Lacertids
Temporal range:
Sand lizard (Lacerta agilis)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Superfamily: Lacertoidea
Family: Lacertidae
Oppel, 1811
Type species
Lacerta agilis
Subgroups

See text

Troodos lizard
Phoenicolacerta troodica
Terminology and scalation of lacertids

The Lacertidae are the family of the wall lizards, true lizards, or sometimes simply lacertas, which are native to Afro-Eurasia. It is a diverse family with at about 360 species in 39 genera. They represent the dominant group of reptiles found in Europe.

Habitat

The European and Mediterranean species of lacertids live mainly in forest and scrub habitats.[1] Eremias and Ophisops species replace these in the grassland and desert habitats of Asia. African species usually live in rocky, arid areas. Holaspis species are among the few arboreal lacertids, and its two species, Holaspis guentheri and Holaspis laevis, are gliders (although apparently poor ones), using their broad tail and flattened body as an aerofoil.[2]

Description

Lacertids are small or medium-sized lizards. Most species are less than 9 cm long, excluding the tail, although the largest living species, Gallotia stehlini, reaches 46 cm, and some extinct forms were larger still. They are primarily insectivorous.[1] An exception is Meroles anchietae, one of the few wall lizards that regularly eat seeds – an appropriate food for a lizard of the harsh Namib Desert.

Lacertids are remarkably similar in form, with slender bodies and long tails, but have highly varied patterns and colours, even within the same species. Their scales are large on the head, which often also has osteoderms, small and granular on the back, and rectangular on the underside. Most species are sexually dimorphic, with the males and females having different patterns.[1]

At least eight species from the Caucasus are parthenogenetic,[3][4] and three species give birth to live young, including the viviparous lizard, Zootoca vivipara.[1]

Evolutionary history

Lacertids are suspected to have originated in Europe, due to their earliest fossils being found in the region, alongside those of their sister group, the extinct Eolacertidae.[5] Fossils possibly attributable to lacertids are known from the Paleocene of France and Belgium, though the oldest definitive lacertid is known from the early Eocene (Ypresian) of Mutigny, France in the Paris Basin.[6] Lacertids dispersed into Asia by the early Oligocene.[7] The timing of the colonisation of Africa is uncertain, ranging from the Eocene to the Miocene.[8]

Classification

The classification into subfamilies and tribes below follows one presented by Arnold et al., 2007, based on their phylogenetic analysis.[9]

Family Lacertidae

The latest extensive phylogenetic lacertid tree was made by Baeckens et al. in 2015.[10]

Extinct genera

  • †Succinilacerta Baltic amber, Eocene
  • †Plesiolacerta Europe, Eocene-Oligocene
  • †Dracaenosaurus France, Oligocene
  • †Maioricalacerta Mallorca, Pliocene
  • †Quercycerta France, Eocene
  • †Janosikia Germany, Miocene
  • †Escampcerta France, Eocene
  • †Mediolacerta France, Germany, Oligocene
  • †Pseudeumeces France, Germany, Spain, Oligocene-Miocene
  • †Amblyolacerta France, Czech Republic, Miocene
  • †Ligerosaurus France, Miocene
  • †Miolacerta Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Oligocene-Miocene
  • †Edlartetia Augé and Rage 2000 Germany, France Austria, Miocene
  • †Escampcerta France, Eocene
  • †Cernaycerta? France, Paleocene (questioned by some authors)[6]
  • †Dormaalisaurus France, Belgium, Spain, Eocene

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Bauer, Aaron M. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 163–165. ISBN 978-0-12-178560-4.
  2. ↑ Zug, George R. (2001). Herpetology : an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles. Laurie J. Vitt, Janalee P. Caldwell (2nd ed.). San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-782622-X. OCLC 47145828.
  3. ↑ Darevskii IS. 1967. Rock lizards of the Caucasus: systematics, ecology and phylogenesis of the polymorphic groups of Caucasian rock lizards of the subgenus Archaeolacerta. Nauka: Leningrad [in Russian: English translation published by the Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi, 1978].
  4. ↑ Tarkhnishvili DN (2012) Evolutionary History, Habitats, Diversification, and Speciation in Caucasian Rock Lizards. In: Advances in Zoology Research, Volume 2 (ed. Jenkins OP), Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge (NY), p.79-120
  5. ↑ Čerňanský, Andrej; Smith, Krister T. (2017-05-24). "Eolacertidae: a new extinct clade of lizards from the Palaeogene; with comments on the origin of the dominant European reptile group – Lacertidae". Historical Biology. 30 (7): 994–1014. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1327530. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 49546941.
  6. 1 2 Čerňanský, Andrej; Augé, Marc Louis; Phelizon, Alain (2020-01-02). "Dawn of Lacertids (Squamata, Lacertidae): New Finds from the Upper Paleocene and the Lower Eocene". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (1): e1768539. Bibcode:2020JVPal..40E8539C. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1768539. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 221749442.
  7. ↑ Čerňanský, Andrej; Augé, Marc Louis (2019-12-12). "The Oligocene and Miocene fossil lizards (Reptilia, Squamata) of Central Mongolia". Geodiversitas. 41 (1): 811. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a24. ISSN 1280-9659.
  8. ↑ Tamar, Karin; Carranza, Salvador; Sindaco, Roberto; Moravec, Jiří; Trape, Jean-François; Meiri, Shai (October 2016). "Out of Africa: Phylogeny and biogeography of the widespread genus Acanthodactylus (Reptilia: Lacertidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 103: 6–18. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.003. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 27395778.
  9. ↑ Arnold, E. Nicholas; Arribas, Oscar; Carranza, Salvador (2007). Systematics of the Palaearctic and Oriental lizard tribe Lacertini (Squamata: Lacertidae: Lacertinae), with descriptions of eight new genera (PDF). Vol. 1430. pp. 1–86. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1430.1.1. ISBN 978-1-86977-097-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2017. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Baeckens, Simon (January 2015). "Chemical signalling in lizards: an interspecific comparison of femoral pore numbers in Lacertidae". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 114: 44–57. doi:10.1111/bij.12414. hdl:10067/1205040151162165141.
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