Matsudaira Sadaaki in Western uniform during the Bakumatsu period as the last Kyoto Shoshidai from 1864 to 1867

The Kyoto Shoshidai (京都所司代, Kyōto Shoshidai) was an important administrative and political office in the Tokugawa shogunate.[1] The office was the personal representative of the military dictators Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi in Kyoto, the seat of the Japanese Emperor, and was adopted by the Tokugawa shōguns.[2] The significance and effectiveness of the office is credited to the third Tokugawa shōgun, Tokugawa Iemitsu, who developed these initial creations as bureaucratic elements in a consistent and coherent whole.[3]

The office was similar to the Rokuhara Tandai of the 13th- and 14th-century Kamakura shogunate. Tandai was the name given to governors or chief magistrates of important cities under the Kamakura shogunate. The office became very important under the Hōjō regents and was always held by a trusted member of the family.[4]

Description

The office was expanded and its duties codified as an office in the Tokugawa shogunate. The shoshidai, usually chosen from among the fudai daimyōs, was the shōgun's deputy in the Kyoto region, and was responsible for maintaining good relations and open communication between the shogunate and the imperial court.[5] The shoshidai also controlled the access of the daimyōs to the Court. He was responsible for overseeing the Imperial court's finances, for ensuring the emperor's personal security, and for guarding the safety of the court.[6] For example, the shoshidai supported the Kyoto magistrate or municipal administrator (the machi-bugyō) in making positive policy about firefighting for the royal palaces.[7] In this context, the shoshidai collaborated with the administrator of the reigning sovereign's court (the kinri-zuki bugyō)[8] and the administrator of the ex-emperor's court (the sendō-zuki bugyō), both of whom were shogunate appointees.[9] The shoshidai also headed a network of spies tasked with discovering and reporting any covert sources of sedition, insurrection or other kinds of unrest.[10]

As Governor-general of Kyoto and the surrounding eight provinces,[9] the shoshidai was responsible for collecting taxes and for other duties within this region.[11] The municipal administrators of Nara and Fushimi, in addition to Kyoto's municipal governance, the Kyoto deputy (the daikan), and the officials of the Nijō Castle were all subordinate to the shoshidai. He was empowered to hear suits-at-law and he had oversight control of all temples and shrines.[6] The shoshidai had a force of constables (yoriki) and policemen (dōshin)[12] under their command.[11]

In addition to administrative duties, the shoshidai's participation in ceremonial events helped to consolidate the power and influence of the shogunate. For example, in September 1617, a Korean delegation was received by Hidetada at Fushimi Castle, and the shoshidai was summoned for two reasons (1) for the Koreans, to underscore the importance accorded the embassy, and (2) for the kuge courtiers in attendance, to make sure that they were properly impressed.[13]

It was eventually established that service as governor of Osaka (the judai) was a prerequisite for appointment as shoshidai. A close, personal link with the shōgun was maintained through visits to Edo every five or six years to report directly to the shōgun.[6] The conventional route of promotion was from governor of Osaka to shoshidai of Kyoto and then to rōjū (member of the Shogunate's governing council).[11] The shoshidai earned 10,000 koku annually, in addition to the income from his own domain.[4]

Abolition

In September 1862, a concurrent, nearly co-equal office was created, the "Kyoto shugoshoku", in an attempt to strengthen the kōbu-gattai (公武合体, unity (合体) of the Imperial (court, 公) and Tokugawa (martial, 武) families) faction. The kōbu-gattai were feudal lords and Court nobles who sought a greater share of political power without actually destroying the shogunate, in opposition to a more radical faction, the tōbaku (倒幕, overthrowing the shogunate), which attracted men like Ōkubo Toshimichi. The related office of the shugoshoku had essentially the same functions as that of the shoshidai, but it was considered the senior of the two; and only members of the Matsudaira family were appointed.[5]

The last Kyoto shoshidai, Matsudaira Sadaaki, came from a collateral Tokugawa branch. As a practical matter, it could be said that this office ended with his resignation in 1867; but matters were not so unclouded in that time. After the Imperial edict sanctioning the restoration of Imperial government (November 1867), there was a time lag before the office of shoshidai was abolished (January 1868) and affairs of the city were temporarily entrusted to the clans of Sasayama (Aoyama), Zeze (Honda) and Kameyama (Matsudaira).[14]

List of Kyoto shoshidai

Ordinal Name Dates Shogun Notes
1 Okudaira Nobumasa 1600–1601 Tokugawa Ieyasu
2 Itakura Katsushige 1601–1619 Tokugawa Ieyasu
Tokugawa Hidetada
3 Itakura Shigemune 1619-1654 Tokugawa Hidetada
Tokugawa Iemitsu
Tokugawa Ietsuna		 Son of Itakura Katsushige
4 Makino Chikashige 1654–1668 Tokugawa Ietsuna Daimyo of Sekiyado
5 Itakura Shigenori 1668–1670 Tokugawa Ietsuna Grandson of Itakura Katsushige; Daimyo of Mikawa-Nakajima
6 Nagai Naotsune 1670–1678 Tokugawa Ietsuna
7 Toda Tadamasa 1678–1681 Tokugawa Ietsuna
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
8 Inaba Masamichi 1681–1685 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi Daimyo of Odawara
9 Tsuchiya Masanao 1685–1687 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
10 Naitō Shigeyori 1687–1690 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
11 Matsudaira Nobuoki 1690–1691 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
12 Ogasawara Nagashige 1691–1697 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi Daimyo of Yoshida
13 Matsudaira Nobutsune 1697–1714 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
Tokugawa Ienobu
Tokugawa Ietsugu
14 Mizuno Tadayuki 1714–1717 Tokugawa Ietsugu
Tokugawa Yoshimune		 Daimyo of Okazaki
15 Matsudaira Tadachika 1717–1724 Tokugawa Yoshimune Daimyo of Ueda
16 Makino Hideshige 1724–1734 Tokugawa Yoshimune Daimyo of Tanabe
17 Toki Yoritoshi 1734–1742 Tokugawa Yoshimune
18 Makino Sadamichi 1742–1749 Tokugawa Yoshimune
Tokugawa Ieshige		 Daimyo of Kasama
19 Matsudaira Sukekuni 1749–1752 Tokugawa Ieshige Daimyo of Hamamatsu
20 Sakai Tadamochi 1752–1756 Tokugawa Ieshige Daimyo of Obama
21 Matsudaira Terutaka 1756–1758 Tokugawa Ieshige Daimyo of Takasaki
22 Inoue Masatsune 1758–1760 Tokugawa Ieshige Daimyo of Hamamatsu
23 Abe Masasuke 1760–1764 Tokugawa Ieharu Daimyo of Fukuyama
24 Abe Masachika 1764–1768 Tokugawa Ieharu Daimyo of Oshi
25 Doi Toshisato 1769–1777 Tokugawa Ieharu Daimyo of Koga
26 Kuze Hiroakira 1777–1781 Tokugawa Ieharu Daimyo of Sekiyado
27 Makino Sadanaga 1781–1784 Tokugawa Ieharu Son of Makino Sadamichi; Daimyo of Kasama
28 Toda Tadatō 1784–1789 Tokugawa Ieharu
Tokugawa Ienari		 Daimyo of Utsunomiya
29 Ōta Sukeyoshi 1789-1782 Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Kakegawa
30 Hotta Masanari 1792–1798 Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Sakura
31 Makino Tadakiyo 1798–1801 Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Nagaoka
32 Doi Toshiatsu 1801–1802 Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Koga
33 Aoyama Tadayasu 1802–1804 Tokugawa Ienari Son-in-law of Doi Toshisato; Daimyo of Sasayama
34 Inaba Masanobu 1804–1806 Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Yodo
35 Abe Masayoshi 1806–1808 Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Oshi
36 Sakai Tadayuki 1808–1815 Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Obama
37 Ōkubo Tadazane 1815–1818 Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Odawara
38 Matsudaira Norihiro 1818–1823 Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Nishio
39 Naitō Nobuatsu 1823–1825 Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Murakami
40 Matsudaira Yasutō 1825–1826 Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Hamada
41 Mizuno Tadakuni 1826–1828 Tokugawa Ienari Son-in-law of Sakai Tadayuki; Daimyo of Hamamatsu; later instituted the Tenpō Reforms
42 Matsudaira Muneakira 1828–1832 Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Miyazu
43 Ōta Sukemoto 1832–1834 Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Kakegawa
44 Matsudaira Nobuyori 1834–1837 Tokugawa Ienari Son-in-law of Makino Tadakiyo; Daimyo of Yoshida
45 Doi Toshitsura 1837–1838 Tokugawa Ieyoshi Adoptive of son of Doi Toshiatsu; Daimyo of Koga
46 Manabe Akikatsu 1838–1840 Tokugawa Ieyoshi Daimyo of Sabae
47 Makino Tadamasa 1840–1843 Tokugawa Ieyoshi Son of Makino Tadakiyo; Daimyo of Nagaoka
48 Sakai Tadaaki 1843–1850 Tokugawa Ieyoshi First tenure; son of Sakai Tadayuki; Daimyo of Obama
49 Naitō Nobuchika 1850–1851 Tokugawa Ieyoshi Son of Naitō Nobuatsu; Daimyo of Murakami
50 Wakisaka Yasuori 1851–1857 Tokugawa Ieyoshi
Tokugawa Iesada		 Daimyo of Tatsuno
51 Honda Tadamoto 1857–1858 Tokugawa Iesada Daimyo of Okazaki
52 Sakai Tadaaki 1858–1862 Tokugawa Iemochi Second tenure
53 Matsudaira Munehide 1862 Tokugawa Iemochi Adoptive son of Matsudaira Muneakira; Daimyō of Miyazu
54 Makino Tadayuki 1862–1863 Tokugawa Iemochi Son of Matsudaira Norihiro and son-in-law of Makino Tadamasa; Daimyō of Nagaoka.
55 Inaba Masakuni 1863–1864 Tokugawa Iemochi Daimyo of Yodo
56 Matsudaira Sadaaki 1864–1867 Tokugawa Iemochi
Tokugawa Yoshinobu		 Last shoshidai; Daimyo of Kuwana; brother of Matsudaira Katamori.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Ito, Shinsho. "Hideyoshi's Inauguration to Kampaku and the Foundation of Shoshidai," Journal of Japanese history (日本史研究). Vol.419(19970000) pp. 1-19.
  2. ↑ Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric. (2005). "Kyōto-shosidai" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 587, p. 587, at Google Books.
  3. ↑ Brinkley, Frank. (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era, p. 632.
  4. 1 2 Murdoch, James. (1996). A History of Japan, p. 10 n1.
  5. 1 2 Beasley, W. G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868, p. 325.
  6. 1 2 3 Brinkley, p. 636.
  7. ↑ Maruyama, Toshiaki. "The Fire Fighting for the Royal Palace by Kyoto Shoshidai and Machi-bugyō-shō: A study on the fire fighting in Kyoto under Tokugawa era (No.3) (京都所司代・京都町奉行所と御所の消防 : 江戸時代の京都の消防の研究(その3). Journal of Architecture and Planning, Architectural Institute of Japan (日本建築学会計画系論文集). No.591(20050530), pp. 149-153. Abstract.
  8. ↑ Nussbaum, "Kinri-zuki" at p. 525., p. 525, at Google Books
  9. 1 2 Brinkley, p. 589.
  10. ↑ Murdoch, James. (1915). A History of Japan, p. 134.
  11. 1 2 3 Brinkley, p. 637.
  12. ↑ Nussbaum, "Dōshin" at p. 160., p. 160, at Google Books
  13. ↑ Toby, Ronald. (1991). State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu, p. 69.
  14. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital, 794–1869, pp. 326–327.

References

  • Bolitho, Harold. (1974). Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-01655-0; OCLC 185685588
  • Beasley, W. G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853-1868. London: Oxford University Press. Reprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-713508-2
  • Brinkley, Frank and Baron Kikuchi. (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era. New York: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  • Murdoch, James and Isoh Yamagata. (1903–1926). London: Kegan Paul, Trubner. OCLC 502662122
  • Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
  • Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869. Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 182637732
  • Toby, Ronald P. (1984). State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054018; OCLC 9557347
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