Uroplatus
Uroplatus sikorae
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Family: Gekkonidae
Subfamily: Uroplatinae
Genus: Uroplatus
A.M.C. Duméril, 1806[2]
Species

21 species (see text)

Uroplatus is a genus of geckos, commonly referred to as leaf-tail geckos or flat-tailed geckos, which are endemic to Madagascar and its coastal islands, such as Nosy Be. They are nocturnal, insectivorous lizards found exclusively in primary and secondary forest.

Etymology

The generic name, Uroplatus, is a Latinization of two Greek words: "ourá" (οὐρά) meaning "tail" and "platys" (πλατύς) meaning "flat".[3]

Description

Geckos of the genus Uroplatus are nocturnal and arboreal. They range in total length (including tail) from about 30 cm (12 in) for U. giganteus to 10 cm (3.9 in) for U. ebenaui. Larger species of Uroplatus are distinguished among geckos in having the largest number of marginal teeth among all living amniotes. Their distinctive laryngotracheal complex has been used to defend their monophyly.[4] Other rare apomorphic character states include multiple inscriptional ribs, restriction of autotomy planes, and finger-like diverticula of the lungs.[5]

The skull of Uroplatus phantasticus.

All Uroplatus species have highly cryptic colouration, which acts as camouflage, most being grayish-brown to black or greenish-brown with various markings resembling tree bark. There are two variations of this camouflage: leaf form, and bark form. The leaf form is present in a number of small-bodied species. All other forms blend in well with tree bark upon which they rest during the day. Some of these tree bark forms have developed a flap of skin, running the length of the body, known as a "dermal flap", which they lay against the tree during the day, scattering shadows, and making their outline practically invisible. These geckos bear a resemblance to geckos of the genera Phyllurus and Saltuarius of Australia. This is an example of convergent evolution.

The skull of Uroplatus is strongly ossified, with an extremely high tooth count and incipient secondary palate.[6]

Ecology

Example of camouflage

Uroplatus geckos are exclusively nocturnal. The larger species spend most of the daylight hours hanging vertically on tree trunks, head down, resting, while the smaller leaf tailed geckos (U. phantasticus, U. ebenaui, U. finiavana, U. malama, U. fiera, U. fotsivava, and U. kelirambo) spend more time in bushes and small trees imitating twigs and leaves. They are all insectivores.

During their breeding season, female Uroplatus lay from 2–4 eggs depending on species and conditions.

Captivity

Uroplatus are found in the herpetology and pet trade, but rarely. Most are threatened by deforestation and habitat loss. The difficulty in diagnosing between species has led to accidental exportation of both threatened and undescribed species.[7]

Threats

Habitat destruction and deforestation in Madagascar is the primary threat to the future of Uroplatus geckos as well as collection for the pet trade.[8] The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) lists all of the Uroplatus species on their "Top ten most wanted species list" of animals threatened by illegal wildlife trade, because of it "being captured and sold at alarming rates for the international pet trade". It is a CITES Appendix 2 protected animal.[8]

Taxonomy

The genus Uroplatus has had a complex taxonomic history. A detailed study from 2013 suggested there were at least 11 undescribed cryptic species in the genus,[7] several of which have been described since its publication.[9][10][11] In an attempt to better delineate the species boundaries of this genus, researchers have proposed karyotype analysis.[12] These studies have yielded interesting results suggesting that Uroplatus is in a transitory evolutionary phase between two different chromosome shapes, arocentric and asymmetrical.[13]

Species

Uroplatus fimbriatus

The following 22 species are recognised.[14]

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Uroplatus.

References

  1. ↑ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  2. ↑ "Uroplatus Dumeril, 1806". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  3. ↑ Uroplatus fimbriatus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 11 December 2022.
  4. ↑ Ratsoavina, F. M.; Raminosoa, N.R.; Louis Jr., E. E.; Raselimanana, A. P.; Glaw, F.; Vences, M. (2013). "An overview of Madagascar's leaf tailed geckos (genus Uroplatus): species boundaries, candidate species and review of geographical distribution based on molecular data". Salamandra. 49 (3): 115–148.
  5. ↑ Greenbaum E, Bauer A, Jackman T, Vences M, Glaw F (2007). "A phylogeny of the enigmatic Madagascan geckos of the genus Uroplatus ". Zootaxa. 1493: 41–51. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1493.1.2.
  6. ↑ Naish, Darren (18 May 2010). "The incredible leaf-tailed geckos (gekkotans part V)". ScienceBlogs. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  7. 1 2 Ratsoavina FM, Raminosoa NR, Louis EE Jr, Raselimanana AP, Glaw F, Vences M (2013). "An overview of Madagascar's leaf tailed geckos (genus Uroplatus): species boundaries, candidate species, and review of geographical distribution based on molecular data". Salamandra. 49 (3): 115–148.
  8. 1 2 "Inclusion of Uroplatus spp. in Appendix II" (PDF). Technical comments in support of amendments to CITES appendices submitted by Madagascar. CITES. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008.
  9. ↑ Ratsoavina, Fanomezana Mihaja; Ranjanaharisoa, Fiadanantsoa Andrianja; Glaw, Frank; Raselimanana, Achille P.; Miralles, Aurélien; Vences, Miguel (21 August 2015). "A new leaf-tailed gecko of the Uroplatus ebenaui group (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Madagascar's central eastern rainforests". Zootaxa. 4006 (1): 143–60. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4006.1.7. PMID 26623762.
  10. ↑ Ratsoavina, Fanomezana M.; Gehring, Philip-Sebastian; Scherz, MarkD.; Vieites, David R.; Glaw, Frank; Vences, Miguel (14 November 2017). "Two new species of leaf-tailed geckos (Uroplatus) from the Tsaratanana mountain massif in northern Madagascar". Zootaxa. 4347 (3): 446–464. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4347.3.2. PMID 29245579.
  11. ↑ Vences, Miguel; Glaw, Frank; Razafindraibe, Jary H.; Rakotoarison, Andolalao; Scherz, Mark D.; Raselimanana, Achille P.; Ratsoavina, Fanomezana Mihaja (21 January 2019). "Finaritra! A splendid new leaf-tailed gecko (Uroplatus) species from Marojejy National Park in north-eastern Madagascar". Zootaxa. 4545 (4): 563–577. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4545.4.7. PMID 30790891. S2CID 73455466.
  12. ↑ Pensabene, Eleonora; Yurchenko, Alona; Kratochvíl, Lukáš; Rovatsos, Michail (January 2023). "Madagascar Leaf-Tail Geckos (Uroplatus spp.) Share Independently Evolved Differentiated ZZ/ZW Sex Chromosomes". Cells. 12 (2): 260. doi:10.3390/cells12020260. ISSN 2073-4409. PMC 9856856. PMID 36672195.
  13. ↑ Mezzasalma, Marcello; Brunelli, Elvira; Odierna, Gaetano; Guarino, Fabio Maria (January 2022). "First Insights on the Karyotype Diversification of the Endemic Malagasy Leaf-Toed Geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae: Uroplatus)". Animals. 12 (16): 2054. doi:10.3390/ani12162054. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 9404452. PMID 36009644.
  14. ↑ Uroplatus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 11 December 2022.
  15. ↑ Glaw, Frank; Köhler, Jörn; Ratsoavina, Fanomezana M.; Raselimanana, Achille P.; Crottini, Angelica; Gehring, Philip-Sebastian; Böhme, Wolfgang; Scherz, Mark D.; Vences, Miguel (15 August 2023). "A new large-sized species of leaf-tailed gecko (Uroplatus) from northern Madagascar". SALAMANDRA - German Journal of Herpetology. 59 (3): 239–261. ISSN 0036-3375.

Further reading

  • Duméril AMC (1806). Zoologie analytique, ou méthode naturelle de classification des animaux, rendue plus facile a l'aide de tableaux synoptiques. Paris: Allais. (Perronneau, printer). xxxii + 344 pp. (Uroplatus, new genus, p. 80). (in French).

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