more limited controls of the portable. Unlike the original, the Game Boy version received poorer reviews. The game's support for Super Game Boy adds some coloring, and a two player versus match by inserting a second controller.

Killer Cuts, an arranged soundtrack CD featuring original music from Killer Instinct, was released as a pack-in for the SNES release of the game, included with the first 100,000 copies sold in the US and the first 20,000 copies sold in Canada.[13] The soundtrack was digitally re-released as part of a double-album set with the Killer Instinct: Season One soundtrack on October 14, 2014.[14]

A digital port of the game's arcade version, titled Killer Instinct Classic, is available as part of the "Season One Ultra Edition" of Killer Instinct for the Xbox One. This port was developed by Code Mystics and published by Microsoft Studios, and includes a number of additional features, such as a new training mode, unlockable character sprite galleries and cutscenes, several visual filters, and the ability to play the game in both its original 1.4 revision and its later 1.5D revision.[15] An update in late December 2014 added online multiplayer functionality.[16]

Reception

Arcade

Killer Instinct was a commercial hit. In the United States, RePlay reported it to be one of the most-popular arcade games in January 1995.[30] By May 1995, the arcade game had received about 500 million plays.[31] It went on to be one of America's top five highest-grossing dedicated arcade games of 1995.[29] As of 1996, the game sold 17,000 arcade units.[32]

Killer Instinct gained critical acclaim. An early 1995 article on the fighting game industry in Electronic Gaming Monthly stated that "for now, the undisputed king at the arcades is Killer Instinct".[33] Next Generation reviewed the arcade version of the game and wrote that "it's not the breakthrough title we're all waiting for — and sooner a new genre has to explode. But for the moment at least, Nintendo's plans for Ultra 64 seem to be progressing smoothly".[22] Entertainment Weekly gave the arcade version of the game an A+ rating.[34]

Super NES

The SNES version of the game was also met with positive reviews upon its release and was commercially successful, selling 3.2 million units,[35] with more than 150,000 copies sold in the US on its release day alone[36][37] and more than one million copies sold by November 23, 1995.[38]

The game's use of 3D-rendered models attracted acclaim. VideoGames reviewer Tyrone Rodriguez gave the game a score of 8 (Great), preferring it over Mortal Kombat 3 (the other editors' additional scores being 8–6–6).[27] Entertainment Weekly gave the SNES version of the game an A and praised the quality of the port.[28] Also, the game was also praised for its combo system, soundtrack and controls. GamePro criticized that the SNES version suffers from a lower frame rate than the arcade version and is also missing some of its best sounds and graphical effects, and complained that the combo system makes it too easy for experienced players to defeat newcomers with a single chain of hits. They concluded that "this version of Killer isn't flawless, but it is surprisingly addictive and fun to play".[39] The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly were divided, with Andrew Baran commenting that "while it's a nice attempt on the Super NES, it wasn't the same" as the arcade version, whereas the other three declared it "a superb translation" which has lower quality graphics and sound than the arcade version but retains its content, playability, and overall feel. They scored it a 7.75 out of 10.[40] Computer and Video Games gave the game a review score of 93%, adding: "Rare weren't lying when they said the home version would play better than the coin-op: no-one realised they were talking about the SNES!"[20] Next Generation reviewed the Super NES version of the game: "Nintendo and Rare have managed one very impressive trick: getting the 16-bit Super NES to display 512 colors at once, twice the usual number, which gives the graphics an extra gloss".[23]

The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly panned the Game Boy version, unanimously concluding it to be "an arcade translation that should never have been attempted on the Game Boy". They particularly complained of the difficulty in executing moves using only two buttons, the pixelated graphics, and the poor sound. They scored it a 2.5 out of 10.[41] GamePro, in contrast, declared it to be second only to the Game Boy version of Street Fighter II among portable fighting games, arguing that the two-button control is "a little awkward but still masterable" and that the graphics are less than outstanding only when unfairly compared to the SNES version.[42]

Retrospective

Retrospectively, Killer Instinct was ranked as the 148th best game made on any Nintendo system by Nintendo Power in 2006,[43] as well as the 95th on a similar list by Official Nintendo Magazine in 2009.[44] In platform-specific retro lists, it was also ranked as the 19th and 38th best SNES game of all time by ScrewAttack and GamesRadar respectively,[45][46] and as the 13th best arcade game of the 1990s by Complex.[47]

Killer Instinct was included on several lists of top fighting games of all time, including by ScrewAttack in 2008 (ranked fifth best),[48] GamePro that same year (ranked 18th best),[49] and UGO in 2010 (ranked tenth best).[50] In 2004, GamesTM called it possibly "the best combo-heavy fighter ever".[51] In 2009, Virgin Media ranked it as the eighth top fighting game of all time, stating that it was "most famous for having the longest combos in the business".[52] In 2007, it was voted the sixth top 2D fighting game of all time by CraveOnline users,[53] and ranked the sixth best 2D fighting game of all time by Complex in 2013.[54] IGN listed the game at #82nd on their "Top 100 SNES Games of All Time".[55] In 2018, Complex rated Killer Instinct 53rd in their "The Best Super Nintendo Games of All Time."[56] In 1996, GamesMaster ranked Killer Instinct 94th on it’s "Top 100 Games of All Time."[57] In 1995, Flux magazine rated 45th in its Top 100 Video Games. They lauded the game writing: "Graphically stunning, combo-riffic fighter. At the moment, it rules the arcade."[58]

Sequels

A sequel titled Killer Instinct 2 was released in 1996. Like the first game, it was ported to a home console, this time to the Nintendo 64 as Killer Instinct Gold.

A new Killer Instinct, published by Microsoft and developed by Double Helix Games and Iron Galaxy Studios with input from Rare, was released as a launch title for the Xbox One in 2013. Certain releases of the game include the Killer Instinct Classic port of the original arcade game and its sequel.

References

  1. ↑ Hold Back to Block (June 9, 2020). FIGHT ON: The Killer Instinct Story (Documentary). Philadelphia. Retrieved June 20, 2020 – via YouTube.
  2. ↑ "The 18 Best Fighting Games, Feature Story from GamePro". May 31, 2010. Archived from the original on May 31, 2010. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  3. ↑ Jason F.C. Clarke, Ten Video Games that Should Have Gotten Toys, Topless Robot, December 3, 2011.
  4. 1 2 "Midway Takes Project Reality to the Arcades, Williams Buys Tradewest". GamePro. No. 69. IDG. June 1994. p. 182.
  5. ↑ "Ultra 64 Progress Report". GamePro. No. 78. IDG. March 1995. p. 27.
  6. ↑ "Howard Lincoln: Ultra 64's Man in the US". Next Generation. No. 14. Imagine Media. February 1996. pp. 42–43.
  7. ↑ "Killer Instinct Central: Exclusive: The History of Killer Instinct". 30 September 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
  8. 1 2 "Catalogue of Arcade Emulation Software". Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2008.
  9. ↑ "MAWS – showing resource: kinst". Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  10. ↑ "EGM Exclusive: Mortal Kombat III". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 67. Sendai Publishing. February 1995. p. 111.
  11. ↑ Killer Instinct (Arcade vs Snes) Side by Side Comparison, retrieved 2023-08-10
  12. ↑ "E3: early Sega rollout, Sony price stunner". Billboard. May 27, 1995. p. 87. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
  13. ↑ "Nintendo Unleashes a Killer Gaming Combo". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 74. Ziff Davis. September 1995. p. 28.
  14. ↑ Jebailey, Alex (August 12, 2014). "Killer Instinct Season 2 Official Full Press Release!". Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
  15. ↑ "Killer Instinct Classic Has Two Versions Of The Arcade Game, Won't Be Sold Separately". Siliconera. November 12, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  16. ↑ "gamescom: Thunder Returns in Killer Instinct". News.xbox.com. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  17. ↑ "Killer Instinct (Arcade) Review". Archived from the original on 15 November 2014.
  18. ↑ "Killer Instinct (SNES) Review". Archived from the original on 14 November 2014.
  19. ↑ "Killer Instinct (Game Boy) Review". Archived from the original on 14 November 2014.
  20. 1 2 CVG 168, pages 50-51.
  21. ↑ Skid; Rox, Nick; K. Lee (August 1995). "Viewpoint". GameFan. Vol. 3, no. 8. pp. 14–15. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  22. 1 2 "Finals". Next Generation. No. 1. Imagine Media. January 1995. p. 105.
  23. 1 2 "Finals". Next Generation. No. 9. Imagine Media. September 1995. p. 107.
  24. ↑ "Now Playing". Nintendo Power. No. 76. Nintendo of America. September 1995. pp. 102–107.
  25. ↑ Andy; Shaun (December 1995). "Killer Instinct". Nintendo Magazine System. No. 39. pp. 68–71. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  26. ↑ Andy; Atko; Josse (April 1995). "Killer Instinct". Total!. No. 40. pp. 26–29. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  27. 1 2 Video Games Issue 81 (October 1995), page 87.
  28. 1 2 "Killer Instinct". EW.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
  29. 1 2 "Coin Machine: AMOA JB And Games Awards Nominees Announced" (PDF). Cash Box. July 22, 1995. p. 30.
  30. ↑ "Player's Choice - Top Games Now in Operation, Based on Earnings-Opinion Poll of Operators: Best Location Videos". RePlay. Vol. 20, no. 4. RePlay Publishing, Inc. January 1995. p. 6.
  31. ↑ Dretzka, Gary (May 26, 1995). "Sony, Sega Fire Latest Shot in Game Wars". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  32. ↑ Horowitz, Ken (30 July 2020). Beyond Donkey Kong: A History of Nintendo Arcade Games. McFarland & Company. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-4766-4176-8.
  33. ↑ "Future Fights: A Looking Glass into Tomorrow's Fighting Games". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 68. Ziff Davis. March 1995. p. 91.
  34. ↑ "Killer Instinct". EW.com. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
  35. ↑ "Ex-Rare devs talk Killer Instinct, Perfect Dark : Page 3 : Starfire Studios recounts Rare's heyday". Eurogamer.net. 13 October 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  36. ↑ "System Wars". GamePro. No. 87. IDG. December 1995. p. 204.
  37. ↑ "The Enter*Active File: And Speaking Of". Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 38. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 23 September 1995. p. 84. ISSN 0006-2510.
  38. ↑ Carlton, Jim (November 23, 1995). "Fans remain loyal to 16-bit machines". The Hartford Courant. The Wall Street Journal. p. E2. Retrieved December 7, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. Nintendo's 'Killer Instinct' has sold more than 1 million copies since it was introduced in September, as has the Nintendo version of 'Mortal Kombat III' and the company's recently released 'Super Mario World: Yoshi's Island.'
  39. ↑ "ProReview: Killer Instinct". GamePro. No. 84. IDG. September 1995. pp. 54–55.
  40. ↑ "Review Crew: Killer Instinct". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 76. Ziff Davis. November 1995. p. 40.
  41. ↑ "Review Crew: Killer Instinct". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 78. Ziff Davis. January 1996. p. 48.
  42. ↑ "ProReview: Killer Instinct". GamePro. No. 89. IDG. February 1996. p. 78.
  43. ↑ "NP Top 200". Nintendo Power. Vol. 200. February 2006. pp. 58–66.
  44. ↑ East, Tom (February 17, 2009). "Nintendo Feature: 100 Best Nintendo Games: Part One". Official Nintendo Magazine. Archived from the original on November 3, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
  45. ↑ "Top 20 SNES Games (20-11) | ScrewAttack – Something Original... For Five Freakin' Years". ScrewAttack's Top 10. ScrewAttack. Archived from the original on April 19, 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
  46. ↑ "Best SNES games". GamesRadar. March 6, 2014. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
  47. ↑ Rich Knight, Hanuman Welch, The 30 Best Arcade Video Games of the 1990s, Complex.com, August 28, 2013.
  48. ↑ "Video Archive | ScrewAttack – Something Original... For Five Freakin' Years". ScrewAttack's Top 10. ScrewAttack. Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
  49. ↑ "PCWorld - News, tips and reviews from the experts on PCS, Windows, and more". May 31, 2010. Archived from the original on May 31, 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  50. ↑ Meli, Marissa (July 11, 2010). "Top 25 Fighting Games of All Time". UGO.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  51. ↑ GamesTM 15, page 150.
  52. ↑ "Killer Instinct (coin-op/SNES/N64/Game Boy) – The top 20 beat 'em-ups of all time – Pictures – Games". Virgin Media. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  53. ↑ "CraveOnline Poll : Top Ten 2-D Fighters of all time". CraveOnline. September 7, 2007. Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
  54. ↑ "The 25 Best 2D Fighting Games of All Time". Complex. August 15, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
  55. ↑ Top 100 SNES Games of All Time - IGN.com, retrieved 2022-01-27
  56. ↑ Knight, Rich (April 30, 2018). "The Best Super Nintendo Games of All Time". Complex. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  57. ↑ "Top 100 Games of All Time" (PDF). GamesMaster (44): 74. July 1996.
  58. ↑ "Top 100 Video Games". Flux. Harris Publications (4): 30. April 1995.
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