Congregation of the Legionaries of Christ
Latin: Congregatio Legionariorum Christi
AbbreviationLC
FoundedJanuary 3, 1941 (1941-01-03)
FounderMarcial Maciel, LC
Founded atMexico City, Mexico
TypeClerical religious congregation of pontifical right (for men)
HeadquartersRome, Italy
Membership (2019)
1,455 members (970 priests)
Director General
John Lane Connor, LC
Pontifical Assistant
Gianfranco Ghirlanda, SJ
Parent organization
Roman Catholic Church
Websitehttp://www.legionariesofchrist.org/
[1]

The Congregation of the Legionaries of Christ (Latin: Congregatio Legionariorum Christi; abbreviated LC; also sometimes referred to as the Legion of Christ) is a Roman Catholic Religious order made up of priests, deacons and brothers in formation for the priesthood.

The Legionaries of Christ are made up of men "driven by the desire of Jesus' heart to set the world ablaze" and lead others to "transform their hearts, their families and their world" with "the love of Christ the King".[2] It has been described as a "conservative" order whose ability to attract large numbers of "young Catholics to religious vocations" and large financial donations once made it "a favorite" of the Vatican (New York Times);[3] and one whose focus is on "evangelizing society's leaders [...] the wealthy and powerful", in the hope that this would multiply "the beneficial impact on society" (Wall Street Journal).[4]

The Legionaries of Christ are part of the Regnum Christi Federation. The Regnum Christi Federation is made up of Legionary of Christ priests, Consecrated Women and Men and lay members of Regnum Christi. [5]

The Legionaries of Christ have religious communities in 21 countries. As of 2019, its members included four bishops, 970 priests and 481 seminarians (not including minor seminarians).[6] In the US, the Legion and Regnum Christi operate five schools (and assist at several others),[7] as well as provide spiritual direction, retreats, and formation programs for both children and adults. As of May 2006.

The Congregation was established by Marcial Maciel in Mexico in 1941. Maciel was also Director General of the congregation for over 60 years until forced to step down in January 2005 as a result of a horrific scandal.[8]

In 1998, nine men lodged formal charges at the Vatican that Maciel had abused them as youths and young men while studying under him;[9] Maciel was initially investigated by the Holy See and suspended from his ministry in 2006.[10] In 2009, an apostolic visitation was ordered by Pope Benedict XVI and shortly after Cardinal Velasio De Paolis was delegated[11] to impose "structural changes.” [12]

In 2014, the five-year renewal process was completed with the approval of amended constitutions;[13] five years later, Pope Francis referred to the new Constitutions approvingly.[14]

On December 21, 2019, the Legionaries of Christ released the “Report 1941-2019 on the Phenomenon of Sexual Abuse of Minors in the Congregation of the Legionaries of Christ from its Founding to the Present Day.”

According to the report, “the report was the result of an extensive study carried out by an internal commission that, within the limits of a study of this nature, verified the various accusations of sexual abuse of minors throughout the history of the Congregation of the Legionaries of Christ. It collected the global statistics of cases of abuse by its priests between 1941 and 2019 and included an appendix with the steps taken to prevent future abuse and guarantee safe environments.

On the same day, Father John Connor, LC, then North American territorial director and currently the general director of the Congregation worldwide, released a communication compiling the previously released names of Legionaries of Christ who were active in ministry with substantiated sexual abuse allegations in the United States into a list.

One month later, Father John again addressed the territory in a letter saying, “We must pray that these victims receive the healing they need and that those who are still trying to find the courage to come forward are able to find it. This is an important part of the healing process for victims and it’s important for the Congregation to listen to the experiences of victims so that we can make reparation and be further purified.”

In his letter, Father John also affirmed that facing our history with determination and helping victims heal is an important part of our mission as a Congregation, not a distraction from it. It is what God is calling us to at this point in our history. We are committed to transparency about the abuse that has been perpetrated by Legionaries of Christ, to working towards a culture in which all our priests deeply understand the effects of sexual abuse and their role as spiritual fathers dedicated to nourishing God’s people, and to helping those who have been harmed to heal from their wounds.” [15]

Affiliated groups

The Congregation of the Legionaries of Christ is a Roman Catholic clerical religious congregation of Pontifical Right for men that forms part of the Regnum Christi Federation, founded by Maciel in 1959, which includes the Legionaries of Christ, the Society of Apostolic Life of the Consecrated Women of Regnum Christi, the Society of Apostolic Life of the Lay Consecrated Men of Regnum Christi, and other Catholics who associate individually.[16] Its members add the nominal letters (LC) after their names to indicate their membership in the Congregation. The "larger culture" of often referred to as "the movement" within the Regnum Christi Federation.[17]

Ethos

Members of the Legion take vows of humility, poverty, chastity, and obedience. The vow of humility, which is not one of the 3 vows taken by all major Catholic religious institutes, obligates Legionaries not to seek positions of power within the Legion or the Church as a whole. In addition, until 2007, all Legionaries were compelled to take "private vows", never to "speak ill of Maciel or any superiors, and to report to their superiors anyone who did", a policy that impeded the discovery of wrongdoing by Maciel and other Legionary leaders, according to investigative journalist Jason Berry.[18] This vow was lifted by the pope, and has not been taken by new Legionaries.[19]

Love for Christ is, for Legionaries, a personal experience. Through the Gospel, the cross, and the Eucharist, Legionary spirituality teaches that the Legionary should seek to know Christ intimately, and love him in a passionate way by embracing him as their model of holiness.[20] Their spirituality is Christ-centered with a particular emphasis on the Sacred Heart, which is the patron of the Legion, in their vocation as religious and priests.[21]

Love for Mary is seen as arising from the imitation of Christ. In the Legion, Our Lady is venerated as both Mother of the Church and of the individual Legionary's vocation. Legionaries consecrate their spiritual and apostolic lives to her care, and seek to take on her virtues of faith, hope, charity, obedience to God, humility, and cooperation with Christ's plan of redemption and justice.[20]

Love for Souls is defined in the Legion as an ardent desire to spread Christ's kingdom in this world. Legionaries focus on helping the greatest number of souls know and love Christ. In Legionary theology, time is a gift given by God which he wants to maximize to spread the Gospel and help bring the love of God to many souls.[20]

Formation

Outside the Pontifical Athenaeum Regina Apostolorum in Rome, Italy where Legionaries study Philosophy and Theology.
The students at Sacred Heart Apostolic School in Rolling Prairie, Indiana praying the Stations of the Cross on Good Friday, 2009
The Legion's Center for Higher Studies in Rome, Italy.

The Legion has been described as "conservative" and focusing on "ministering to the wealthy and powerful in the belief that by evangelizing society's leaders, the beneficial impact on society is multiplied". Today the Legion purports its priests "are the confessors and chaplains to some of the most powerful businessmen in Latin America".[4]

Legionaries have been described as "easy to spot in Rome, young men with close-cropped hair in traditional cassocks or double-breasted blazers, walking two by two like a spiritual army."[17] Legion culture has been described as "insular" and "cultlike".[17]

The Legion began in Mexico where its largest base remains. Houses of formation were established in Spain and Italy within its first decade. In the 1960s, chapters of the organization were founded in Ireland and then in the United States. In the 1970s and 80s the congregation expanded throughout Latin America. In the 90s it expanded to France and Central Europe.[22]

The Legion presents itself as dedicated to advancing the Church's mission in the world, and to this end claims to submit candidates to a rigorous formation of four dimensions: human, spiritual, intellectual, and apostolic. Critics accused the Legion of producing priests and religious who all spoke and behaved in the same way. The Legion's defenders argued that, just as members of a family receive similar upbringing, so the members of the Legion were formed in like ways, but still respected the freedom of the individual. The new constitutions approved by Pope Francis present a more balanced approach to the formation of members.[23]

As is the practice in many religious congregations of the Roman Catholic Church, Legionaries may visit their family according to their superiors' discretion and the norms of the Congregation, the average being for about 4–7 days a year not counting special occasions. Regular contact with their families is encouraged with respect to written, verbal, and video communication.

Apostolates

The front of a Legionary School in Valencia, Spain.
Logo of the Universidad Anáhuac México Norte.

The apostolate of the Legionaries (i.e. organizations "directed to serving and evangelizing the world") has many aspects, but focuses on the following:[24]

  • Education and teaching at all levels.
  • Pastoral attention to youth and families.
  • Catechesis and preaching of retreats and spiritual exercises.
  • Evangelization and mission work (especially in the Mexican State of Quintana Roo in the Yucatán Peninsula).
  • Attention to the underprivileged, especially those groups that undergo the greatest spiritual, moral or material privation.
  • Works of Christian charity and mercy.
  • Supporting bishops in the formation of diocesan seminarians and in the ongoing formation of their priests.
  • Spiritual attention to Regnum Christi members and accompanying them in their formation.

In the US, the congregation runs four schools. In 2012, all three of its high schools (Everest Collegiate High School, The Highlands School and Pinecrest Academy) were named in the list of top 50 Catholic High Schools developed by the Cardinal Newman Society.[25]

In Mexico, the Legionaries administer the Anahuac University Network. Legionaries operate centers of education (minor seminaries, seminaries, schools and/or universities) in Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, Korea, Ireland, Spain, Italy, France, Germany, the United States, and Canada.

In 2006, the Legion launched a test phase of Mission Network in the United States. Catholic Mission Network, Inc., is the umbrella organization that oversees and approves Legionary-endorsed apostolates that are not stand-alone like a school or retreat center. Its purpose is to provide both structure and supervision of the apostolates, and an overview as to what the Legion/Regnum Christi does as a whole, with brand-name-type recognition.[26]

The youth wing of Regnum Christi, offering spirituality for youth 11 to 16, is called ECYD. The commitments in ECYD vary over time, adapting to the ages of the members.[27] Many ECYD members are involved in clubs run or overseen by Legionaries or consecrated members of Regnum Christi.

Founder

Marcial Maciel

Marcial Maciel was born in Cotija, Michoacán on March 10, 1920, into a devout Catholic family—four of his uncles were bishops—during a time in which the Mexican government was fiercely anticlerical. He became a priest after a troubled youth.[28] Maciel was expelled from two seminaries for reasons that have never been explained, and became a priest only after one of his bishop uncles ordained him after private studies.[29]

Maciel was ordained a priest on November 26, 1944, in Mexico City, but had already founded his order[18] in 1941, with the support of Francisco González Arias, Bishop of Cuernavaca. Two years later in 1946, he presented a donation to the Vatican for $10,000, “a huge sum in a city reeling from the war.”[18]

Pope John Paul II praised him in lavish ceremonies and called him an "efficacious guide to youth".[30] In general, the Holy See held Maciel "up as a model of sainthood for the faithful" in large part "because he brought in money and vocations to the priesthood."[31]

In the Legion of Christ, Maciel was called "Nuestro Padre". Members of the order were taught "the Legion message"—that Maciel "had his enemies, but that he was a living saint for his leadership as an evangelist, drawing the church back from liberal abuses of the Second Vatican Council and attracting young men to a strict religious life."[32]

After Maciel's abuses came to light, Pope Benedict XVI sentenced him to a life of "prayer and penance" in 2006.[33] Maciel died in Jacksonville, Florida, on January 30, 2008, aged 87, and was buried in his hometown of Cotija de la Paz, Michoacán, Mexico. Immediately following Maciel's death, the Legion's leaders proclaimed "his ascent to heaven".[18]

Abuses

One of the first English language public reports of abuse came in 1997 exposing abused that happened in the 1950s. Juan Vaca and seven other early victims of Maciel "gave graphic accounts" in the Hartford Courant of how they watched Maciel inject himself with a morphine painkiller in Spain and Rome in the 1950s and finally had to be hospitalized. Cardinal Valerio Valeri received reports "from an older seminarian in Mexico City" and the head of the one Legion high school at the time (Cumbres Institute), who were concerned about Maciel's drug use and "overly affectionate behavior with boys".[18] Valeri suspended Maciel but in 1959 he was reinstated by Clemente Micara, the interim vicar of Rome.[18]

For a long time, the Vatican dismissed accusations by seminarians that Father Maciel had abused them sexually, some when they were as young as 12.[3] After years of denial by the Congregation and the Regnum Christi movement and dismissal of accusations made by many former members, an investigation prompted by the Vatican concluded that allegations of sexual abuse of minors by Maciel were true. The superiors of the congregation did not officially inform the rest of the congregation until a year after his death, during which time, they continued to permit an internal culture of revering him as a saint. The Legionaries of Christ eventually acknowledged their founder's "reprehensible and objectively immoral behavior" as head of the order.[3] As a result of the scandal, Pope Benedict XVI also removed the vow of charity, which required members to maintain secrecy, impermeability, and refrain from criticism of superiors.[19] The "very serious and objectively immoral acts" of Maciel, which were "confirmed by incontrovertible testimonies", represented "true crimes and manifest a life without scruples or authentic religious sentiment", the Vatican said.[34]

After the scandals of Maciel came to light, some priests and seminarians left the congregation. Several schools and centers of formation closed.

In 2019, the organization admitted that Father Fernando Martínez Suarez had abused eight minors between 1990 and 1993.[35] A month later, they admitted that members of the organization had sexually abused 175 children between 1941 and 2019. 60 of those were abused by its founder, some of whom were his own children from several relations. Six of the priests have died, eight have left the priesthood, one left the Congregation, and 18 continue in their posts.[36] The Legion of Christ also singled out former Secretariat of State Angelo Sodano for leading efforts to cover up the reports of abuse.[37][38][39]

Apostolic visitation

In early 2009, the Vatican ordered an apostolic visitation of the institutions of the Legionaries of Christ following disclosures of sexual impropriety by Maciel.[40] Vatican authorities named five bishops from five different countries, each one in charge of investigating the Legionaries in a particular part of the world:

  • Ricardo Watty Urquidi, Bishop of Tepic, Mexico, in charge of Mexico and Central America, where the Legion has 44 houses, 250 priests and 115-120 religious seminarians;[41][42]
  • Charles J. Chaput, Archbishop of Denver, in charge of the United States and Canada, where the Legion has 24 houses, 130 priests and 260 religious seminarians;[42]
  • Giuseppe Versaldi, Bishop of Alessandria, in charge of Italy, Israel, the Philippines, and South Korea, where the Legion has 16 houses, 200 priests and 420 religious seminarians (in Italy 13, 168 and 418 respectively);[42]
  • Ricardo Ezzati Andrello, Archbishop of Concepción, Chile, in charge of Chile, Argentina, Colombia, Brazil and Venezuela, where the Legion has 20 houses, 122 priests and 122 religious seminarians;[42]
  • Ricardo Blázquez Pérez, Bishop of Bilbao, Spain, in charge of Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Ireland, Holland, Poland, Austria and Hungary, where the Legion has 20 houses, 105 priests, and 160 religious seminarians.[42]

They met with the pope to report on the visitation in April 2010, and the Vatican issued a statement on 1 May 2010.

Renewal

The Legion underwent a visitation by the Vatican and a process of renewal through a series of discussions revolving around the charism of the movement, the relationship of the congregation to the lay movement, and the place of both within the Church.

In 2006, Maciel was investigated by the Holy See and suspended from his ministry, initially over breaches of celibacy. This followed public revelations that he had sexually abused minors, which were later confirmed.[10] The Legion's additional vow of "charity" had been used to induce secrecy, promising not to criticize superiors. This was lifted by Pope Benedict XVI in December 2007.[19]

Cardinal Velasio De Paolis was delegated to examine the Legionaries' constitutions and conduct a visitation of its lay affiliate Regnum Christi in 2012. On October 19, 2012, De Paolis published a cover letter for a summary of the Regnum Christi's charism which he had approved as a working document.[11]

Under the guidance of Cardinal Velasio De Paolis, the congregation announced the order's Extraordinary General Chapter in Rome in January 2014, for a "total restructuring". Apologies to the victims were issued and a compensation commission established.[43] In 2019, new statutes were adopted introducing collegial leadership and more transparent community life to prevent possible abuses in the future.[44]

The Legion completed a five-year renewal process that included a revision of its constitutions, which were approved during an extraordinary general chapter. The entire congregation revised the Constitutional document under the direction of a central committee and presented a final version to the new Pope Francis. On 4 November 2014, after an extensive process of the reform of the Legionaries of Christ, the Vatican approved the congregation's amended constitutions.[13]

In December 2019, the organization accepted responsibility for 175 cases of child sexual abuse by 33 priests, including 60 minors who were abused by Marcial Maciel.[45] However, Archbishop Rogelio Cabrera López, head of the Episcopal Conference of Mexico, said on December 22, 2019, that the report is "late and incomplete": "How is it possible that the founder committed crimes for 70 years and no one ever said anything?"[46]

10 years after the Holy See took over the Legion, in an address directed to Legionaries during their General Chapter of 2020 and to the General Assemblies of Regnum Christi held during the same period, Pope Francis recognized the progress made in their renewal saying: "The new Constitutions and the new Statutes are truly 'new,' be it because they reflect a new spirit and a new vision of religious life, consistent with Vatican Council II and the directions of the Holy See, be it because they are the product of a three-year endeavor, in which all your communities were involved and which has led to a change in mentality."[14]

However, a report emerged around January 2020 alleging that the papal envoy in charge (the by then deceased Cardinal Velasio De Paolis) "refused to punish or even investigate" a case where a Legion priest, who had direct links to the founder, raped "little girls aged 6 to 8 or 9" in front of their classmates at an elite Catholic school in Cancun, Mexico, and noted a "high-level cover-up by superiors who are still in power". According to a former Legion priest, Rev. Christian Borgogno, "De Paolis' decision to leave in place Legion superiors, many of whom were close to Maciel, 'made reform' of the Legion 'impossible'".[12] In response, a month later the Legion promised "accountability and transparency" and "vowed to investigate the confirmed cases of past abuse by 33 priests and 71 seminarians".[47]

Notable members

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Congregation of the Legionaries of Christ (L.C.)". GCatholic. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  2. ↑ "About Us". Regnum Christi. Legionaires of Christ. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 "Legionaries of Christ Denounce Founder, Marcial Maciel Degollado". The New York Times. Reuters. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  4. 1 2 de Coacuterdoba, Jose (23 January 2006). "With Elite Backing, A Catholic Order Has Pull in Mexico". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  5. ↑ CNA. "Pope Francis meets with Legionaries of Christ leader". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 2023-02-22.
  6. ↑ "Statistics of the Legionaries of Christ as of December 31, 2016". regnumchristi.org. Regnum Christi. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  7. ↑ "RC Education Schools in North America". rceducation.org. RC Education. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  8. ↑ Pullella, Philip (December 21, 2019). "Legionaries founder sexually abused 60 boys, religious order's report says". Reuters.
  9. ↑ Tuckman, Jo (April 29, 2008). "The Rev Marcial Maciel". The Guardian. London.
  10. 1 2 Povoledo, Elisabetta (May 11, 2012). "Vatican Inquiry Reflects Wider Focus on Legion of Christ". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-05-11.
  11. 1 2 "letter of Velasio De Paolis to the Legionaries of Christ and Regnum Christi" (PDF). Regnum Christi. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  12. 1 2 Verza, Maria; Winfield, Nicole (21 January 2020). "10 years after Vatican reform, Legionaries of Christ in new abuse crisis". Associated Press. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  13. 1 2 "Vatican approves amended constitutions for Legionaries of Christ". 3 November 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  14. 1 2 "Pope Francis Sends Message to Legionaries of Christ, Regnum Christi". 2020-05-04.
  15. ↑ "2021-update-on-abuse-cases-in-the-north-american-territory/". Legionaries of Christ. Legionaires of Christ. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  16. ↑ "Statues of the Regnum Christi Federation, 2019" (PDF). Regnum Christi. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  17. 1 2 3 BERRY, JASON (11 March 2013). "Father Marcial Maciel And The Popes He Stained". Newsweek. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Berry, Jason (12 April 2010). "How Father Maciel Built His Empire". Type Investigations, A Project of Type Media Center. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  19. 1 2 3 Bernardo Barranco V. (12 Dec 2007). "La derogación de los votos secretos de los Legionarios - La Jornada" [Repeal of the Legionaries' secret vows]. www.jornada.com.mx. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  20. 1 2 3 "Spirituality - Legion of Christ". Archived from the original on October 15, 2011.
  21. ↑ "Spirituality". Legionaries of Christ. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
  22. ↑ "Who we are". Legion of Christ. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  23. ↑ ANDREA GAGLIARDICCI (Nov 2, 2014). "Pope Francis Approves New Constitutions for the Legion of Christ". National Catholic Register.
  24. ↑ See the Legionaries' Archived 2011-08-14 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ↑ Article on their own site: Among the Top 50 Archived 2013-12-13 at the Wayback Machine List: Nation’s Top 50 Catholic High Schools Announced Archived 2012-09-24 at the Wayback Machine.
  26. ↑ "Mission Youth USA - Mission Network and Regnum Christi". Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
  27. ↑ "ECYD - Regnum Christi". Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  28. ↑ "Analysis: Legion of Christ Founder leaves a flawed legacy". Retrieved 2010-09-19.
  29. ↑ Berry, Jason (2008-02-22). "Fr. Marcial Maciel leaves behind a flawed legacy | National Catholic Reporter | Find Articles at BNET". Findarticles.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-08. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
  30. ↑ Berry, Jason. "Legion of Christ's Deception, Unearthed in New Documents, Indicates Vatican Cover-up". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  31. ↑ SMITH, MICHELLE R. (16 February 2013). "RI records show inner workings of Legion of Christ". AP News. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  32. ↑ Berry, Jason (18 February 2013). "Legion of Christ's deception, unearthed in new documents, indicates wider cover-up". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  33. ↑ Allen Jr., John L. (23 December 2013). "New priests reply: 'Why would anyone join the Legionaries?'". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  34. ↑ "Fr. Maciel guilty, 'profound' revision of Legion needed, report Apostolic Visitors". www.catholicnewsagency.com. May 1, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
  35. ↑ Ana Langner (Nov 22, 2019), "Aceptan Legionarios que Fernando Martínez abusó de 8 niños en los 90" [Legionaires agree that Fernando Martinez abused 8 children in the 1990s], La Jornada (in Spanish)
  36. ↑ "Informe 1941-2019 sobre el fenómeno del abuso sexual de menores en la Congregación de los Legionarios de Cristo desde su fundación hasta la actualidad" (PDF). 0abusos.org. Legionarios de Cristo. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  37. ↑ WINFIELD, NICOLE (21 December 2019). "Legion of Christ finds 33 priests, 71 seminarian sex abusers". AP News. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  38. ↑ McGarry, Patsy (Dec 21, 2019). "Cardinal (92) who 'sought deal' to bury sex abuse documents resigns". Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  39. ↑ "Cardinal tainted by abuse scandals steps down as dean, pope sets term limit". 21 December 2019.
  40. ↑ Thavis, John (31 March 2009). "Vatican orders apostolic visitation of Legionaries of Christ". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009.
  41. ↑ "Ricardo Watti Urquidi", Catholic Hierarchy
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 "Apostolic visit to Legionaries of Christ to begin July 15". Catholic News Agency. 1 July 2009.
  43. ↑ Legion of Christ reiterates commitment to Maciel's victims, Catholic News Agency
  44. ↑ Céline Hoyeau, Regnum Christi Movement, Legionaries of Christ revamped: Changes and safeguards in new statutes in the wake of sexual abuse by its founder Marcial Maciel, LA CROIX International, June 17, 2019
  45. ↑ "Informe 1941-2019" (PDF). 2020-05-04.
  46. ↑ "Informe de legionarios, tardío e incompleto, considera la CEM" [Report of legionaries, late and incomplete, CEM considers], Proceso (in Spanish), December 23, 2019
  47. ↑ Winfield, Nicole (27 February 2020). "Legion of Christ vows better abuse response amid new scandal". Associated Press.

Further reading

  • Berry, Jason and Renner, Gerald. 2004. Vows of Silence: The Abuse of Power in the Papacy of John Paul II. Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-4441-9
  • Conde, Angeles and David Murray: The Legion of Christ: A History Circle Press, 2004. ISBN 0-9743661-2-9
  • Maciel, Marcial. Christ Is My Life (Sophia Institute Press: 2003) ISBN 1-928832-97-0
  • Maciel, Marcial. Integral Formation of Catholic Priests (Alba House, 1992) ISBN 0-8189-0629-4

Further viewing

Films

  • Erffa, Zita: "The Best Thing You Can Do with Your Life", Documentary, 93 min, Germany/ Mexiko 2018, Director: Zita Erffa, DOP: Bruno Santamaría, Production: Petruvski Films in Coproduction with Ojo de Vaca und HFF München, supported by the CCC Mexiko. Premiere: Berlinale 2018. In Mexican cinemas from: 9.th of November 2019: Cineteca Nacional.
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