Gombe
Commune
Commune de Gombe
Gombe skyline
Gombe skyline
Gombe on map of Kinshasa city-province
Kinshasa city-province on map of DR Congo
Kinshasa city-province on map of DR Congo
Coordinates: 04°18′11″S 15°18′12″E / 4.30306°S 15.30333°E / -4.30306; 15.30333[1]
Country DR Congo
City-ProvinceKinshasa
Area
 • Total29.33 km2 (11.32 sq mi)
Population
 (2014 est.)[2]
 • Total49,024
 • Density1,700/km2 (4,300/sq mi)

Gombe (formerly known as Kalina), also known as La Gombe, or Downtown Kinshasa, is one of the 24 communes of Kinshasa, in the western part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).[3] Encompassing a vast area of approximately 29.33 square kilometers (11.32 square miles), it is home to an approximate population of 49,024 residents (2014).[4][5]

Functioning as both a residential area and a central business district, Gombe houses several key government institutions of the DRC, including the Palais de la Nation, the Central Bank of the Congo, various ministries, media organizations, and diplomatic representations. Gombe serves as the epicenter for the DRC's leading financial establishments, the hub of its business activities, and the headquarters of United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO).[6][7]

Originally housing colonial administrative offices, cités indigènes, neighborhoods meant for non-colonists, formed around the area. Now it is the fastest-growing municipality (commune) in Kinshasa.[8] According to a 2014 study by the U.S. research firm Mercer, Gombe is the most expensive place to live in Africa and globally.[9]

Location

Northeast

Gombe is strategically positioned in the northeastern region, sharing its border with the Republic of the Congo.[10] The boundary commences from the point nearest to the confluence of the Congo River and the Gombe River, stretching to the closest juncture where the Congo River meets the Funa River. From there, the demarcation follows the course of the Funa River until it intersects with the Matadi–Kinshasa Railway.[10][11]

South

Towards the southwards, it tracks the railway to the Bitshiaku-Tshiaku River, marking an essential transition along the southern periphery.[10][11] The border then traces the Bitshiaku-Tshiaku River to Tabora Avenue's extended axis. It continues to Avenue du Télégraphe, merging with Avenue Bokasa, then Avenue Rwakadingi, Village, Lualaba, Wangata, and Mont des Arts Avenues. It connects to Avenue Victimes de la Rébellion, Avenue Du 24 Novembre, ending at Camp Lt Col Kokolo.[11]

West

Heading westwards, the boundary goes from Camp Lt Col Kokolo to the high voltage line, descending to the Gombe River and its tributary meeting the Congo River. A conduit links the tributary to the Republic of Congo's nearest border point.[11]

History

Before European colonialists arrived, the fishing village of Nshasa (now Kinshasa) was founded and inhabited by the Teke and Humbu people along the Congo River.[12][13] Henry Morton Stanley established a trading post adjacent to the village and named it Léopoldville (modern-day Kinshasa) after signing a treaty with the Teke chief Ntsuvila in 1887.[14][15] With the completion of the Matadi-Kinshasa Railway, connecting the post to the port of Matadi near the Atlantic Ocean in 1898, and the construction of an oil pipeline in 1914, Léopoldville grew into a city.[14][12][16][17] The city extended eastward, covering the entire right bank of the Boulevard Du 30 Juin, stretching from the Kinshasa Central Station to the National Pedagogical University.[16] An exclusive European-style district, accessible only to white people, was established and named the "Kalina District," honoring Lieutenant E. Kallina, an Austro-Hungarian soldier who served in the Force Publique.[11][18][16]

In 1957, Léopoldville underwent administrative division into communes, and the former Kalina District became one of the inaugural 13 communes of Léopoldville.[11] The transformation was formalized through the March 26, 1957 decree, appointing Belgian Van Heck Robert as the mayor of the Kalina commune. Later, Mr. Ikama assumed leadership on June 30, 1960, following post-independence changes, a role he dutifully fulfilled until 1968.[11]

Following the nation's independence from Belgium and the city's renaming to Kinshasa during Mobutu Sese Seko's authenticité-driven policies, the name Kalina was replaced with Gombe In October 1971.[11] Gombe derives its name from the Gombe River, which encircles seven communes at the heart of the city, a term borrowed from the traditional ruler "Humbu," who once governed the contemporary territory of Selembao in Kinshasa's southwest.[11]

Government and infrastructure

CHESD, Gombe, November 2022

Gombe accommodates some of the DRC's principal governing bodies, including the Palais de la Nation and the Central Bank of the Congo on the Boulevard Colonel Tshatshi. Various ministries, diplomatic and media organizations are also situated in Gombe.[19] Kinshasa's City Hall and Provincial Assembly are both located in Gombe. Parenthetically, the DGM of the Ministry of the Interior and Security is located in Gombe, as well as the headquarters of the BPEA, an agency of the Ministry of Transport and Channels of Communication.[20]

Gombe at night

MONUSCO, the United Nations peacekeeping force, is strategically located in Gombe.[21] The Boboto College is a prominent education institution located in Gombe[22]

REGIDESO, the DRC's water utility company, is located on Boulevard Du 30 Juin in Gombe.[23]

Société Nationale d'Électricité is the national electricity company of the Democratic Republic of the Congo with its headquarters situated in Gombe.[24]

Gare de l'Est is the main train station conveniently located in Gombe.[25]

Kinshasa General Hospital, one of the largest and most well-known hospitals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is headquartered in Gombe.[26]

Société Commerciale des Transports et des Ports (SCPT) is a state-owned transportation and port management company located in Gombe.[27]

Collège des Hautes Études de Stratégie et de Défense (CHESD) is the premier institution for training in strategy and national defense, strategically located in Gombe.[28]

Gombe, February 2013

Hôtel du Gouvernement is a government administrative building located along Boulevard du 30 Juin in Gombe that serves as the headquarters for several central government ministries and accommodates various public services.[29]

Incidentally, Gombe houses Lycée Bosangani (Bosangani High School),[30] Institut National de Sécurité Sociale (INSS),[31] Centre Médical de Kinshasa (CMK),[32] and Palais de la Justice.[33]

Attractions

Académie des Beaux-Arts (ABA)

Académie des Beaux-Arts, June 2013

The Académie des Beaux-Arts (Academy of Fine Arts), located in Gombe, is an educational institution that focuses on teaching visual and applied arts. The academy encompasses the areas of Avenue de la Libération, Avenue de La Science, and Avenue de la River and is surrounded by a park where visitors can view original sculptures, oil paintings, and other student-made objects on display. Additionally, tourists can witness artists at work and engage in conversations with them.[34][35]

The academy was established in 1943 by Belgian missionary Marc Stanislas Wallenda in Gombe-Matadi in the Kongo Central Province.[35] Originally called "École Saint-Luc," it started as a sculpture workshop due to the abundance of wood in the region.[35] In 1949, the Saint Luc school was relocated to Léopoldville (Kinshasa) and was renamed "Académie des Beaux-Arts" in 1957. Over time, new options were added, including painting (1950), ceramics (1953), Beaten Metal (1971), advertising (1970), interior decoration (1970), and the conservation and restoration of works of art (2013).[35]

Today, the academy provides a training environment and a platform for experimentation and exhibitions in Gombe, allowing students to develop their artistic personalities.[34]

Marché Central

The Kinshasa Central Market, referred to as the Zando in Lingala, is a bustling and dynamic marketplace in Gombe. It is one of the liveliest markets in Kinshasa with market activity spilling over into the neigboring streets of the Kinshasa and Barumbu communes. The market is well known for its wide assortment of products, including fresh fruits, vegetables, spices, locally sourced meat and fish, clothing, fabrics, shoes, accessories, and household goods. The market also offers unique Congolese handicrafts and souvenirs for tourists and visitors alike.[36][37][38]

Jardin Botanique

Jardin botanique de Kinshasa, August 2022

The Jardin Botanique is a botanical garden in Gombe, opposite the Jardin Zoologique. Covering an area of seven hectares, It features a diverse collection of 286 plant species, including baobabs, mangoes, bananas, papayas, and coffee.[39][40] The garden is maintained by the Congolese Institute for the Conservation of Nature (Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature; ICCN). Initially established in 1933 under the name Fernand De Boeck Park in the capital of the Belgian Congo, it was neglected for many years until the early 2000s when it was restored with the help of various organizations such as the European Union, International Union for Conservation of Nature, National Botanical Garden of Belgium, and NGO Friends of Nature and Gardens.[40] Now, it serves as a platform for environmental education activities and boasts over 100 species of trees.[40]

Cinekin

Cinekin is the first international cinema chain in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), particularly in Kinshasa.[41] One of its movie theaters is located at 7, avenue Père Boka in Gombe, within the premises of the Collège Boboto, formerly known as the Collège Albert 1er. This cinema is one of the most popular and largest in Kinshasa. The movies are showcased in the main theater room and can also be viewed on their website. The majority of the films presented are American movies dubbed in French, while a few are in English with French subtitles.[42][43][44]

Beach Ngobila

Beach Ngobila serves as a port for passengers traveling across the Congo River between Kinshasa and Brazzaville. It is located near the islet Ile aux Pierres and the Kinshasa East railway station. The port is managed by Société Commerciale des Transports et des Ports (SCPT) in partnership with the former Agence Transcongolaise des Transports to ensure smooth operations.[45][46][47]

Mémorial du Soldat Congolais

Mémorial du Soldat Congolais in Gombe

The Mémorial du Soldat Congolais is a memorial located at the FORESCOM Roundabout in Gombe. It was erected to commemorate the Congolese soldiers who were instrumental in shaping the country's history. It represents remembrance, honor, and patriotism, and offers visitors a space to reflect on and pay tribute to the fallen soldiers. Every year on May 17, it is commemorated with great reverence.[48][49][50]

Hotels and restaurants

Pullman Kinshasa Grand Hotel – exterior view and swimming pool, May 2018

Gombe boasts a considerable number of high-end, five-star hotels and restaurants scattered across its streets and avenues. Fleuve Congo Hotel, located a few miles from the Palais de la Nation, stands as the sole hotel in Kinshasa built on the banks of the "Majestic Fleuve Congo." It offers a multi-cuisine menu with a stupendous view of the humongous Congo River between Kinshasa and Brazzaville.[51] Other luxurious hotels include Pullman Kinshasa Grand Hotel, Kin Plaza Arjaan By Rotana, Hotel Beatrice, Hotel Le Voyageur, Erige Lodge, Hotel Selton, Hilton Kinshasa, Hotel Memling, Hotel Belle Vie, Venus Hotel, Hotel Platinum, Elais Kinshasa, Hotel Royal, Léon Hôtel, O Castelo Hotel, and Sultani Hotel.[52] Among the most popular restaurants are Chez Gaby, A Casa Mia, and Limoncello.[53]

Economy

Gombe is a bustling economic center that hosts numerous influential companies and organizations. Among them, the CMCT TCG is the country's first integrated marketing and communication agency group, offering personalized services.[54] Gombe is home to the Congo Trade Center, a towering skyscraper and one of the largest shopping centers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[55][56] Parenthetically, Congo Tech Network ASBL, a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting and supporting the burgeoning Congolese tech ecosystem, fosters innovation and technology in the area.[57]

The Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie Franco-Congolaise à Kinshasa (CCIFC), a non-profit organization established in 1987 by French and Congolese entrepreneurs, plays a vital role in fostering economic and commercial ties between French and Congolese enterprises in Gombe.[58] The most prominent development bank in the country, Société Financière de Développement (SOFIDE), also has its headquarters in Gombe.[59][60]

The commune is a hub for essential services and industries. The headquarters of the Congolese Posts and Telecommunications Corporation, a pivotal player in the nation's communication infrastructure, is based in Gombe.[61] Feronia Inc., a multinational corporation specializing in palm oil and agricultural products, also has its base in Gombe.[62] The RTNC Congo Building, which houses the headquarters of Radio-Télévision Nationale Congolaise (RTNC), is also strategically located in Gombe.[63]

Transportation and logistics thrive in Gombe, with the headquarters of Société Commerciale des Transports et des Ports (SCTP), a key player in rail, river, and port operations.[64] In addition, Gombe accommodates the headquarters of Congo Airways—the state-owned flag carrier airline of DRC—and Stellar Airways.[65][66] In the financial sector, it is home to the Central Bank of the Congo, the country's central monetary authority responsible for formulating and implementing monetary policies.[67][68]

Gombe is also a regional headquarters for several international and African companies and organizations, including Huawei, Vodacom Congo, Airtel Congo, and Orange RDC. Consequently, the commune serves as a hub for telecommunications, enhancing connectivity and communication across the region.[69][70][71][72] Equity Banque Commerciale du Congo (EquityBCDC), a subsidiary of the Kenyan Equity Group Holdings, has its headquarters in Gombe.[73][74] The United Nations' MONUSCO also has its headquarters in Gombe.[75]

Education

Both campuses of the French international school, Lycée Français René Descartes Kinshasa, are in Gombe: Site Gombe and Site Kalemie; the latter is across from the residence of the Ambassador of France.[76]

Lycée Prince de Liège, a Belgian international school, is in Gombe.[77]

Demographics

Historical population of Gombe, Kinshasa
Year19671970198420032004
Population17,89022,61517,36031,30732,373

References

  1. ↑ "Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo". Google Maps. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  2. ↑ "Kinshasa : la population de la commune de la Gombe estimée à 49.024 habitants". mediacongo.net.
  3. ↑ Institut National de la Statistique–RD Congo (2019). Annuaire Statistique RDC 2017 (PDF) (in French). p. 36 Tableau 1.2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  4. ↑ Enwezor, Okwui, ed. (2002). Under Siege, Four African Cities, Freetown, Johannesburg, Kinshasa, Lagos: Documenta 11, Platform 4. Berlin, Germany: Hatje Cantz. p. 254. ISBN 9783775790901.
  5. ↑ "Kinshasa : la population de la commune de la Gombe estimée à 49.024 habitants" [Kinshasa: the population of the commune of Gombe estimated at 49,024 inhabitants]. www.mediacongo.net (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  6. ↑ Tilouine, Joan (18 July 2019). "En RDC, la Gombe, une insolente enclave de riches au cœur de la misère de Kinshasa". Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  7. ↑ "Journal Première parties Officiel de la République Démocratique du Congo: Cabinet du Président de la République" [Journal First parts Official of the Democratic Republic of Congo: Office of the President of the Republic] (PDF). Leganet.cd (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 15 August 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  8. ↑ De Boeck, Philip (September 2014). Kinshasa: Tales of the Invisible City. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-9058679673.
  9. ↑ "Housing: Kinshasa is for the rich". The Africa Report.com. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  10. 1 2 3 Mushizi, Gulain Amani (2013). "Memoire Online - Amélioration de la mobilité à l'hyper centre de Kinshasa et stratégies de réduction de la forte centralité" (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur d'Architecture et d'Urbanisme. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Historique". Commune de la Gombe (in French). Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 17 June 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  12. 1 2 Kinyamba, S. Shomba; Nsenda, F. Mukoka; Nonga, D. Olela; Kaminar, T.M.; Mbalanda, W. . (2015). "Monographie de la ville de Kinshasa" (PDF) (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Congolais de Recherche en Développement et Etudes Stratégiques (ICREDES). pp. 13–28. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
  13. ↑ Bukasa, Tshieke T.; Bongeye W'.m, Joachim (13 August 2003). "Congo-Kinshasa: Kinshasa, ce village d'hier". AllAfrica (in French). Retrieved 15 August 2023.
  14. 1 2 Ness, Immanuel (19 September 2017). Encyclopedia of World Cities. Thames, Oxfordshire United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317471585.
  15. ↑ Vansina, Jan (3 September 2018). The Tio Kingdom of The Middle Congo: 1880-1892. Thames, Oxfordshire United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780429941399.
  16. 1 2 3 Stout, Frederic; LeGates, Richard T., eds. (16 July 2015). The City Reader. Thames, Oxfordshire United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. pp. 397–399. ISBN 9781317606277.
  17. ↑ Timberg, Craig; Halperin, Daniel (March 2012). Tinderbox: How the West Sparked the AIDS Epidemic and How the World Can Finally Overcome It. United States: Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 9781101560617.
  18. ↑ Riegel, Ralph; O'Mahony, John (23 August 2010). Missing in Action: The 50 Year Search for Ireland's Lost Soldier. Cork, Ireland: Mercier Press Ltd. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-85635-737-1.
  19. ↑ "En RDC, la Gombe, une insolente enclave de riches au cœur de la misère de Kinshasa". Le Monde.fr (in French). 18 July 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  20. ↑ "Contacts Archived 4 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine." Direction Générale de Migration. Retrieved on 4 March 2013. "65, Boulevard du 30 juin, Commune de la Gombe Ville de Kinshasa, R.D.Congo"
  21. ↑ "Medias Contacts". MONUSCO. 24 November 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  22. ↑ "Collège Boboto". congopro.com (in French). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  23. ↑ "Site Web de la Regideso SA". Regideo-rdc.com. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  24. ↑ "SNEL – Société Nationale d'Electricité à Kinshasa Gombe" [SNEL – National Electricity Company in Kinshasa Gombe]. Dematco.net (in French). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  25. ↑ "Rail transport in the Congo - Kinshasa Guide". expat.com. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  26. ↑ "Hôpital Général de Kinshasa". www.bizcongo.com (in French). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  27. ↑ "République Démocratique du Congo: Société commerciale des transports et des ports". Sctp-sa-rdc.online (in French). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  28. ↑ "Joseph Kabila inaugure le collège de hautes études des stratégies et de défense à Kinshasa". Radio Okapi (in French). 28 July 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  29. ↑ Kasongo, Ivan (1 April 2020). "RDC-Covid-19 : l'opération de décontamination de l'immeuble du gouvernement débute ce jeudi". Actualite.cd (in French). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  30. ↑ "Lycée Du Sacré Coeur et Bosangani à Gombe". Pagesclaires.com (in French). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  31. ↑ "Institut National de Sécurité Sociale (INSS)". Pages Claires. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  32. ↑ "Centre Médical de Kinshasa". cmk-cd.org (in French). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  33. ↑ Mwamba, Alexis Thambwe (2 October 2017). "Public Annex" (PDF). Icc-cpi.int. p. 2. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  34. 1 2 "Académie des Beaux-Arts". KINO (in French). Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  35. 1 2 3 4 "Notre Histoire – Académie des Beaux-Arts de Kinshasa" (in French). Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  36. ↑ "Coronavirus : « Le marché central est aussi concerné par le confinement » (Gentiny Ngobila)". Radio Okapi (in French). 3 April 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  37. ↑ pem (8 September 2020). "Kinshasa : construit en 1970 pour 3500 places, le marché central de Kinshasa accueil aujourd'hui 20.000 vendeurs". Tsieleka (in French). Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  38. ↑ "Déconfinement à Gombe en RDC: le désespoir des vendeurs du marché central qui reste fermé". RFI (in French). 29 June 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  39. ↑ Lequotidien (3 April 2023). "Sumo: La F.N.C.SU/D.A a tenu son Assemblée générale ordinaire au Jardin Botanique de Kinshasa - lequotidienrdc.com" (in French). Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  40. 1 2 3 "Kinshasa botanical garden". Emilio in Congo (DRC). 23 May 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  41. ↑ "CINEKIN – VOILA NIGHT" (in French). Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  42. ↑ "Cinekin: 'Stranger than Fiction' on Wednesday February 10th". Congoforum.be. 8 February 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  43. ↑ "Cinekin". Retrieved 2 August 2023 – via Facebook.
  44. ↑ "Cinekin__ (@cinekin__) • Instagram photos and videos". Retrieved 2 August 2023 – via Instagram.
  45. ↑ "Centre Médical de Kinshasa". Manje Health. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  46. ↑ "Fronteira entre Congo e RD Congo tem travessia de rio e estresse". Sem chaves (in Brazilian Portuguese). 26 May 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  47. ↑ Info, Afrique (9 December 2021). "Contrôle des services sanitaire aux frontières : Véronique Kilumba inspecte les mouvements des voyageurs au Beach Ngobila et à l'aéroport de N'djili". Afrique info magazine (in French). Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  48. ↑ "17 mai, désormais journée d'hommage aux soldats congolais". TOP CONGO FM. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  49. ↑ "Actualité | Kinshasa: le rond-point Forescom en passe de porter le mémorial du soldat congolais | mediacongo.net". www.mediacongo.net. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  50. ↑ "Digitalcongo.net | Commandant suprême, Félix Tshisekedi se recueille devant le "Mémorial du soldat congolais"". www.digitalcongo.net. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  51. ↑ "Fleuve Congo Hotel by Blazon Hotels". Fleuve Congo Hotel. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  52. ↑ "15 Best Hotels in Kinshasa. Hotels from $85/night". KAYAK. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  53. ↑ "Recommended bars and restaurants in Kinshasa". Emilio in Congo (DRC). 12 January 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  54. ↑ "CMCT TCG - Marketing & Advertising - Overview, Competitors, and Employees". Apollo.io. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  55. ↑ "CTC Trade Centre Kinshasa Congo". www.alterego.co.rs. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  56. ↑ "kointikoin | Page CONGO TRADE CENTER". www.kointikoin.com (in French). Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  57. ↑ "RDC : l'ASBL Congo Tech Network prête à assurer la promotion de la technologie congolaise dans le monde". 7sur7.cd (in French). 7 September 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  58. ↑ "CCI FRANCO CONGOLAISE - chambre de commerce france Franco-congolaise | Bizcongo". www.bizcongo.com (in French). Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  59. ↑ "Accueil - SOFIDE" (in French). 12 September 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  60. ↑ "About Sofide - SOFIDE". 6 April 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  61. ↑ "SCPT – Société Congolaise de Postes et Télécommunication". SCPT (in French). Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  62. ↑ "Feronia Inc. - Feronia". feronia.com. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  63. ↑ "RTNC Congo Building, Kinshasa | 231674 | EMPORIS". 24 September 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  64. ↑ "Office National des Transports - Accueil". 19 June 2009. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  65. ↑ "Congo Airways - Products, Competitors, Financials, Employees, Headquarters Locations". www.cbinsights.com. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  66. ↑ "Contact Us." Stellar Airways. Retrieved on 4 March 2013. "98225, Avennue Kabasele (ex-Flambeau) Rez de Chausée, Gombe-Kinshasa République Démocratique du Congo"
  67. ↑ "Banque Centrale du Congo". www.bcc.cd. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  68. ↑ "Central Bank of the Democratic Republic of Congo - Central Banking". www.centralbanking.com. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  69. ↑ Olander, Eric (27 September 2021). "Now It's Huawei That's in Trouble in the DR Congo". The China Global South Project. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  70. ↑ "Vodacom RDC". www.vodacom.cd. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  71. ↑ "DRC's leading provider of prepaid, postpaid mobile, & 4G services. Recharge your prepaid mobile & pay your postpaid bills online". Airtel. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  72. ↑ "Page d'accueil". Orange République Démocratique du Congo (in French). Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  73. ↑ December 31, 2020, Thursday (31 December 2020). "Equity Group gets approval to merge two banks in DRC". Business Daily. Retrieved 3 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  74. ↑ equitygroupholdings.com https://equitygroupholdings.com/cd/en/newsroom/press-release/one-year-after-the-merger-equitybcdc-s-results-show-exponential-growth/. Retrieved 3 August 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  75. ↑ "Medias Contacts". MONUSCO. 24 November 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  76. ↑ "Accueil." Lycée Français René Descartes Kinshasa. 15 November 2015. Retrieved on 8 December 2017. "Site GOMBE Avenue de la Gombe Kinshasa République Démocratique du Congo" and "Site KALEMIE Avenue Kalemie. En face de la résidence de l'Ambassadeur Kinshasa République Démocratique du Congo" - The French embassy states: "a Résidence de France se situe également dans le quartier de la Gombe, au 22 rue Kalemie."
  77. ↑ "Accueil Archived 25 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine." Lycée Prince de Liège. Retrieved 26 October 2015. "Lycée Prince de Liège (Ecole belge), Av. de la Gombe, Kinshasa (Gombe)"
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