Section of the earliest extant complete manuscript of the Kokinshū (Gen'ei edition, National Treasure); early twelfth century; at the Tokyo National Museum

The Kokin Wakashū (古今和歌集, "Collection of Japanese Poems of Ancient and Modern Times"), commonly abbreviated as Kokinshū (古今集), is an early anthology of the waka form of Japanese poetry, dating from the Heian period. An imperial anthology, it was conceived by Emperor Uda (r. 887–897) and published by order of his son Emperor Daigo (r. 897–930) in about 905. Its finished form dates to c. 920, though according to several historical accounts the last poem was added to the collection in 914.

The compilers of the anthology were four court poets, led by Ki no Tsurayuki and also including Ki no Tomonori (who died before its completion), Ōshikōchi no Mitsune, and Mibu no Tadamine.

Significance

The Kokinshū is the first of the Nijūichidaishū (二十一代集), the 21 collections of Japanese poetry compiled at Imperial request. It was the most influential realization of the ideas of poetry at the time, dictating the form and format of Japanese poetry until the late nineteenth century; it was the first anthology to divide itself into seasonal and love poems. The primacy of poems about the seasons pioneered by the Kokinshū continues even today.

The Japanese preface by Ki no Tsurayuki is also the beginning of Japanese criticism as distinct from the far more prevalent Chinese poetics in the literary circles of its day. The anthology also included a Classical Chinese preface authored by Ki no Yoshimochi. The idea of including old as well as new poems was another important innovation, one which was widely adopted in later works, both in prose and verse. The poems of the Kokinshū were ordered temporally; the love poems, for instance, though written by many different poets across large spans of time, are ordered in such a way that the reader may understand them to depict the progression and fluctuations of a courtly love-affair. This association of one poem to the next marks this anthology as the ancestor of the renga and haikai traditions.

Structure

The exact number of poems in the collection varies depending on the textual tradition. One online edition,[1] which follows the Date Family text based on a manuscript prepared by Fujiwara no Teika, contains 1,111 poems. The collection is divided into twenty parts, reflecting older models such as the Man'yōshū and various Chinese anthologies. The organization of topics is however different from all earlier models, and was followed by all later official collections, although some collections like the Kin'yō Wakashū and Shika Wakashū scaled the model down to ten parts.

The following divisions of the Kokinshū mention the Japanese names of the parts,[1] their modern readings,[2][3] and their English translations.[4]

topic parts
Seasons 1–2Spring 春歌haru no uta
3Summer 夏歌natsu no uta
4–5Autumn 秋歌aki no uta
6Winter 冬歌fuyu no uta
  7Congratulations 賀歌ga no uta
8Partings 離別歌wakare no uta
9Travel 羈旅歌tabi no uta
10Acrostics 物名mono no na
Love 11–15Love 恋歌koi no uta
Miscellany 16Laments 哀傷歌aishō no uta
17–18Miscellaneous 雑歌kusagusa no uta
19Miscellaneous Forms 雑躰歌zattai no uta
20 Traditional Poems
from the Bureau of Song		 大歌所御歌 ōutadokoro no on'uta

The compilers included the name of the author of each poem, and the topic (題, dai) or inspiration of the poem, if known. Major poets of the Kokinshū include Ariwara no Narihira, Ono no Komachi, Henjō and Fujiwara no Okikaze, apart from the compilers themselves. Inclusion in any imperial collection, and particularly the Kokinshū, was a great honour.

Manuscripts

On October 20, 2010, Kōnan Women's University announced the discovery of a complete manuscript dating to c. 1220–1240. It is the oldest manuscript to contain both the Chinese and Japanese prefaces. It is split into two volumes, 15.9 cm tall by 14.6 cm wide, totaling 429 pages containing all 1111 poems. It is thought to be a copy of a manuscript made by Fujiwara no Teika, but the identity of the copier is unknown. The manuscript was purchased from a used book store in 1982 for 4,280,000 yen.[5][6][7]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Online edition of the Kokin wakashu Archived 2014-08-14 at the Wayback Machine at the UVa Library Japanese Text Initiative Archived 2005-01-21 at the Wayback Machine.
  2. ↑ Miner (1985), pages 186–187
  3. ↑ McCullough
  4. ↑ Brower, pg 482
  5. ↑ "古今和歌集：鎌倉初期の写本と判明　甲南女子大所蔵". Mainichi Shimbun. October 20, 2010. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
  6. ↑ "古今和歌集の写本、鎌倉初期の「完本」と確認". Yomiuri Shimbun. October 20, 2010. Archived from the original on October 23, 2010. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
  7. ↑ "古今和歌集、完全写本見つかる＝漢字、仮名序文付きで最古－甲南女子大". Yahoo! News. October 20, 2010. Retrieved October 22, 2010.

References

  • Saeki, Umetomo (1958). Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Kokin Wakashū. Iwanami Shoten. ISBN 4-00-060008-7.
  • Kojima, Noriyuki; Eizō Arai (1989). Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Kokin Wakashū. Iwanami Shoten. ISBN 4-00-240005-0.
  • Miner, Earl; H. Odagiri; R. E. Morrell (1985). The Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature. Princeton University Press. pp. 186–187. ISBN 0-691-06599-3.
  • McCullough, Helen Craig (1985). Kokin Wakashū: The First Imperial Anthology of Japanese Poetry. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1258-1.
  • Brower, Robert H.; Earl Roy Miner (1961). Japanese court poetry. Stanford University Press. LCCN 61-10925.
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