In literature

The lich developed from monsters found in earlier classic sword and sorcery fiction, which is filled with powerful sorcerers who use their magic to triumph over death. Many of Clark Ashton Smith's short stories feature powerful wizards whose magic enables them to return from the dead. Several stories by Robert E. Howard, such as the novella Skull-Face (1929) and the short story "Scarlet Tears", feature undying sorcerers who retain a semblance of life through mystical means, their bodies reduced to shriveled husks with which they manage to maintain inhuman mobility and active thought.^[5] Gary Gygax, one of the co-creators of Dungeons & Dragons, stated that he based the description of a lich included in the game on the short story "The Sword of the Sorcerer" (1969) by Gardner Fox.^[6][7] The term lich, used as an archaic word for corpse (or body), is commonly used in these stories. Ambrose Bierce's tale of possession "The Death of Halpin Frayser" features the word in its introduction, referring to a corpse. H. P. Lovecraft also used the word in "The Thing on the Doorstep" (published 1937) where the narrator refers to the corpse of his friend possessed by a sorcerer.^[8] Other imagery surrounding demiliches, in particular that of a jeweled skull, is drawn from the early Fritz Leiber story "Thieves' House".^[9]

In print

• Acererak is the final boss of the classic Dungeons and Dragons adventure module Tomb of Horrors;^[10][11] Acererak was also featured as the guardian of the Copper Key in the book Ready Player One by Ernest Cline.^[12]
• In the webcomic The Order of the Stick, the main villain Xykon is a lich.^[13]
• In the Harry Potter series, the main antagonist Voldemort commands armies of undead inferi and uses magical devices called horcruxes to store fragments of his soul in order to allow him to resurrect himself in the event that his body dies.^[4][14]

Film and television

• In the Adventure Time television series, the main antagonist is an evil, powerful undead being known simply as "The Lich".^[15][16][17] He describes himself as an ancient, cosmic being who is the manifestation of the inevitable death of all things.

Tabletop

• In the Dungeons & Dragons game, a lich is a spellcaster who seeks to defy death by magical means.^[18][19]
• Liches also appear in other fantasy settings that draw upon D&D for inspiration, such as:
  • 13th Age^[20]
  • Pathfinder Roleplaying Game^[21][22]
  • Warhammer Fantasy^[23]

Video games

• Liches are prominent in the Might and Magic series of video games, appearing primarily as enemies, but also as playable characters in several installments. They are equally prevalent in the spin-off series Heroes of Might and Magic, where they appear in most installments as recruitable creatures, but also as heroes. One of the most prolific liches in New World Computing's old continuity was Sandro, appearing in many titles and referenced in many more.^[24] The primary antagonist of Heroes of Might and Magic III: Restoration of Erathia is also a lich: the former king of Erathia raised by necromancers.
• The Baldur's Gate series of video games includes several liches, as powerful but optional boss fights.^[25][26]
• Warcraft III and World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King features the continent of Northrend, the realm of the eponymous Lich King and his undead minions.^[27] Arthas Menethil, also known as the Lich King, one of the most prominent antagonists in Warcraft lore, appears as a raid boss in the Wrath of the Lich King expansion, as well as a playable character in the crossover video game Heroes of the Storm.
• In the Dota series of video games, Lich is one of the playable heroes.^[28]
• In League of Legends, the champion Karthus embraced the gift of death and became a lich.^[29]
• In the video game Enter the Gungeon, a lich is the final boss located in Bullet Hell.^[30]