King's Carolina Rangers
Active1776-1783
Country Great Britain
Allegiance Great Britain
BranchBritish Provincial unit
TypeInfantry
Nickname(s)Brown's Rangers
EngagementsDefence of Fort Tonyn, Battle of Kettle Creek, Battle of Brier Creek, Battle of Hanging Rock, Defence of Savannah, Siege of Augusta
Commanders
Notable
commanders

The King's Carolina Rangers (KCR) was a loyalist militia regiment active during the American War of Independence. The KCR was composed of nine infantry companies, of which one was converted into a troop of dragoons in 1782. The unit primarily saw action in the South Carolina and Georgia theatres of the conflict.

Beginnings

After fleeing a particularly violent tarring and feathering by Patriots outside of Augusta, Georgia, Thomas Brown sought refuge among loyalists in East Florida in 1775.[1][2] In June 1776, Brown received authorisation from Governor Patrick Tonyn to form and lead a loyalist unit to be named the East Florida Rangers.[3][4] The East Florida Rangers were mounted on horseback, but were not a cavalry unit per se, using their horses not for fighting but for transportation over the great distances in the region.

Following their formation, the contributions of the East Florida Rangers primarily concerned scouting the woods, assisting refugees in reaching the safety of East Florida, defending frontier settlements, gathering provisions, plundering farms, and stealing cattle to feed refugees who had fled to the colony.[5][6] William Henry Drayton, who served as a delegate for South Carolina to the Continental Congress, referred to the rangers as "splitshirt banditti" and a parcel of horse thieves and villains.[7][8]

In June 1778, the East Florida Rangers partook in the effort to defend Fort Tonyn from a Continental invasion led by General Robert Howe. Seventy-six members of the East Florida Rangers, led by Lt. James Moore, attempted to flank the advancing American army. Moore's plans were however leaked and the East Florida Rangers were ambushed. Lt. Moore fell in the attack.[9]

1779

In 1779 the East Florida Rangers were reorganised into a regiment of infantry, becoming the King's Carolina Rangers on the orders of Brigadier-general Augustine Prevost.[10] The unit continued to be led by Lt. Col. Thomas Brown.

In January 1779, The KCR formed part of the British force which took Augusta. Weeks later in February, they assisted during the Battle of Kettle Creek during the British retreat from Augusta. The KCR then partook in the decisive British victory at the Battle of Brier Creek.[10]

In April, the KCR formed part of the vanguard of General Provost's advance on Charleston before being assigned to Ebenezer, Georgia in July.

In September, the KCR were deployed on the extreme right on the British line during the successful defence of Savannah.[11]

1780

In June 1780, the KCR led the British advance from Savannah to retake Augusta. With the city captured, the KCR became responsible for patrolling the surrounding area and suppressing patriot activity. In August, the unit partook in the defeat at the Battle of Hanging Rock.[10]

Following the repelling of an attack on Augusta in September, the KCR fortified their position with the construction of Fort Cornwallis adjacent to Saint Paul's Church.

1781

In April a patriot militia force led by Micajah Williamson set up camp in close proximity to Augusta.[12] Lt. Col. Brown, commanding a force of approximately 300 militiamen and 200 African Americans, refused to engage due to exaggerated reports of the patriot's strength.[13] In May, Williamson was joined by Elijah Clarke and Henry 'Light Horse Harry' Lee, bringing with them additional troops. General Andrew Pickens and 400 American troops managed to cut off relief forces sent to alleviate Fort Cornwallis at Ninety Six, allowing for the Siege of Augusta to begin.

On May 23 nearby Fort Grierson fell, leaving the KCR and Lt. Col. Thomas Brown isolated, albeit well defended, in Fort Cornwallis. The besieging army only had one cannon and proved ineffective against the forts walls. To counter this, the patriots constructed a 30 feet (9.1 m) high wooden tower in order to allow their singular cannon to fire down into the fort. The KCR made several sorties to prevent its construction however were repelled each time.[14]

On June 1 the tower was high enough to prove effective, knocking the KCR's guns off of their mounts and destroying the barracks. On June 4 the patriots assault Fort Cornwallis and demanded surrender. Lt. Co. Brown refused due to it being the King's birthday.[14]

On June 5 Lt. Col. Brown negotiated a surrender and was taken prisoner alongside the rest of the KCR. Brown was then paroled, alongside most of his troops, by Nathanael Green and escorted to Savannah on the agreement they would not re-enter the war.

1782

Following defeat at Augusta, the KCR was again put on to active duty, partaking in a number of small skirmishes throughout Georgia. With the evacuation of Savannah in July, the KCR embarked for Charleston, where they remained until October. Then, with the Royal North Carolina Regiment and the South Carolina Royalists, they embarked for St. Augustine to garrison East Florida.

1783

The KCR spent most of the year garrisoned in St. Augustine. The unit was then ‘decommissioned’ in late 1783 following the signing of the Treaty of Paris and the cessation of hostilities.[10] Individuals serving in the KCR were unable to remain in Florida owing to the agreed transfer of the state to Spain by Britain. As a result, those who served sought to resettle elsewhere in the British Empire. A popular destination was Nova Scotia in British Canada where the unit had received a land grant outside of Country Harbour.[11]

Further reading

  • Piecuch, Jim, Three Peoples, One King: Loyalists, Indians, and Slaves in the American Revolutionary South, 1775-1782, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2008
  • Davis Jr, Robert. S. "A Georgia Loyalist's Perspective on the American Revolution: The Letters of Dr. Thomas Taylor" In The Georgia Historical Quarterly, 81, (Spring 1997): pp. 118–138
  • Olson, Gary D. “Thomas Brown, Partisan, and the Revolutionary War in Georgia, 1777-1782.” In The Georgia Historical Quarterly 44, (Spring 1970): pp. 1–19; (Summer 1970): pp. 183–208.

References

  1. ↑ Jasanoff, Maya (2012). Liberty's exiles : American loyalists in the revolutionary world. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 21–23. ISBN 978-1-4000-7547-8. OCLC 727702871.
  2. ↑ Hoock, Holger (2012). Scars of independence : America's violent birth. New York: Crown. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8041-3728-7. OCLC 953617831.
  3. ↑ "Florida History – East Florida Rangers, Inc". Retrieved 2021-01-10.
  4. ↑ Siebert, Wilbur (1927). East Florida As a Refuge of Southern Loyalists, 1774-1785. Worcester, MA: American Antiquarian Society. pp. 230–231.
  5. ↑ Watterson Troxler, Carole. "Refuge, Resistance, and Reward: The Southern Loyalists' Claim on East Florida". The Journal of Southern History. 55 (4): 563–596.
  6. ↑ Tonyn, Governor Patrick (30 January 1777). East Florida Rangers Tonyn's Orders. St. Augustine, Florida.
  7. ↑ Colonial Office. Great Britain. Public Record Office. (1972-1981). Documents of the American Revolution, 1770-1783 : (Colonial Office series). Davies, Kenneth Gordon, editor. Shannon, Ireland : Irish University Press. vol. 13. Calendar, 1777-1778, p. 227. ISBN 0716520850.
  8. ↑ Mowat, Charles (July 1943). "The Enigma of William Drayton". Florida Historical Quarterly. 22: 5–35 – via University of Central Florida.
  9. ↑ Cashin, Edward J. (1999). The King's Ranger : Thomas Brown and the American Revolution on the Southern Frontier. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-585-19520-X. OCLC 45731200.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "The Historical Unit - King's Carolina Rangers". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
  11. 1 2 "Free Loyalist Genealogy The King's (Carolina) Rangers". www.olivetreegenealogy.com. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
  12. ↑ "The Siege of Augusta (1781) - Augusta, Georgia". www.exploresouthernhistory.com. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
  13. ↑ "Fort Augusta Monument - Augusta, Georgia". www.exploresouthernhistory.com. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
  14. 1 2 Rauch, Steven (August 2006). ""A Judicious and Gallant Defense" The Second Siege at Augusta, Georgia (The Battles of Forts Grierson and Cornwallis) 22 May – 5 June 1781" (PDF). Southern Campaigns of the American Revolution. 3: 32–48.
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