Kudmi Mahato
Mahato, Kudmi
LanguagesNative language – Kudmali/Kurmali
Secondary language – Hindi, Odia, Bengali
CountryIndia, Nepal and Bangladesh
Populated statesJharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Assam, Nepal and Bangladesh
StatusOBC

The Kudmi Mahato[note 1] are a tribal community in the states of Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha of India. They are primarily agriculturalist.[1][2]

Population

Census data for Kudmi in 1931[note 2]
Bengal Province[3] Bihar and Orissa Province[4]
Area Population Area Population
Burdwan 4161 Patna 173,146
Birbhum 499 Gaya 42,459
Bankura 20564 Shahabad 59,040
Midnapore 85711 Saran 108,512
Hooghly 2835 Muzaffarpur 130,683
Howrah 4348 Darbhanga 67,295
24 Parganas 15444 Monghyr 58,891
Calcutta 9628 Bhagalpur 35,645
Nadia 3955 Purnea 12,774
Murshidabad 1693 Santal Parganas 22,630
Jessore 546 Hazaribagh 105,725
Khulna 527 Ranchi 62,198
Rajshahi 6805 Palaman 5,985
Dinajpur 7712 Manbhum 323,068
Jalpaiguri 1693 Singbhum 22,463
Darjiling 632 Orissa States 95,422
Rangpur 3692 Chota Nagpur States 25,807
Bogra 2894
Pabna 4228
Malda 6777
Dacca 1491
Mymensingh 4289
Faridpur 1941
Bakarganj 87
Tippera 483
Noakhali 78
Chittagong 463
Cooch Behar 1138
Tripura 338
Sikkim 20

Classification

Kudmi were classified as a Notified Tribe by the British Raj under the terms of the Indian Succession Act introduced in 1865 as they have customary rules of succession.[5] Kudmi of Chotanagpur are different from Kurmi of Gangetic plain.[6] According to Mahanta (2003) kudmi follow totemism which stamps them as Dravidian descent and resembles to Dravidian tribe around them according to book The Tribes and Castes of Bengal (1891) written by Herbert Hope Risley.[7][8][9][10] Subsequently, in 1913, they were classified as a Primitive tribe. Then they were omitted from the list of communities listed as tribes in the 1931 census.[11]

They were not in the list of the Scheduled Tribe drawn up in 1950. They are included in the list of Other Backward Class in the States of Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha.[12] In 2004, the Government of Jharkhand recommended that they should be listed as a Scheduled Tribe rather than Other Backward Class.[13] The Tribal Research Institute of Government of India recommended against this proposal, claiming they are a sub-caste of the Kunbi and thus different to tribal people.[14][15][16] Therefore, In 2015, the Government of India refused to approve the recommendation of Jharkhand government to list the Kudmi Mahato as Schedule Tribe.[16]

The language of Kudmi is Kudmali/Kurmali. But according to study, Kurmali language have vocabulary which is neither Dravidian nor Austro-asiatic. The Kudmi people once spoke a distinct language, neither Munda nor Dravidian but also not Indo-Aryan, and at some point switched to the regional Indo-Aryan lingua franca of that time, leaving a distinct substrate in their new language.[17][18]

In April 2023, a Kudmi organization of West Bengal and Jharkhand engaged in rail blockages and demanded Scheduled Tribe status,[19] a demand which was opposed by some scheduled tribes.[20][21]

Culture

The traditional occupation of Kudmi is agriculture. Kudmi are divided into many clans or gusti including Hindoiar, Bagh Banuar, Naguar, Punoriar, Bangsoar, Sankhuar, Kanbindha, Katiar, Dumriar, Karuar etc.[16][22][23]

Bari Puja/Mansa Puja, Karam, Chait Parab, Jitiya, Bandna, Tusu Parab are the major festival of Kudmi. They worship Budhabaap in madapthan and Garam at garamthan. Jhumair and Chhau are their folk dance.[24][25]

Roles in Indian's freedom struggle

The Kudmi Mahato community played a role in various rebellions in India's freedom struggle. From the Chuar Rebellion to the Quit India Movement, many Kudmi Mahatos were martyred. Raghunath Mahato was a notable leader of the Chuar Rebellion in India's freedom struggle against the British. The rebellion he waged against the British is known as the Chuar Rebellion. His Slogan "Apna Gaon, Apna Raaj; Dur Bhagao Bideshi Raaj".[26][27][28][29][30]

Buli Mahato was the hero martyr of Kol Rebellion and Bhumij Rebellion.[31][32][33][34] Then came the Neel Rebellion 1843-1848 led by Gopal Mahato. Chanku Mahato then led the Santhal Rebellion in Godda district.[35] Also in the Sepoy Mutiny eleven were hanged together with Sukdev Mahato. In addition, Kanka Mahato, Rajani Mahato, Suchand Mahato, Kalicharan Mahato, Gopinath Mahato, Kalia Mahato etc. led the Medi Movement of Orissa. After that, the Kudmis also actively participated in the non-cooperation movement. Five Kudmi Mahato youths were martyred in this movement. These are Gokul Mahato, Mohan Mahato, Sheetal Mahato, Sahadeva Mahato, Ganesh Mahato.[36][37] Many were also jailed. Girish Mahato, Nanku Chandra Mahato, Govinda Mahato, Dasharath Mahato, Chunaram Mahato, Mathan Mahato and others were imprisoned in Hazaribagh Jail during Mahatma Gandhi's civil disobedience movement. Padak Mahato was also imprisoned in Bhagalpur Jail. Sagar Mahato, Bhajahari Mahato, Bhim Mahato, Satyakinkar Mahato, Mohini Mahato were imprisoned for doing satyagraha in 1941. Then in 1942, Satyakinkar Mahato was imprisoned from Manbazar during the Quit India movement. Chunaram Mahato and Govinda Mahato were martyred during the siege of Manbazar police station in 1942. Among the women Bhavini Mahato played a prominent role. Jagadish Mahato of (Dhanbad-Parabasnia) also took an active part in the Quit India movement. Many others are also involved.[38][39][40][41][42]

Notable people

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Other names include Kurmi, Mahato
  2. ↑ The 1931 census data for Kudmi (Mahato) is combined with Kurmi Kshatriya, Kurmi, Kumbi, Kunbi, Kurambi, Kurum, Kurumanik, all grouped under the term "Kurmi" due to phonetic similarities. However, the Kurmi (Mahato) are different from others and are inhabiting in a strech from Manbhum to Medinipur.

References

  1. ↑ O'Malley, Lewis Sydney Steward (2011). Bengal District Gazetteers: Sinhbhum, Saraikela and Kharsawan. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7268-215-6.
  2. ↑ "Bandh in Jharkhand as Kurmi outfits seek inclusion in ST list". Indian express. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  3. ↑ Porter, A. E. (1932). Bengal And Sikkim – Census Of India 1931. Vol. V. Part II, Tables. p. 234.
  4. ↑ Lacey, W. G. (1932). Bihar and Orissa – Census Of India 1931. Vol. VII. Part II, Tables. p. 138.
  5. ↑ "Inheritance Law of Kurmi Mahto of Chotanagpur and Orissa". The Tribes and castes of Bengal by Risley Herbert Hope.
  6. ↑ Bera, Gautam Kumar (2008). The Unrest Axle: Ethno-social Movements in Eastern India. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-8324-145-8.
  7. ↑ Aiyar, R. Swaminatha (1987). Dravidian Theories. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. ISBN 978-81-208-0331-2.
  8. ↑ Bera, Gautam Kumar (2008). The Unrest Axle: Ethno-social Movements in Eastern India. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-8324-145-8.
  9. ↑ Māhāta, Paśupati Prasāda (2000). Sanskritization Vs Nirbakization. Sujan Publications. ISBN 978-81-85549-29-3.
  10. ↑ O'Malley, Lewis Sydney Steward (2011). Bengal District Gazetteers: Sinhbhum, Saraikela and Kharsawan. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7268-215-6.
  11. ↑ Lalan Tiwari (1995). Issues in Indian Politics. Mittal. p. 340. ISBN 9788170996187.
  12. ↑ "Kurmis in tribal status cry". telegraphindia.
  13. ↑ Deogharia, Jaideep (25 November 2004). "Cabinet recommends inclusion of Kudmis in ST list". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  14. ↑ Singh, K. S. (2006). Tribal Movements in India. Ajay Kumar Jain. p. 116. ISBN 978-81-7304-704-6. Another remarkable thing is that the Kurmis of Chota nagpur have no sub-division, no sub-caste or even no sub groups. This singleness of the unity of the community totally differentiates it from the Kurmis of Bihar who are divided into sub-castes, e.g., the Awadhia, Ghamaila, Kochaisa, Dhanuk, Joshwar, Sindriya, etc. This lack of division singularly confirms that the Kurmis of Chotanagpur have migrated somewhere from central part of India, where they have their original kinsmen, Kunbis. .. The totemistic organization of the Kurmis further indicate that Kurmis of Chotanagpur are distinct and different from the Kurmis of North Bihar who have titular gotras.
  15. ↑ Singh, Ronit Kumar (2022-09-22). "Kurmi Community Continues 'Rail Roko' Protest Over Demand For ST Status, Train Services Affected". thelogicalindian.com. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
  16. 1 2 3 "कुरमी को ST का दर्जा तभी, जब TRI अनुशंसा करे, लेकिन रिसर्च वाला ही कोई नहीं है". www.bhaskar.com.
  17. ↑ Paudyal, Netra P.; Peterson, John (2020-09-01). "How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. 7 (2): 327–358. doi:10.1515/jsall-2021-2028. ISSN 2196-0771. S2CID 233732014.
  18. ↑ KIRITI MAHATO (2022-07-22). Sindhu Sabhyatar Bhasha O Kudmali.
  19. ↑ "Demand for ST status: State puts ball in the Centre's court, Kudmis plan bigger stir". Indian express. 12 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  20. ↑ "Tribals oppose parties supporting Kurmi's demand for ST status in Jharkhand". TimesofIndia. 7 March 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  21. ↑ "Kudmi stir for ST status angers tribals in Jharkhand". Lagatar24. 26 September 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  22. ↑ Man in Biosphere: A Case Study of Similipal Biosphere Reserve. 2013. ISBN 9788121211635.
  23. ↑ Paty, Chittaranjan Kumar (2007). Forest, Government, and Tribe. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-8069-406-6.
  24. ↑ Paty, Chittaranjan Kumar (2007). Forest, Government, and Tribe. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788180694066.
  25. ↑ "Bandana Festival Of Kudmis Of Eastern India". etribaltribune.
  26. ↑ IPS, Sanjay Singh (2021-11-29). JPSC GENERAL STUDIES PRELIMS EXAM GUIDE – SANJAY SINGH,IPS (HINDI) (in Hindi). Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5488-002-5.
  27. ↑ Singh, Kumar Suresh (2008). People of India: (pts. 1-2) Bihar, including Jharkhand. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 978-81-7046-303-0.
  28. ↑ Pandey, Binay Kumar (2022-03-19). Jharkhand Ke Veer Shaheed (in Hindi). Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5562-010-1.
  29. ↑ झारखंड। लेखकः डाॅ अनुज कुमार धान एवं मंजू ज्योत्स्ना। प्रकाशकः प्रकाशन विभाग सूचना और प्रसारण मंत्रालय। भारत सरकार। प्रकाश कालः 2008। पृष्ठाः 113।
  30. ↑ रघुनाथ महतोः विद्रोही "दी ग्रेट"। (चुहाड़ विद्रोह का संक्षिप्त वृत्तांत)। लेखकः डाॅ शशी भूषण महतो एवं रतन कुमार महतो। प्रकाशकः आदिवासी कुड़मी समाज, राँची। प्रकाश कालः 2010। पृष्ठाः 1-12।
  31. ↑ Jha, Jagdish Chandra (1967). The Bhumij Revolt, 1832-33: Ganga Narain's Hangama Or Turmoil. Munshiram Manoharlal.
  32. ↑ Proceedings and Transactions of the Indian Oriental Conference. 1966.
  33. ↑ Journal of Historical Research. Department of History, Ranchi University. 1965.
  34. ↑ Singh, Kumar Suresh; Bandyopādhyāẏa, Śekhara; Bagchi, Tilak; Bhattacharya, Ranjit Kumar; India, Anthropological Survey of (2008). West Bengal. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 978-81-7046-300-9.
  35. ↑ Religion and Society. 1994.
  36. ↑ Indian Book Chronicle. Vivek Trust. 1997.
  37. ↑ Majumdar, Anis Kumar; Singh, Bhanwar (1997). Regionalism in Indian Politics. Radha Publications. ISBN 978-81-7487-094-0.
  38. ↑ Singha, Radhika (2020-12-15). The Coolie's Great War: Indian Labour in a Global Conflict, 1914-1921. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-756690-9.
  39. ↑ Singh, K. S. (2008). People of India: Bihar (2 pts.). Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 978-81-85579-09-2.
  40. ↑ CHOPRA, P. N. (1969). WHO'S WHO OF INDIAN MARTYRS VOL.I. Ministry of Education and Youth Services, Government of India. ISBN 978-81-230-2180-5.
  41. ↑ Māhāta, Paśupati Prasāda (2000). Sanskritization Vs Nirbakization. Sujan Publications. ISBN 978-81-85549-29-3.
  42. ↑ Mishra, Asha; Paty, Chittaranjan Kumar (2010). Tribal Movements in Jharkhand, 1857-2007. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-8069-686-2.

Sources

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