Black-eyed-susans
Coneflowers
Rudbeckia hirta
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Heliantheae
Subtribe: Rudbeckiinae
Genus: Rudbeckia
L. 1753 not Adans. 1763 (Combretaceae)
Type species
Rudbeckia hirta
Synonyms[3]
  • Dracontopsis Lem.
  • Heliophthalmum Raf.
  • Dracopsis Cass.
  • Dracopis (Cass.) Cass.
  • Centrocarpha D.Don
  • Obeliscotheca Vaill. ex Adans.

Rudbeckia (/rʌdˈbɛkiə/)[4] is a plant genus in the Asteraceae or composite family.[5][6] Rudbeckia flowers feature a prominent, raised central disc in black, brown shades of green, and in-between tones, giving rise to their familiar common names of coneflowers and black-eyed-susans. All are native to North America, and many species are cultivated in gardens for their showy yellow or gold flower heads that bloom in mid to late summer.

The species are herbaceous, mostly perennial plants (some annual or biennial) growing to 0.5–3.0 m tall, with simple or branched stems. The leaves are spirally arranged, entire to deeply lobed, and 5–25 cm long. The flowers are produced in daisy-like inflorescences, with yellow or orange florets arranged in a prominent, cone-shaped head; "cone-shaped" because the ray florets tend to point out and down (are decumbent) as the flower head opens.

A large number of species have been proposed within Rudbeckia, but most are now regarded as synonyms of the limited list given below.

Several currently accepted species have several accepted varieties. Some of them (for example the black-eyed susan, R. hirta), are popular garden flowers distinguished for their long flowering times. Many cultivars of these species are known.

Rudbeckia is one of at least four genera within the flowering plant family Asteraceae whose members are commonly known as coneflowers; the others are Echinacea, Dracopis, and Ratibida.

Rudbeckia species are eaten by the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera species including cabbage moths and dot moths.

Etymology

The name was given by Carolus Linnaeus to honor his patron and fellow botanist at Uppsala University, Olof Rudbeck the Younger (1660–1740), as well as Rudbeck's late father Olof Rudbeck the Elder (1630–1702), a distinguished Naturalist, Philologist, and Doctor of Medicine (he had discovered the lymphatic system), and founder of Sweden's first botanic garden, now the Linnaean Garden at Uppsala. In 1730 Linnaeus had been invited into the home of the younger Rudbeck (now almost 70) as tutor his youngest children. Rudbeck had then recommended Linnaeus to replace him as a lecturer at the university and as the botanical garden demonstrator, even though Linnaeus was only in his second year of studies.[7] In his book The Compleat Naturalist: A Life of Linnaeus, Wilfred Blunt quotes Linnaeus's dedication:

So long as the earth shall survive and as each spring shall see it covered with flowers, the Rudbeckia will preserve your glorious name. I have chosen a noble plant in order to recall your merits and the services you have rendered, a tall one to give an idea of your stature, and I wanted it to be one which branched and which flowered and fruited freely, to show that you cultivated not only the sciences but also the humanities. Its rayed flowers will bear witness that you shone among savants like the sun among the stars; its perennial roots will remind us that each year sees you live again through new works. Pride of our gardens, the Rudbeckia will be cultivated throughout Europe and in distant lands where your revered name must long have been known. Accept this plant, not for what it is but for what it will become when it bears your name.[8]

Olof Rudbeck The Younger (1660–1740), patron of Linnaeus. Oil portrait in Uppsala University's Universitethuset
A 1689 frontispiece portrait of polymath Olof Rudbeck The Elder (1630–1702), who in 1655 established Sweden's first botanic garden, now the Linnaean Garden at Uppsala University. He is shown surrounded by sages, mythic and historical: Hesiod, Plato, Aristotle, Apollodorus, Tacitus, Odysseus, Ptolemy, Plutarch and Orpheus.

Species

Accepted species[3][9][10][11]
  • Rudbeckia alpicola Piper – showy coneflower - Cascades in Washington
  • Rudbeckia auriculata (Perdue) Kral – eared coneflower - Alabama, Georgia, Florida Panhandle
  • Rudbeckia californica A.Gray – California coneflower - California
  • Rudbeckia flava T.V.Moore - Colorado, Wyoming
  • Rudbeckia fulgida Aiton – orange coneflower - eastern USA + Canada, Texas to Connecticut + Quebec
  • Rudbeckia glaucescens Eastw. – waxy coneflower - northwestern California, southwestern Oregon
  • Rudbeckia graminifolia (Torr. & A.Gray) C.L.Boynton & Beadle – grassleaf coneflower - Florida Panhandle
  • Rudbeckia grandiflora (Sweet) DC. – rough coneflower - mostly east Texas to Missouri; scattered locales from Georgia to Ontario
  • Rudbeckia heliopsidis Torr. & A.Gray – sunfacing coneflower - Mississippi to Virginia
  • Rudbeckia hirta L. – black-eyed Susan - widespread in USA and Canada
  • Rudbeckia klamathensis – Klamath coneflower - northwestern California
  • Rudbeckia laciniata L. – cutleaf coneflower, green-head coneflower - widespread in USA + Canada
  • Rudbeckia maxima Nutt. – great coneflower - mostly east Texas to Missouri
  • Rudbeckia missouriensis Engelm. ex C.L.Boynton & Beadle – Missouri coneflower - Texas to Illinois; mostly in Ozarks
  • Rudbeckia mohrii A.Gray – Mohr's coneflower - Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia
  • Rudbeckia mollis Elliott – softhair coneflower - Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina
  • Rudbeckia montana A.Gray – montane coneflower - Colorado, Utah, Oregon
  • Rudbeckia newmannii Loudon
  • Rudbeckia nitida Nutt. – shiny coneflower - Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana
  • Rudbeckia occidentalis Nutt. – western coneflower - from Colorado to Washington + northern California
  • Rudbeckia scabrifolia L.E.Br. – roughleaf coneflower - Louisiana, eastern Texas
  • Rudbeckia speciosa – showy coneflower - eastern USA
  • Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh – sweet coneflower - mostly Mississippi Valley
  • Rudbeckia texana (Perdue) P.B.Cox & Urbatsch – Texas coneflower - Louisiana, eastern Texas
  • Rudbeckia triloba L. – brown-eyed Susan - from eastern Texas to Quebec; isolated locales in Colorado and Utah
Formerly included[9]

Uses

Many species are used in prairie restorations, for ornamental use, and by livestock for forage. An abundance of these plants on a rangeland indicates good health. They are deer and rabbit resistant.[12]

References

  1. ↑ lectotype designated by N. L. Britton et A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N.U.S. ed. 2. 3: 469 (1913)
  2. ↑ "Rudbeckia L.". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  3. 1 2 Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
  4. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995: 606–607.
  5. ↑ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 906-907 in Latin
  6. ↑ Urbatsch, Lowell E.; Cox, Patricia B. "Rudbeckia". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  7. ↑ Wilfrid Blunt. The Compleat Naturalist: A Life of Linnaeus, (Princeton University Press, 2002), p. 35.
  8. ↑ Blunt. The Compleat Naturalist: p.35.
  9. 1 2 "Species Records of Rudbeckia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  10. ↑ "Rudbeckia". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  11. ↑ "Rudbeckia". County-level distribution maps from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2013.
  12. ↑ "Rudbeckia Fulgida Goldsturm Care |". Archived from the original on 2018-05-10. Retrieved 2018-05-10.

Bibliography

  • Urbatsch, Lowell E.; Baldwin, Bruce G.; Donoghue, Michael J. (July 2000). "Phylogeny of the Coneflowers and Relatives (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) Based on Nuclear rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Sequences and Chlorplast DNA Restriction Site Data". Systematic Botany. 25 (3): 539. doi:10.2307/2666695. JSTOR 2666695. S2CID 28581817.
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