Zo people
Mizo:Zohnahthlak or Zofa
Zomi:Zosuante or Zota
Regions with significant populations
India, Bangladesh, Myanmar
Languages
Kuki-Chin languages
Religion
Predominantly Christianity, with significant minorities following Animism, Judaism (Bnei Menashe) and Buddhism
Related ethnic groups
Kachin people, Meitei people, northern Naga people, Karbi people

The Zo people is a term to denote all the speakers of the Kuki-Chin languages who inhabit areas of India, Myanmar and the Chittagong hill tracts of Bangladesh. The Mizo, Chin, and Kuki-Zomi people are the main ethnic groups.

They are known as Chin, Kuki, Mizo, Lushai, or Naga by their surrounding people.

The dispersal across international borders resulted from a British colonial policy that drew borders on political, rather than ethnic, grounds.[1]

List of Zo ethnic groups

This is a list of Zo ethnic groups in alphabetical order.[2][3]

1. Asho (recognized as Plains Chin by the Myanmar government)
2. Chho (a part of Chin)
3. Halam (self-identified or a part of Kuki)

  • Bawng, Bawngcher, Dap, Hmarchaphang, Hrangkhol (also part of Hmar), Kaihpeng, Kawlawi, Kawrbawng, Langkaih, Langrawng, Mualthruam (Molsawm), Rupini, Saihmar, Sakachep (Khelma, also part of Hmar), Thangachep.

4. Hmar (part of Mizo or part of Kuki)

  • Aimol, Biete, Changsan, Choroi Naga, Chothe Naga, Chothei (Hmarlusei), Chiru Naga, Darlong, Darngawn, Faihriem (Saihriem), Hrangate, Hrangkhol (also part of Halam), Khawbung, Khelte, Khiengte (Khiangte), Khuolhring (Khawlhring), Sakiem, Lamkang, Langrawng, Lawitlang, Leiri, Lungtau, Neithiam, Ngente, Ngurte, Pautu, Rawite (Royte), Sakachep (Khelma, also part of Halam), Thriek (Thriak), Vangsie (Vangchhia), Zawngte (Zongte, Jongte), Zote (Jote, Joute).

5. Lai (recognized as Pawi by the Mizoram government, Chin by the Myanmar government)

  • Chinzah, Hlawmcheu, Halkha (Hakha), Zanniat (recognized as a separate ethnic group in Myanmar), Tlaisun (Taishon), Sim, Laizo (Falam), Matu, Sai, Khualsim, Lente, Ngawn (recognized as a separate ethnic group in Myanmar), Zahau (Jahau), and others like Bawm (recognized as Lushai or Kuki in Bangladesh), Fanai (Pawilusei, also part of Lusei), Hauhulh, Hauchhum, Hlawndo.

6. Lusei (part of Mizo)

  • Chief clans: Chawnglul, Chenkual, Palian, Rivung, Rokhum, Sailo, Thangluah, Zadeng.
  • Commoner clans: Pachuau, Chawngte (divided into Chuaungo and Chuauhang), Chhangte, Renthlei, Chhakchhuak [divided into Hualngo (recognized as a separate ethnic group in Myanmar), Hualhang, Lumkhua], Hauhnar, Hrahsel, Tochhawng, Vanchhawng, others like Fanai (Pawilusei, also part of Lai)

7. Mara (self-identified or part of Mizo, and recognized as Lakher by the Mizoram government)

  • Chapi, Dova, Ngiaphia, Iabao, Khapi, Leita, Lialai, Lochei, Ratu, Razao, Saby, Tha-y, Tlosai, Hythai, Vyngthu, Vyty, Zynho, Zyngling.

8. Mro-Khumi (Mro recognized as Rakhine by the Myanmar government, Khumi self-identified)
9. Kuki-Zo, (also known as Kuki by the Manipuri, Nagaland and Assam government, and Tiddim Chin /Thadou chin by the Myanmar population)

  • Chief clans: Guite people (Vuite, recognized as a separate ethnic group in Myanmar), Sukte
  • Commoner/other clans: Anaal, Angami Naga, Gangte, Hangzo, Haulai, Hauzel, Hangsing, Khuptong (Khupchawng), Khuphil, Langel, Naulak, Ngaihte, Sianthuam, Simte, Sizang (recognized as Siyin in Myanmar), Songput, Suantak, Thadou (Thahdo/Thado, Kuki proper, recognized as a separate ethnic group in Myanmar), Thomte, Tuisau, Tunglut (Chawnglut), Tombing, Tonsing, Valte, Vangteh.

10. Ralte (language almost extinct, part of Mizo)

  • Siakeng, Khelte, Kawlni (Colney), Lelhchhun.

There are ten major ethnic groups of the Zo.

Names

In the literature, the term Kuki first appeared in the writings of Rawlins when he wrote about the tribes of the Chittagong Hill Tracts.[4] It referred to a "wild tribe" comprising numerous clans. These clans shared a common past, culture, customs and tradition. They spoke in dialects that had a common root language belonging to the Tibeto-Burman group.[5]

The origin of the name "Chin" is unknown . Later the British used the compound term "Chin-Kuki-Mizo" to group the Chin Kuki language speaking people, and the Government of India inherited this.[6] Missionaries chose to employ the term Chin to christen those on the Burmese side and the term Kuki on the Indian side of the border.[7][8] Chin nationalist leaders in Burma's Chin State popularized the term "Chin" following Burma's independence from Britain.[9]

Beginning in the 1990s, the generic names Chin have been rejected by some for "Zomi", a name used by a group speaking Northern kukis languages .[10] The speakers of the Northern Kuki languages are sometimes lumped together as the Zomi's.Some Zomi nationalists have stated that the use of the label Chin would mean subtle domination by Burmese groups.[11][12]

The term "Mizo" (poetic version of "Zomi"), was incorporated in the name of the Indian state Mizoram.[13]

In 2023, during the Manipur violence the Zo tribes of Manipur were referred to Kuki-Zo, Before it was specifically only Kuki in context of Manipur, Assam , Nagaland and Tripura.


Geography

Zo inhabited areas

They are spread out in the contiguous regions of Northeast India, Northwest Burma (Myanmar), and the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh. In India, they are most prominent in Manipur, Nagaland, Assam and Mizoram. Some fifty Kuki/Zo peoples are recognised as scheduled tribes.[14]

The first Zomi-language movie to receive a full-length theatrical debut was a 2021 English-Zomi bilingual film, written and directed by Burmese refugee Thang Mung, called Thorn in the Center of the Heart. The film first premiered in Michigan, where Mung was resettled by U.S. refugee services as a teenager.[15]

Notable Zo people

See also

References

  1. ↑ T. Haokip, 'The Kuki Tribes of Meghalaya: A Study of their Socio-Political Problems', in S.R. Padhi (Ed.). Current Tribal Situation: Strategies for Planning, Welfare and Sustainable Development. Delhi: Mangalam Publications, 2013, p. 85.
  2. ↑ https://www.timesofmizoram.com/2017/07/mizo-hnam-peng-hrang-hrangte-mizo-hnam.html
  3. ↑ http://www.zogam.org/zomi-tribes-northern-zomi
  4. ↑ Rawlins, John (1792). "On the Manners Religion and Laws of the Cucis or Mountaineers of Tipra". Asiatic Researches. 2 (12).
  5. ↑ Grierson (1909), Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. III, Tibeto-Burman Family, General Introduction, Specimens of the Tibetan Dialects, The Himalayan Dialects and The North Assam Group, Pt. II, with Grierson (1903), Specimens of the Bodo, Naga and Kachin Groups, Pt. III, Grierson (1904) Specimens of the Zomi, Chin and Burma Groups.
  6. ↑ Violence and identity in North-east India: Naga-Kuki conflict - Page 201 S. R. Tohring - 2010 "... for these tribes including • the Zomi/ speaking tribe such as: 'Chin', 'Mizo', 'Chin-Kuki-Mizo', 'CHIKIM', 'Zomi', 'Zou', 'Zo'. ... During the British era, the British rulers used the term 'Chin-Kuki-Mizo' and the Government of India seemed to follow ..."
  7. ↑ Sachchidananda, R. R. Prasad -Encyclopaedic profile of Indian tribes- Page 530 1996
  8. ↑ Pradip Chandra Sarma, Traditional Customs and Rituals of Northeast India: Arunachal ... Page 288 Vivekananda Kendra Institute of Culture "chose to employ the term Chin to christen those on the Burmese side and the term Zomi on the Indian side of the border ... The Mizo of today's Mizoram are the descendants of Luseia, and the Kuki -Chin of Manipur are from the Songthu line, and thus all ..."
  9. ↑ Amy Alexander Burma: "we are Like Forgotten People" : the Chin People of Burma Page 16 2009 "... within Chin State, Chin nationalist leaders popularized the term "Chin" following Burma's independence from Britain."
  10. ↑ History of Zomi T. Gougin - 1984 "In Burma the people like to renounce the term Chin in favour of Zomi. Zomi is becoming more and more popular in Churachandpur district of Manipur adjoining the Chin State of Burma as group identity in repudiating Chin. The term ..."
  11. ↑ B. Datta-Ray Tribal identity and tension in north-east India Page 34 1989 "Now to accept the term Chin would mean subtle Paite domination in the matter, which the other groups like the Hmars, Zous, Anals and Koms may not coopt. A Zomi leader categorically stated that 'Chin' is a Burmese word which literally ..."
  12. ↑ Keat Gin Ooi - Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East ... - Volume 1 - Page 353 2004 "Until recently, there appeared to be a consensus that the term Chin was not an identity that any of these peoples would choose to describe themselves, ... Some promote the terms Zomi and Zo, stating that they are derived from the name of the mythic common ancestor of all ..."
  13. ↑ Chin Kho Lian Guite - Politico-economic development of the tribals of Manipur: a study ... Page 8 1999 "Conceptual Meaning and Various Interpretations of the Terms— Chin, Zomi and Mizo (a) Chin The term Chin is the name given to this Zomi/Zomi tribes (formerly known as Chin-Kuki-Mizo) group of people in Myanmar (Burma). They are mostly found in the ..."
  14. ↑ "Alphabetical List of India's Scheduled Tribes". Archived from the original on 10 February 2009.
  15. ↑ Shields, Lauren (30 August 2021). ""Thorn in the Center of the Heart" will be Grand Ledge Sun Theatre's first showing since COVID". Fox 47 News. Archived from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
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