Below are lists of the largest stars currently known, ordered by radius and separated into categories by galaxy. The unit of measurement used is the radius of the Sun (approximately 695,700 km; 432,300 mi).[1]

Overview

Four well-defined large red supergiants and their respective sizes, including S Persei, AH Scorpii, VY Canis Majoris, and WOH G64.

Although red supergiants are often considered the largest normal stars, some other stars were found to have temporary increase significantly in radius during a transcient event for a short time (in cosmic scale), such as LBV eruptions or red novae. Some examples include Eta Carinae A during its so-called "Great Eruption".[2] Luminous red novae during mergebursts appears to expand extremely rapidly, reaching thousands to tens of thousands of solar radii within only a few months, significantly larger than the largest red supergiants.[3]

Depending on models, several studies had predicted that high-accreting Population III or I supermassive stars (SMSs) in the very early universe could have evolved "red supergiant protostars" as high accretion rates would prevent stars to contract, resulting lower temperatures and radii reaching up to many tens of thousands of R☉, comparable to some of the largest known black holes.[4][5][6]

Angular diameters

The angular diameters of stars can be measured directly using stellar interferometry. Other methods can use lunar occultations or from eclipsing binaries, which can be used to test indirect methods of finding stellar radii. Only a few useful supergiant stars can be occulted by the Moon, including Antares A (Alpha Scorpii A). Examples of eclipsing binaries are Epsilon Aurigae (Almaaz), VV Cephei, and V766 Centauri (HR 5171). Angular diameter measurements can be inconsistent because the boundary of the very tenuous atmosphere (opacity) differs depending on the wavelength of light in which the star is observed.

Uncertainties remain with the membership and order of the lists, especially when deriving various parameters used in calculations, such as stellar luminosity and effective temperature. Often stellar radii can only be expressed as an average or be within a large range of values. Values for stellar radii vary significantly in different sources and for different observation methods.

All the sizes stated in these lists have inaccuracies and may be disputed. The lists are still a work in progress and parameters are prone to change.

Caveats

Various issues exist in determining accurate radii of the largest stars, which in many cases do display significant errors. The following lists are generally based on various considerations or assumptions; these include:

  • Stellar radii or diameters are usually derived only approximately using the Stefan–Boltzmann law for the deduced stellar luminosity and effective surface temperature.
  • Stellar distances, and their errors, for most stars, remain uncertain or poorly determined.
  • Many supergiant stars have extended atmospheres, and many are within opaque dust shells, making their true effective temperatures and surfaces highly uncertain.
  • Many extended supergiant atmospheres also significantly change in size over time, regularly or irregularly pulsating over several months or years as variable stars. This makes adopted luminosities poorly known and may significantly change the quoted radii.
  • Other direct methods for determining stellar radii rely on lunar occultations or from eclipses in binary systems. This is only possible for a very small number of stars.
  • Most distance estimates for red supergiants come from stellar cluster or association membership, because it is difficult to calculate accurate distances for red supergiants that are not part of any cluster or association.
  • In these lists are some examples of extremely distant extragalactic stars, which may have slightly different properties and natures than the currently largest known stars in the Milky Way. For example, some red supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds are suspected to have slightly different limiting temperatures and luminosities. Such stars may exceed accepted limits by undergoing large eruptions or changing their spectral types over just a few months (or potentially years).[7][8]

Lists

The following lists show the largest known stars based on the host galaxy.

Milky Way

List of the largest known stars in the Milky Way
Star name Solar radii
(Sun = 1)		 Method[lower-alpha 1] Notes
Orbit of Saturn 2,047–2,049.9[9][lower-alpha 2] Reported for reference
WOH G64 (For comparison) 1,540[10][11][12][13] ± 77[10] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud.

Possibly the largest known star.[10][11][14][12]

Theoretical limit of star size (Milky Way) ~1,500[15] This value comes from the rough average radii of the three largest stars studied in the paper. It is consistent with the largest possible stellar radii predicted from the current evolutionary theory, and it is believed that stars above this radius would be too unstable and simply do not form.[15]
Reported for reference
RSGC1-F01 1,436,[16] 1,450,[17] 1,530+330
−424[18]		 L/Teff
VY Canis Majoris 1,420±120[19][20][21] AD An extreme oxygen-rich red hypergiant that has experienced two dimmming periods in the 20th century where the star became dimmer by up to 2.5 magnitudes.[22] Potentially the largest known star in the Milky Way.[20]
CM Velorum 1,416.24+0.40
−0.96[23]		 L/Teff
AH Scorpii 1,411±124[24][25] AD
RSGC1-F06 1,382+298
−384[18]		 L/Teff
Stephenson 2 DFK 2 1,301+259
−325[18]		 L/Teff Another red supergiant, Stephenson 2 DFK 1 has an estimated radius of 2,150 R☉. However, its luminosity is significantly above the Humphreys-Davidson limit and it is likely not a member of the Stephenson 2 cluster.[18][26]
Stephenson 2 DFK 49 1,300+258
−323[18]		 L/Teff A K-type star similar to the yellow hypergiant IRC +10420 that has left its red supergiant stage.[18]
CD-26 5055 1,280+20
−123[23]		 L/Teff
AS Cephei 1,263+19
−9[23]		 L/Teff
RSGC1-F10 1,246+264
−337[18]		 L/Teff
Westerlund 1 W237 (Westerlund 1 BKS B) 1,241±70[27] L/Teff
S Persei 1,212[28] – 1,364±6[29] AD
IRC -10414 ~1,200[30] L/Teff
V517 Monocerotis 1,196+80
−159[23]		 L/Teff
PZ Cassiopeiae 1,190±238(–1,940±388),[15] 1,364[31] L/Teff
RSGC1-F05 1,185+254
−325[18]		 L/Teff
GCIRS 7 1,170±60[32]–1,368,[33] 1,359[34] AD & L/Teff
Westerlund 1 W26 (Westerlund 1 BKS AS) 1,165±58–1,221±120[27] L/Teff
EV Carinae 1,165[35] L/Teff
RSGC1-F08 1,150+234
−297[18]		 L/Teff
HD 143183 1,147[36] L/Teff
V354 Cephei 1,139[31] L/Teff
MY Cephei 1,135[37] L/Teff
RSGC1-F02 1,499,[16] 1,128+238
−303,[18] 1,500[17]		 L/Teff
VX Sagitarii 1,120 – 1,550,[38] 1,200,[39] 1,356,[40] 1,400[41] L/Teff The most luminous known Asymptotic giant branch star.[40] Widely recognised as being among the largest known stars.[42]
Orbit of Jupiter 1,114.5–1,115.8[9][lower-alpha 2] Reported for reference
RW Cygni 1,103+251
−177[43]		 AD
RSGC1-F04 1,082,[16] 1,100,[17] 1,422+305
−390[18]		 L/Teff
RT Carinae 1,090±218[15] L/Teff
V384 Persei 1,088[44] L/Teff
UU Persei 1,079+9
−8[23]		 L/Teff
R Fornacis 1,078[44] L/Teff
LL Pegasi 1,074[45] L/Teff
V396 Centauri 1,070±214[15]–1,145.31[46] L/Teff & ?
HD 126577 1,066+9
−32[23]		 L/Teff
V766 Centauri Aa 1,060–1,160[47] ? V766 Centauri Aa is a rare variable yellow hypergiant.
V1300 Aquilae (IRC -10529) 1,059[48] L/Teff
HaroChavira 1 1,058[49] L/Teff
VV Cephei A 1,050[50] AD Widely recognised as being among the largest known stars.[42]
WX Piscium 1,044[48] L/Teff
KU Andromedae (IRC +40004) 1,044[48] L/Teff
RSGC1-F11 1,032+210
−267[18]		 L/Teff
BC Cygni 1,031[49]–1,187+34
−37[23]		 L/Teff A more detailed but older study gives values of 1,081 R☉ (856–1,375) for the year 2000, and 1,303 R☉ (1,021–1,553) for the year 1900.[51]
KY Cygni 1,032[49]–(1,420±284–2,850±570)[15] L/Teff
RW Leonis Minoris 1,028[48] L/Teff
V346 Puppis 1,025[44] L/Teff
RSGC1-F13 1,017+221
−286,[18] 1,430,[17] 1,097[16]		 L/Teff
V602 Carinae 1,015[52] – 1,050±165[53] AD
CK Carinae 1,013–1,060±212[15] L/Teff
KW Sagittarii 1,009±142[24][25] AD
RSGC1-F07 1,006+215
−276[18]		 L/Teff
V349 Carinae 1,002+12
−74[23]		 L/Teff
IRAS 18111-2257 ~1,000[54] (~8×1013 – 1×1014 cm) L/Teff Estimated based on the bolometric luminosity and assumed effective temperature of 2,000 K. Another period-luminosity-derived luminosity for this star results in a radius of 1,730 R☉.[54]
RSGC1-F09 996+210
−269[18]		 L/Teff
MSX6C G086.5890-00.7718 (975+175
−183–1,035+186
−158)[55]–1,196.91+6.31
−6.35[23]		 L/Teff Lower values based on the Gaia DR3 effective temperature and the luminosity of Levesque et al. (2005) and that of Messineo & Brown (2019). Higher value based on the GSP Phot-Aeneas library using BR/RP spectra in Gaia DR3.
μ Cephei (Herschel's Garnet Star) 972±228,[56] 1,000 – 1,200,[57] 1,259,[58] 1,420,[15][57] 1,500[42] AD Widely recognised as being among the largest known stars.[42]
V3953 Sagittarii (IRC -30398) 970[48] L/Teff
S Aurigae 957[44] L/Teff
RSGC1-F12 955+204
−262[18]		 L/Teff
RSGC1-F03 942+179
−222,[18] 1,200,[17] 1,167[16]		 L/Teff
V384 Persei 937[48] L/Teff
GX Monocerotis 931[48] L/Teff
S Cassiopeiae 920[48] L/Teff
NV Aurigae (IRC +50137) 918[48] L/Teff
Stephenson 2 DFK 5 911[18] L/Teff
V1111 Ophiuchi (IRC +10365) 902[48] L/Teff
RW Cephei 900–1,760,[59] 940[60] AD & L/Teff
NSV 25875 891[61] L/Teff
T Lyrae 876[48] L/Teff
Trumpler 27 MMU 1 875.86+5.5
−11.83[23]		 L/Teff
V437 Scuti 874[61] L/Teff
V1417 Aquilae 866[62] L/Teff
V669 Cassiopeiae 859[61] L/Teff
FX Serpentis 857[44] L/Teff
Westerlund 1 W20 (Westerlund 1 BKS D) 858±48[27] L/Teff
Stephenson 2 DFK 3 855[18] L/Teff
BI Cygni 851[63]–1,240±248[15] L/Teff
VLH96 A 833[64] L/Teff
V1185 Scorpii 830[61] L/Teff
R Cygni 825[48] L/Teff
6 Geminorum 821[29] L/Teff
AZ Cygni 814+175
−124[43]–911+57
−50[65]		 AD Estimated based on data from the CHARA array, higher value is an average of calculated radii based on the LDD angular diameter. Another paper estimates 856+20
−14 R☉ (2011), 927+21
−15 R☉ (2012), 890+21
−15 R☉ (2014), 895+21
−15 R☉ (2015) and 890+21
−15 R☉ (2016) based on the same data.[29]
HaroChavira 2 813[49] L/Teff
U Arietis 801±205[66] AD
RT Ophiuchi 801±217[67] AD
II Lupi 795[62] L/Teff
BO Carinae 790±158[15] L/Teff
SU Persei 780±156[15]–1,139+34
−23[29]		 L/Teff Higher value is one of three radii (1,139+34
−23 R☉ (2015), 1,044+31
−21 R☉ (August 2016) and 1,095+33
−22 R☉ (October 2016)) measured from observations by the CHARA array.
RV Aquarii 772[48] L/Teff
T Cancri 770[44] L/Teff
GP Cassiopeiae 771.74+0.23
−0.86[23]		 L/Teff
RS Persei 770±30[68] AD
V355 Cephei 770±154[15] L/Teff
V Cygni 770[62] L/Teff
GU Cephei A 767[46] ?
Betelgeuse (α Orionis) 764+116
−62,[69] 944 ± 157,[70] 1,021,[71] 1,074+232
−165,[70] 1,259,[70] 1,268,[70] 1,285,[70] ~1,300,[70] 1,409+319
−229[72][70]		 ? Tenth brightest star in the night sky.[73] Widely recognised as being among the largest known stars,[42] radius decreased to ~500 R☉ during the 2020 great dimming event.[74]
IRAS 10176-5802 751.2+0.4
−0.6[23]–(793+281
−152–849+172
−133)[55]		 L/Teff Lower value based on the GSP Phot-Aeneas library using BR/RP spectra in Gaia DR3. Higher values based on the Gaia DR3 effective temperature and the luminosity of Levesque et al. (2005) and that of Messineo & Brown (2019).
HD 303250 750±150[15] L/Teff
GY Aquilae 748[25] – 920[41]
RU Virginis 745[44] L/Teff
TT Centauri 744[48] L/Teff
UU Pegasi 742±193[67] AD
RSGC3-S3 735[18] L/Teff
Stephenson 2 DFK 10 730[18] L/Teff
RSGC3-S15 728[18] L/Teff
Westerlund 1 W75 (Westerlund 1 BKS E) 722±36[27] L/Teff
V Camelopardalis 716±185[67] AD
S Cephei 715[44] L/Teff
V923 Centauri 716[46] ?
S Canis Minoris 710[75]
GCIRS 12N 703 ± 107[76] L/Teff
V528 Carinae 700±140[15] L/Teff
The following well-known stars are listed for the purpose of comparison.
Antares A (α Scorpii) 680[77] AD Fourteenth brightest star in the night sky.[73] Widely recognised as being among the largest known stars.[42]
119 Tauri (CE Tauri, Ruby Star) 587 – 593[78] AD
CW Leonis 560[79] L/Teff The nearest carbon star.
Unurgunite (σ Canis Majoris) 420±84[15] L/Teff
V838 Monocerotis 364[80] L/Teff During the 2002 Red Nova, the star's radius may have increased up to 3,190 R☉.[81]
La Superba (Y Canum Venaticorum) 342[82] AD
Mira A (ο Ceti) 332–402[83] AD
Orbit of Mars 322–323.1[9][lower-alpha 2] Reported for reference
Pistol Star (V4647 Sagittarii) 306[84] ?
R Doradus 298±21[85] AD The extrasolar star with the largest apparent size.
Rasalgethi A (α Herculis) 284±60 (264–303)[86] L/Teff
Cygnus OB2#12 246[87] ? One of the most massive and luminous stars known.
η Carinae 240[88] ? During the 1843 Great Eruption, the star's radius may have increased up to 4,319–6,032 R☉.[2]
Wezen (δ Canis Majoris) 215±66[89] AD Thirty-sixth brightest star in the night sky.[73]
Orbit of Earth (~1 AU) 214[9][lower-alpha 2] Reported for reference
Enif (ε Pegasi) 210.4–210.7[90] ?
Suhail (λ Velorum) 210[91] ?
Deneb (α Cygni) 203±17[92] ? Eighteenth brightest star in the night sky.[73]
Orbit of Venus 158.6[9][lower-alpha 2] Reported for reference
Gacrux (γ Crucis) 120[93] Twenty-sixth brightest star in the night sky.
Orbit of Mercury 82.9–84.6[9][lower-alpha 2] Reported for reference
Rigel (β Orionis) 78.9 ± 7.4[94] Seventh brightest star in the night sky.
Canopus (α Carinae) 73.3[95] Second brightest star in the night sky.
Aldebaran (α Tauri) 45.1[96] Fourteenth brightest star in the night sky.
Arcturus (α Boötis) 25.4 ± 0.2[97] This is the nearest red giant to the Earth, and the fourth brightest star in the night sky.
Pollux (β Geminorum) 9.06 ± 0.03[98] The nearest giant star to the Earth.
Regulus A (α Leonis) 4.35 ± 0.1[98] The nearest B-type star to the Earth.
Vega (α Lyrae) 2.726±0.006 × 2.418±0.012[99] Fifth brightest star in the night sky.[73]
Sirius A (α Canis Majoris) 1.711[100] The brightest star in the night sky.
Rigil Kentaurus (α Centauri) 1.2175[101] Third brightest star in the night sky.
Sun 1 The largest object in the Solar System.

Magellanic Clouds

List of the largest known stars in the Magellanic Clouds
Star name Solar radii
(Sun = 1)		 Galaxy Method[lower-alpha 1] Notes

L/Teff

WOH G64 1,540[10][11][12][13] ± 77[10] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff Surrounded by a large dust cloud.[102][103] Possibly the largest known star.[10][11][14][12]
WOH S170 1,461[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
HD 269551 1,439[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
HV 12463 1,420[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
HV 888 1,374[104]–1,584[13]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
IRAS 05280–6910 1,367[105] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff The most reddened object in the Large Magellanic Cloud.[13]
LMC 23095 1,280[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
MSX LMC 597 1,278[106]–1,444[13]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
OGLE BRIGHT-LMC-LPV-52 1,275[104]–1,384[106]Large Magellanic Cloud
HV 2834 1,253[106]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 145013 1,243[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
IRAS 05346-6949 1,211[107] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff It has an estimated mass-loss rate of 0.0017 M☉ (566 Earths) per year, the highest for any star.[107]
HV 5618 1,163[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
HV 2242 1,160[108] – 1,180[104] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 25320 1,156[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
W60 B90 (WOH S264) 1,149[106]–1,390+130
−110[11]		 Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff Further investigation is needed to constrain the luminosity and radius with more certainty.[11]
SMC 18592 1,129[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
MSX SMC 018 1,119[107] Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC252 1,117[104]–1,164[106]Large Magellanic Cloud
LMC045 1,112[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 21-12 1,103[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
MSX LMC 810 1,104[106]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH S338 1,100[108] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 136042 1,092[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 175188 1,090[104]–1,317[106]Large Magellanic Cloud
IRAS 04516-6902 1,085 – 1,283[105] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH S274 1,071[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 46-2 1,071[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
[W60] D44 1,063[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
HV 12233 1,057[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
MSX LMC 589 1,051[106] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
MSX LMC 947 1,050[106]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 144217 1,039[104]Large Magellanic Cloud
SP77 31-18 1,038[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
IRAS 05402-6956 1,032[105] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
IRAS 04509-6922 (1,027-2,249)[105]–1,187[106] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
HV 2255 1,027[104]–1,236[106]Large Magellanic Cloud
TRM 36 1,019[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 175549 1,005[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
TRM 89 1,004[104]–1,526[106]Large Magellanic Cloud
LMC 149767 994[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
UCAC2 2674864 (HV 2834) 990+115
−100[11]		 Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
HV 996 988[104]–1,176[106]Large Magellanic Cloud
W61 8-88 986[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
HV 2362 982[104] – 1,030[108] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
MG73 59 979[109] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff A yellow supergiant.
HD 268757 979[109] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff A G8 yellow hypetgiant.
SMC 56389 976[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 136404 974[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 46-32 973[104]–1,133[106]Large Magellanic Cloud
HV 2084 967[104]–1,083[106]Small Magellanic Cloud
WOH S74 965[104]–1,014[106]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SMC 10889 963[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
TRM 67 951[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LHA 120-S 26 951[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 139413 951[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
TRM 87 947[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 148035 947[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
HV 12802 946[104]–1,377[106]Large Magellanic Cloud
SMC 18136 945[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 142202 943[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 147199 939[104] – 990[108] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 37-24 936[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 148381 932[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 170452 920[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 44-5 918[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 66778 915[104] – 990[108] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
NGC371 R20 913[110]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 150040 911[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
HV 2236 911[104]–971[106]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
TRM 108 906[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 169142 902[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH S457 902±45[111] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
IRAS 04498-6842 (LI-LMC 60) (898-1,660)[105] – 1,137[106] – 1,765,[13] 1,224[104] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff Lower value derived from fitting models that assume the star's effective temperature to be 3,400 K. Higher value based on the measured effective temperature from van Loon et al. (2005). A newer paper estimates parameters that would result in a radius of 1,765 R☉.[13]
LMC 135720 898[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SMC 81961 892[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 44-19 891[104]–1,297[106]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 45-49 890[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 175464 892[106]–982[104]Large Magellanic Cloud
SMC 49478 888[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
HV 12185 890+55
−65[11]		 Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 45-53 885[106]–981[104]Large Magellanic Cloud
LMC 170079 882[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SMC 5092 880[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
HV 12793 880+45
−65[11]		 Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
W61 21-22 877[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 35-1 877[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
UCAC3 43-23216 873[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
HV 11423 872[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH S57 875+70
−60[11]		 Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 53-3 870[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 36-14 870[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 31-19 870[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 158646 865[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 31-20 864[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 113364 864[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SMC 83202 864[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 175746 863[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC207 863[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 29-8 858[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 54-38 859[106]–911[104]Large Magellanic Cloud
LMC 174714 855[104]–965[106]Large Magellanic Cloud
LMC 176135 854[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC178 845[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 31-26 845[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 106201 844[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 48-13 838[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
MSX LMC 1318 837[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 28-13 835[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 143898 833[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
TYC 9161-866-1 833[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SMC 59803 829[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 157401 828[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 39-22 828[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH S52 828[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 30-22 826[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 145728 826[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 169049 825[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 46-34 825[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 177997 825[106]–867[104]Large Magellanic Cloud
SP77 28-2 825±60[11] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 22-9 823[104] – 850[108] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
Z Doradus 824±108[111]–956[106] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH S421 822[104]–840[106]Large Magellanic Cloud
LMC 72727 822[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 37-28 821[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
MSX LMC 575 816[104]–933[106]Large Magellanic Cloud
LMC 143035 815[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH S49 815[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
HD 269723 814[109]–829[112] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff A yellow hypergiant.
SP77 52-28 812[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SHV 0520422-693821 808[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
HD 268850 808[106]–898[104]Large Magellanic Cloud
SMC 20133 809[106]–835[104]Small Magellanic Cloud
SMC 25888 804[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 55-20 803[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
PGMW 1058 800[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 145112 798[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SMC 47757 795[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 175709 794[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SMC 46497 794[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH S60 789[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH S102 789[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 164709 787[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 31-28 787[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
TRM 73 787[106]–816[104]Large Magellanic Cloud
SP77 31-21 784[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SMC 8930 784[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
PMMR 62 784[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 46-31 782[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC211 780[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 140403 778[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 134383 778[104]–803[106]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 47-11 778[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 40-7 778[104] – 810[108] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
W61 19-24 780+50
−70[11]		 Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH S28 780[108] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 141568 776[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 51-2 776[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 31-43 773[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
MSX LMC 833 773[104]–849[106]Large Magellanic Cloud
SP77 52-32 772[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 22-10 767[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 48-6 768[112] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SMC 12322 765[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH S517 764[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH S183 763[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC256 762[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 154311 762[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 119219 762[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH S452 762±275[111] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
MSX SMC 024 761[106]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH S282 758[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 64048 758[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
PGMW 3160 758[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH S438 757±211[111] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 61753 755[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 140296 754[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH S478 753[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 139027 751[104] – 790[108] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 45-16 749[104] – 800[108] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 37-20 749[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 54-27 750[108] – 758[104] – 800[108] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 155529 747[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 143877 746[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SMC 64663 745[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH G302 745[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
TRM 65 743[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
HV 12149 741[104]–767[106]Small Magellanic Cloud
SMC 50840 740[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SMC 46662 740[104]–874[106]Small Magellanic Cloud
SP77 29-11 738[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SMC 30616 737[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 162635 736[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 39-17 736[104] – 760[108] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 163466 734[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
HV 2310 734[106]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 44-17 732[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 38-5a 732[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 67982 730[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LHA 120-S 129 730[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
PMMR 64 730+75
−65[11]		 Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 51-15 727[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 168757 725[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 163007 725[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
W61 8-14 724[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
IRAS 05425-6914 724[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SMC 55188 724[104]Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 44-13 721[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
MSX LMC 905 719[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 147928 719[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LH 43-15 719[104] – 740[108] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
PMMR 116 717[112] Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 123778 715[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH S314 714[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 61-23 713[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
WOH S230 713[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 150396 710[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 48-17 709[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 165242 707[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 51-19 707[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 170539 707[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC 154729 705[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
OGLE BRIGHT-LMC-LPV-101 703[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
MSX SMC 055 702[110]–1,557+215
−130[106]		 Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff A super-AGB candidate.
LMC 168290 702[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
LMC180 702[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
SP77 45-2 702[104]Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff
The following well-known stars are listed for the purpose of comparison.
HV 2112 675 – 1,193[113] Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff It has been previously considered to be a possible Thorne–Żytkow object.[113]
HV 11417 673[106]–798[104] Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff Candidate Thorne-Zytkow object.[113]
HD 269953 647[109]–720[112] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff A yellow hypergiant.
HD 33579 471[112] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff The brightest star in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
S Doradus 100[114] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff A luminous blue variable in the S Doradus instability strip.
HD 37974 99[115] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff An unusual blue hypergiant with a large dusty disk.[115]
R136a1 42.7+1.6
−0.9[116]		 Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff One of the most luminous and most massive stars.
BAT 99-98 37.5[117] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff One of the most luminous and most massive stars.
HD 5980 A 24[118] Small Magellanic Cloud L/Teff A luminous blue variable and one of the most luminous stars.

Andromeda (M31) and Triangulum (M33) galaxies

List of the largest known stars in Andromeda and Triangulum galaxies
Star name Solar radii
(Sun = 1)		 Galaxy Method[lower-alpha 1] Notes
WOH G64 (For comparison) 1540[10][11][12][13] ± 77[10] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud.

Possibly the largest known star.[10][11][14][12]

LGGS J013418.56+303808.6 1,363[119] Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013414.27+303417.7 1,342[119]–1,479[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004514.91+413735.0 1,324[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004125.23+411208.9 1,302[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013350.62+303230.3 1,283[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004312.43+413747.1 1,279[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J003951.33+405303.7 1,272[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004124.80+411634.7 1,240[120] Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013416.52+305155.4 1,227[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004416.83+411933.2 1,209[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004531.13+414825.7 1,201[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
2MASS J01343365+3046547 1,196[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013409.63+303907.6 1,182[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004133.18+411217.2 1,180[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004455.90+413035.2 1,172[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013352.96+303816.0 1,163[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004047.22+404445.5 1,162[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004254.18+414033.6 1,154[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004428.48+415130.9 1,130[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013414.27+303417.7 1,129[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004035.08+404522.3 1,122[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013341.98+302102.0 1,119[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013307.37+304543.2 1,119[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004218.33+412633.9 1,111[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004102.54+403426.5 1,108[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013335.90+303344.5 1,104[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013358.54+303419.9 1,103[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013414.49+303511.6 1,102[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013336.64+303532.3 1,102[104]–1,408[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004259.34+413726.0 1,094[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004509.98+414627.5 1,089[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013241.94+302047.5 1,083[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004034.74+404459.6 1,078[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004059.50+404542.6 1,071[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013430.75+303218.8 1,067[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013412.27+305314.1 1,063[104]–1,066[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013328.17+304741.5 1,063[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004524.97+420727.2 1,059[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013233.77+302718.8 1,058[104]–1,129[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004125.72+411212.7 1,058[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004114.18+403759.8 1,058[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013307.60+304259.0 1,051[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004103.67+410211.8 1,047[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013305.48+303138.5 1,046[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004442.41+412649.5 1,040[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013403.87+303753.2 1,040[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013351.47+303640.3 1,034[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004306.62+413806.2 1,028[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013303.54+303201.2 1,027[104]–1,131[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004234.41+405855.9 1,023[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004051.31+404421.7 1,022[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004031.00+404311.1 1,011[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013406.20+303913.6 1,009[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013344.10+304425.1 1,007[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004307.36+405852.2 1,007[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013407.13+303929.5 994[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013312.35+303033.9 993[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013330.05+303145.9 988[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013350.84+304403.1 984[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013329.47+301848.3 981[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004148.74+410843.0 981[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004415.76+411750.7 977[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004127.44+411240.7 977[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013312.75+303946.1 975[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004027.36+410444.9 973[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013434.35+302627.3 973[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013423.29+305655.0 993[104]–972[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013319.13+303642.5 970[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004305.77+410742.5 969[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013403.73+304202.4 965[104]–1,032[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004346.10+411138.8 962[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004419.20+412343.7 959[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013353.91+302641.8 959[104]–1,008[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013315.23+305329.0 958[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013315.23+305329.0 956[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004138.35+412320.7 954[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004419.45+411749.5 950[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013413.95+303339.6 948[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013336.42+303530.9 947[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004047.82+410936.4 943[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013258.18+303606.3 943[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004447.74+413050.0 938[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
2MASS J01343131+3046088 938[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004346.18+411515.0 936[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004304.62+410348.4 936[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004458.28+413154.3 933[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004102.82+410422.3 933[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013344.33+303636.0 932[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004631.49+421133.1 932[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013321.44+304045.4 932[104]–1,015[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013358.04+304900.1 931[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013314.31+302952.9 1,067[104]–930[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013315.97+303153.7 929[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004126.14+403346.5 927[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004347.31+411203.6 925[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004252.78+405627.5 923[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013411.54+303312.6 918[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013357.08+303817.8 918[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J003943.89+402104.6 917[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004503.35+413026.3 916[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013338.97+303828.9 915[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013330.27+303510.6 915[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004033.06+404303.1 912[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004357.15+411136.6 911[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004406.60+411536.6 911[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013312.38+302453.2 911[104]–952[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004451.76+420006.0 911[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013322.82+301910.9 934[104]–911[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013355.56+304120.9 908[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004034.40+403627.4 907[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J003910.56+402545.6 906[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004142.43+411814.1 906[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013316.57+303051.9 902[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013245.59+303518.7 900[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004034.67+404322.5 898[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004027.65+405126.7 898[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004322.75+411101.8 895[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004116.47+410813.7 895[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013306.33+303208.2 894[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004039.12+404252.3 894[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004433.96+415414.8 893[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013454.31+304109.8 891[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004030.64+404246.2 890[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004252.67+413615.2 889[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013349.94+302928.8 888[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
2MASS J01335010+3039106 886[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013357.37+304558.7 886[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013338.77+303532.9 885[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013359.20+303212.1 884[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013340.42+303131.3 880[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004511.40+413717.8 880[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013352.16+303902.2 880[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004219.25+405116.4 880[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004331.90+411145.0 880[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
2MASS J01333718+3038206 879[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013415.42+302816.4 876[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013345.01+302105.1 876[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004107.23+411636.8 870[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013417.83+303356.0 867[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004120.25+403838.1 867[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004402.38+412114.9 866[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
2MASS J01334194+3038565 866[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013309.10+303017.8 865[104]–933[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004429.36+412307.8 862[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013310.20+303314.4 861[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004404.60+412729.8 860[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J003907.69+402859.5 860[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004219.64+412736.1 859[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J003949.31+402049.1 859[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013310.16+302726.3 855[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004036.97+403412.4 855[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013343.68+304450.7 855[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013409.10+303351.8 854[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013407.11+303918.7 854[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004107.11+411635.6 854[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013400.01+304622.2 852[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013327.14+303917.4 851[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013339.79+304032.2 850[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004501.30+413922.5 850[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004450.87+412924.3 850[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004040.69+405908.1 850[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J003942.92+402051.1 850[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
2MASS J01335092+3040481 850[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013315.19+305319.8 847[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013416.89+305158.3 845[104]–920[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004415.17+415640.6 845[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004424.94+412322.3 844[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013331.93+301952.9 838[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004406.16+414846.4 836[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013445.65+303235.4 835[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004109.39+404901.9 834[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004423.83+414928.6 833[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013242.31+302113.9 833[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004030.48+404051.1 833[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004118.29+404940.3 832[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013414.17+304701.9 831[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013328.89+303058.0 831[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004107.70+403702.3 831[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J003925.67+404111.8 831[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004306.95+410038.2 826[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013408.81+304637.8 826[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013345.22+303138.2 826[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J003950.65+402531.8 825[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013427.65+305642.4 825[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013500.04+303703.8 823[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004108.42+410655.3 822[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013340.77+302108.7 821[104]–820[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004458.57+412925.1 821[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013309.97+302727.5 973[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004124.81+411206.1 819[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013401.65+303128.7 819[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013455.65+304349.0 816[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013310.60+302301.8 816[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004544.71+414331.9 815[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004119.35+410836.4 813[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013436.65+304517.1 814[104]–812[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013301.79+303954.3 812[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013328.85+310041.7 810[104]–909[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013401.08+303432.2 809[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004036.45+403613.1 808[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004521.53+413758.6 807[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004432.38+415149.9 807[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013306.95+303506.1 807[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff Contradictory classification in literature, it has been considered a candidate LBV, a RSG or a BSG.
LGGS J013242.26+302114.1 807[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013321.94+304112.0 806[104]–829[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013304.56+303043.2 804[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004331.73+414223.0 803[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004044.17+410729.0 803[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013352.83+305605.2 803[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013343.30+303318.9 873[104]–803[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013342.61+303534.7 800[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013326.90+310054.2 800[104]–909[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013300.94+303404.3 798[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013416.06+303730.0 798[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004503.83+413737.0 797[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004503.83+413737.0 797[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004438.83+415253.0 794[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004235.88+405442.2 794[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004335.28+410959.7 794[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013402.32+303828.4 793[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004125.55+405034.8 792[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013507.43+304132.6 791[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013353.25+303918.7 791[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004308.71+410604.5 790[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013417.17+304826.6 789[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013310.71+302714.9 789[104]–884[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013432.36+304159.0 788[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004356.23+414641.8 788[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013340.77+302108.7 788[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013346.61+304125.4 786[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004447.08+412801.7 785[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004255.95+404857.5 785[120] Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013231.91+302329.1 783[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004110.32+410433.4 782[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004159.06+405718.7 780[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004241.10+413142.3 775[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013401.88+303858.3 776[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013445.12+305858.9 773[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004030.92+404329.3 773[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013359.57+303413.5 771[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004353.97+411255.6 771[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004029.03+403412.6 770[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004526.24+420047.5 767[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013348.44+302029.8 767[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004552.15+421003.5 767[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013320.75+303204.8 764[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013416.28+303353.5 763[104]–801[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013357.91+303338.9 763[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013253.14+303515.3 762[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004051.18+403053.4 762[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013402.57+303746.3 762[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013352.15+304006.4 762[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004427.07+415203.0 762[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004233.23+405917.0 762[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004156.96+405720.8 761[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004117.14+410843.7 761[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004109.61+404920.4 761[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J003930.09+402313.0 759[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013324.71+303423.7 758[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013317.40+303210.8 758[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013411.83+304631.0 756[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004417.75+420039.1 755[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004454.50+413007.8 755[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013348.77+304526.8 754[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004019.69+404912.2 754[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004340.32+411157.1 753[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013304.02+303215.2 753[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013409.16+303846.9 752[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013459.81+304156.9 751[104]–765[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013334.82+302029.1 751[104]–930[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013400.71+303422.3 750[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004224.65+412623.7 749[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013414.88+303401.2 749[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004343.33+414529.5 749[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004034.76+403648.9 749[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013353.53+303418.7 749[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004501.84+420259.2 747[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013409.70+303916.2 744[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013345.71+303609.8 744[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004342.75+411442.8 743[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013333.32+303147.2 741[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013338.97+303506.1 741[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013303.61+302841.5 741[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004201.12+412516.0 737[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004341.35+411213.8 734[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013438.76+304608.1 734[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013402.33+301749.2 734[104]–786[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
2MASS J01334180+3040207 732[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013354.32+301724.6 732[104]–854[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013334.23+303400.3 732[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013357.60+304113.3 730[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004614.57+421117.4 730[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004120.96+404125.3 730[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004228.46+405519.0 728[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004024.52+404444.8 728[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013349.75+304459.8 727[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013306.88+303004.6 727[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004358.00+412114.1 727[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004147.27+411537.8 727[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013407.23+304158.8 725[104]–833[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004519.82+415531.9 725[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004410.84+411538.8 725[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013407.38+305935.0 724[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004438.75+415553.6 724[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004324.16+411228.3 723[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004059.58+403815.6 723[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013327.40+304126.4 721[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013243.72+301912.5 721[104]–783[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
Gaia DR3 303379932695513216 720[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004558.92+414642.1 720[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004103.46+403633.2 717[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013324.89+301754.3 717[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004015.18+405947.7 716[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013414.53+303557.7 715[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013351.89+303853.5 715[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004458.82+413050.4 715[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013352.51+303942.2 715[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004124.91+411133.1 715[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004604.18+415135.4 713[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013305.17+303119.8 711[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004517.25+413948.2 711[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013349.86+303246.1 710[121]–795[119] Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff A yellow supergiant.
2MASS J01335929+3034435 709[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004230.32+405624.1 708[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004101.02+403506.1 708[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004119.21+411237.2 707[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004606.25+415018.9 707[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013442.05+304540.2 707[104]–707[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013431.84+302721.5 707[104]–717[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013304.68+304456.0 707[104]–739[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004432.27+415158.4 705[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
2MASS J01335131+3039149 704[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013339.46+302113.0 703[104]–748[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J003935.36+401946.4 703[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013343.03+303433.5 702[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J004505.87+413452.3 702[104]Andromeda Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013414.18+305248.0 701[104]–731[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013402.53+304107.7 701[104]–749[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013340.80+304248.5 701[104]–814[119]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
LGGS J013312.59+303252.5 701[104]Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff
The following well-known stars are listed for the purpose of comparison.
Var 83 150[122] Triangulum Galaxy L/Teff A luminous blue variable and one of the most luminous stars in M33.

Other galaxies (within the Local Group)

List of the largest known stars in other galaxies (within the Local Group)
Star name Solar radii
(Sun = 1)		 Galaxy Method[lower-alpha 1] Notes
WOH G64 (For comparison) 1540[10][11][12][13] ± 77[10] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud.

Possibly the largest known star.[10][11][14][12]

Sextans A 10 995±130[123] Sextans A L/Teff
WLM 02 883+284
−167[124]		 WLM L/Teff
Sextans A 5 870±145[123] Sextans A L/Teff
LeoA 7 785[125]Leo A L/Teff
Sextans A 7 710±100[123] Sextans A L/Teff

Outside the Local Group

Note that this list doesn't include the candidate JWST dark stars, with estimated radii of up to 61 astronomical units (13,000 R☉)[126] or Quasi-stars, with theoretical models suggesting that they could reach radii of up to 40,700 solar radii (189 au).[127]

List of the largest known stars in galaxies outside the Local Group
Star name Solar radii
(Sun = 1)		 Galaxy Group Method[lower-alpha 1] Notes
WOH G64 (For comparison) 1540[10][11][12][13] ± 77[10] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud.

Possibly the largest known star.[10][11][14][12]

NGC 2403 V14 1,260[128]NGC 2403M81 Group L/Teff
SPIRITS 14atl 1,134–1,477[129] Messier 83 Centaurus A/M83 Group L/Teff
SPIRITS 15ahp 1,098[129] NGC 2403 M81 Group L/Teff
Quyllur 965[130] L/Teff Likely the first red supergiant star at cosmological distances and is also discovered by James Webb Space Telescope.
M81 10584-25-2 851[128]Messier 81M81 Group L/Teff
M81 10584-13-3 843[128]Messier 81M81 Group L/Teff
[GKE2015] 7 729[131]NGC 300NGC 55 Group L/Teff
The following well-known stars are listed for the purpose of comparison.
Godzilla 430–2,365[132] Sunburst galaxy L/Teff The most luminous known star.[133]
Mothra 271[134] L/Teff A binary star at cosmological distances.
NGC 2363-V1 194–356[135] NGC 2366 M81 Group L/Teff

Transient events

During some transient events, such as red novae or LBV eruptions the star's radius can increase by a significant amount.

List of largest stars during transient events
Star or transient event name Solar radii
(Sun = 1)		 Year Galaxy Group Method Notes
AT 2017jfs 33,000[136] 2017 NGC 4470 L/Teff
SNhunt151 16,700[137] 2014 UGC 3165 LDC 331 L/Teff
SN 2015bh 16,400±2,600[138] 2015 NGC 2770 LDC 616 L/Teff
AT 2018hso 10,350[139] 2018 NGC 3729 M109 Group L/Teff
M51 OT2019-1 5,500[140] 2019 Whirlpool Galaxy M51 Group L/Teff
η Carinae 4,319 – 6,032[2] 1845 Milky Way Local Group L/Teff During the outburst, the star became the second brightest star in sky, reaching an apparent magnitude of between -0.8 and -1.0.[141]
AT 2010dn 4,130[142] 2010 NGC 3180 LDC 743 L/Teff
SN 2011fh 3,980[143] 2011 NGC 4806 Abell 3528 L/Teff
AT 2014ej 3,600[144] 2014 NGC 7552 Grus Quartet L/Teff
V838 Monocerotis 3,190[81] 2002 Milky Way Local Group L/Teff
SN2008S 3,020[142] 2008 NGC 6946 NGC 6946 Group L/Teff
SNhunt120 2,900[145][144] 2012 NGC 5775 Virgo Cluster L/Teff
AT 2017be 2,000[146] 2017 NGC 2537 L/Teff
WOH G64 (For comparison) 1540[10][11][12][13] ± 77[10] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud.

Possibly the largest known star.[10][11][14][12]

PHL 293B star 1,348 – 1,463[147] 2002 PHL 293B L/Teff
SNhunt248 ~850[148] 2014 NGC 5806 NGC 5846 Group L/Teff
R71 500[149] 2012 Large Magellanic Cloud Local Group L/Teff
SN 2000ch 500[150] 2000 NGC 3432 LDC 743 L/Teff
Godzilla 430 – 2,365[132] 2015 Sunburst galaxy ?
AT 2016blu ~330[151] 2012 – 2022 NGC 4559 Coma I Group L/Teff 19 outbursts were detected between 2012 and 2022. The star was likely relatively stable the decade before since no outbursts were detected from 1999 – 2009.[151]

SN Progenitors

List of largest supernova progenitors
Star or supernova name Solar radii
(Sun = 1)		 Year Galaxy Group Method Notes
SN 2020lfn 2,520+300
−370[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 SDSSCGB 18735.3 SDSSCGB 18735 L/Teff
SN 2019nvm 2,470+300
−320[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2019 UGC 10858 L/Teff
SN 2019ozf 2,370+400
−490[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2019 L/Teff
SN 2020dyu 2,300+460
−490[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 L/Teff
SN 2020acbm 2,230+330
−350[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 L/Teff
SN 2021yja 2,190+550
−660[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 NGC 1325 Eridanus Cluster L/Teff
SN 2020ufx 2,190+550
−600[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 L/Teff
SN 2020qvw 2,190+530
−630[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 L/Teff
SN 2018dfc 2,170+580
−680[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 LEDA 1704264 L/Teff
SN 2021apg 2,130+560
−680[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 UGC 8661 L/Teff
SN 2020pni 2,130+600
−730[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 UGC 9684 L/Teff
SN 2020nyb 2,130+450
−430[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 L/Teff
SN 2020mst 2,110+600
−650[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 L/Teff
SN 2020xhs 2,030+470
−530[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 L/Teff
SN 2020wzx 2,010+700
−890[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 L/Teff
SN 2020abue 2,000+430
−430[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 L/Teff
SN 2020aavm 1,930+590
−620[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 L/Teff
SN 2020uim 1,930+260
−240[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 L/Teff
SN 2021skn 1,840+780
−720[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2021 L/Teff
SN 2018fif 1,750+500
−470[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2018 UGC 85 USGC U007 L/Teff
SN 2020xva 1,520+430
−390[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 L/Teff
SN 2019ust 1,440+320
−300[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2019 UGC 548 L/Teff
SN 2021libn 1,200+400
−370[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2021 L/Teff
SN 2020afdi 1,200+240
−230[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 L/Teff
SN 2019eoh 1,100±130[152][lower-alpha 3] 2019 L/Teff
SN 2020faa 1,000[153] 2020 2MASS J14470904+7244157 L/Teff
SN 2023ixf 912+227
−222[154]–1,060±30[155]		 2023 Pinwheel galaxy M101 Group L/Teff
SN 2019oxn 780±120[152][lower-alpha 3] 2020 L/Teff
SN 2020jfo 700±10[156] 2020 Messier 61 Virgo Cluster L/Teff
SN 2020cxd 500+190
−140[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 NGC 6395 LDC 1246 L/Teff
SN 2020fqv 490+230
−240[152][lower-alpha 3]		 2020 NGC 4568 Virgo Cluster L/Teff
SN 2023axu 417±28[157] 2023 NGC 2283 L/Teff
SN 2020bio 100 – 500[158] 2020 NGC 5390 LDC 1006 L/Teff
SN 2021agco 78.37+25.59
−19.94, ~7,000 (during peak brightness)[159]		 2021 UGC 3855 LDC 506 L/Teff Nearest ultrastripped supernova known.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Methods for calculating the radius:
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 At the J2000 epoch
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Breakout radius of star just before its supernova

References

  1. ↑ Mamajek, E. E.; Prsa, A.; Torres, G.; Harmanec, P.; Asplund, M.; Bennett, P. D.; Capitaine, N.; Christensen-Dalsgaard, J.; Depagne, E.; Folkner, W. M.; Haberreiter, M. (October 2015). "IAU 2015 Resolution B3 on Recommended Nominal Conversion Constants for Selected Solar and Planetary Properties". arXiv:1510.07674 [astro-ph.SR].
  2. 1 2 3 Davidson, Kris (5 February 2020). "Radiation-Driven Stellar Eruptions". Galaxies. 8 (1): 10. arXiv:2009.02340. Bibcode:2020Galax...8...10D. doi:10.3390/galaxies8010010. ISSN 2075-4434.
  3. ↑ Rau, A.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Ofek, E. O.; Yan, L. (2007). "Spitzer Observations of the New Luminous Red Nova M85 OT2006-1". The Astrophysical Journal. 659 (2): 1536–1540. arXiv:astro-ph/0612161. Bibcode:2007ApJ...659.1536R. doi:10.1086/512672. S2CID 8913778.
  4. ↑ Haemmerlé, Lionel; Woods, T. E.; Klessen, Ralf S.; Heger, Alexander; Whalen, Daniel J. (2018). "The evolution of supermassive Population III stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 474 (2): 2757–2773. arXiv:1705.09301. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2919.
  5. ↑ Herrington, Nicholas P.; Whalen, Daniel J.; Woods, Tyrone E. (2023). "Modelling supermassive primordial stars with <SCP>mesa</SCP>". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 521: 463–473. arXiv:2208.00008. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad572.
  6. ↑ Haemmerlé, L.; Klessen, R. S.; Mayer, L.; Zwick, L. (2021). "Maximum accretion rate of supermassive stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 652: L7. arXiv:2105.13373. Bibcode:2021A&A...652L...7H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141376. S2CID 235247984.
  7. ↑ Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Plez, Bertrand; Meynet, Georges; Maeder, Andre (July 2006). "The Effective Temperatures and Physical Properties of Magellanic Cloud Red Supergiants: The Effects of Metallicity". The Astrophysical Journal. 645 (2): 1102–1117. arXiv:astro-ph/0603596. Bibcode:2006ApJ...645.1102L. doi:10.1086/504417. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 5150686.
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