Jehiel ben Jekuthiel Anav (Yechiel ben Yekutiel (Hebrew: יחיאל בן יקותיאל) Anav), also referred to as Jehiel ben Jekuthiel ben Benjamin HaRofe,[1] who lived in Rome during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, was a famous scholar, poet, paytan[2] and copyist.

He is best known as the author of Maalot HaMiddot,[3] a mussar sefer (book on piety).

He was the copyist of the Leiden Jerusalem Talmud, "the only extant complete manuscript of Jerusalem Talmud."[4] This project, which he did in 1289,[5] also involved correcting errors in the source document, another copy.

Career

The Leiden Talmud was written in 1289 by Rabbi Jehiel ben Rabbi Jekuthiel ben rabbi Benjamin HaRofe.[1] Jehiel lived in Rome during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries where he was a famous scholar, writer, poet (of Piyyutim/liturgical poetry), and a copyist. He is best known as the author of the book of piety Maalot ha-Middot.[3]

Yehiel stated at the beginning of the (Leiden) manuscript that he finished writing Zeraim and Moed on the 12th day of the month of Shevat, and added that he completed Nashim and Nizikin one and a half months later.

Other writings

Title page of an 1800 edition of Tanya Rabbati
  • Hilkhot Sheḥitah - on the laws of ritual slaughter (in manuscript).[7]

Maalot HaMidot

The Maalot HaMiddot (Hebrew: מעלות המדות),[8] written during the 13th century while its author was in Rome, Italy,[9][10] was originally published in Constantinople as "Beit Middot" in 1511/1512;[11][12][2] what is now Maalot HaMiddot was published 1556 in Cremona.[13]

This musar sefer begins and ends with a poetic work, and describes 24 character trait elevations[9] in ethical conduct. It is based on talmudic, midrashic and other sources. It describes the various benefits of certain positive character traits - and the detriments of their opposites.

Maalot HaMidot was hand-copied, later printed and reprinted, including translated into Ladino. Among the translations into other languages is Rabbi Shraga Silverstein's "The Book of Middoth."[9]

The twenty four middos and their opposites

  1. Knowing G-d
  2. Loving G-d & One's Fellow
  3. Fear of G-d & Parents
  4. Torah Study & the Fulfilment of the Mitzvos
  5. Kindness
  6. Charity
  7. Prayer
  8. Humility vs. Pride
  9. Modesty vs. Immorality
  10. Shame vs. Arrogance
  11. Faithfulness vs. Theft
  12. Honesty vs. Deceitfulness
  13. Compassion vs. Cruelty
  14. Amicability vs. Anger
  15. "A Good Name"
  16. Yetzer Tov vs. Yetzer Hara
  17. Teshuva (Repentance)
  18. Wisdom vs. Foolishness
  19. Wealth
  20. Diligence vs. Laziness
  21. Easily Satisfied vs. Gluttony[14]
  22. Generosity vs. Stinginess
  23. Derech Eretz
  24. Peace vs. Contention & Gossip[15]

Leiden Jerusalem Talmud

Jehiel ben Jekuthiel Anav was the copyist who hand-copied what today is known as the Leiden Jerusalem Talmud.[4]

The Leiden Jerusalem Talmud (also known as the Leiden Talmud) is a medieval copy of the Jerusalem Talmud. The manuscript was written in 1289 CE, meaning it is the oldest complete manuscript of the Jerusalem Talmud in the world. The manuscript is also the only surviving complete (non-printed) manuscript of the Jerusalem Talmud. It is dated with the Hebrew year 5049 (Anno Mundi).[5]

The manuscript receives its name from the University of Leiden where it has been kept since the nineteenth century.

Yechiel states at the beginning of the manuscript that he finished writing Zeraim and Moed on the 12th day of the month of Shevat. He subsequently states that he finished Nashim and Nizikin one and a half months later; the latter is two of the six orders of the Jerusalem Talmud in about six weeks.

Errors within the text

There are several errors throughout the manuscript which is consistent with many other Hebrew manuscripts of that period.[16] Errors in Hebrew manuscripts were common since access to texts such as the Talmud was limited. This was partially due to the absence of printing. However most notably, Talmudic texts were rare since they were outlawed on several occasions. The most prominent example of this would be the Vatican decree to burn all Talmudic manuscripts. This decree led to the Paris book burnings of 1244. Yehiel writes that he copied the text from a different manuscript that was filled with scribal errors. However, Yechiel noted, he tried to correct as many errors as possible, and he humbly states 'I know that I have not corrected even half of the mistakes' and begs for the readers forgiveness.[1]

Bomberg printing of the Jerusalem Talmud

During 1523-1524 the Jerusalem Talmud was printed for the first time in Venice by Daniel Bomberg.[4] Jacob ben Hayyim ibn Adonijah, the editor of the Bomberg edition of the Jerusalem Talmud, used the Leiden Manuscript along with three other manuscripts as the basis of the printed edition of the Jerusalem Talmud.[1] However, Jacob ben Hayyim ibn Adoniyahu considered the Leiden Manuscript the least accurate copy of the Jerusalem Talmud. The other three manuscripts of the Jerusalem Talmud used for the printing of Bomberg's edition of the Talmud have been lost, "with the exception of the Yerushalmi to tractate Horayot which was printed by Bomberg in his edition of the Babylonian Talmud.[1]

University of Leiden

After the publication of the Bomberg edition of the Jerusalem Talmud, the Leiden Talmud was lost for around three hundred years. It was only to be rediscovered in the mid nineteenth century in the Library of the city of Leiden. It had been entrusted to the Library by the notable Protestant scholar Joseph Scaliger who was a professor at Leiden.[4]

The Leiden Talmud was transferred to the University of Leiden Library along with the rest of Scaliger's collection of manuscripts.[3]

Recent history

Recently the Academy of Hebrew Language published an exact transcription of the Leiden Talmud along with carefully annotated corrections.[1]

In 1973 the manuscript was restored and rebound.[17][4]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Talmud, Jerusalem". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2012-09-18.
  2. 1 2 writer of piyyutim; see 1901,Shlomoh Zalman Havlin. "Anav, Jehiel ben Jekuthiel ben Benjamin Ha-Rofe".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. 1 2 3 Zelcer, Heshey (2002). A Guide to the Jerusalem Talmud - Heshey Zelcer - Google Books. ISBN 9781581126303. Retrieved 2012-09-18.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Manuscripts - the only extant manuscript of the complete Jerusalem Talmud".
  5. 1 2 "Leiden Manuscript Oriental 4720 – the only extant manuscript of the complete Jerusalem Talmud". LeidenUniv.
  6. ↑ Moses Avigdor Chaikin (1899). The Celebrities of the Jews: A Glance.
  7. ↑ "Anav, Jehiel ben Jekuthiel ben Benjamin Ha-Rofe".
  8. ↑ MaaLos HaMiDos.
  9. 1 2 3 Alan Morinis. "Through a Mussar Lens: Multiple Aspects to Will". Archived from the original on 2018-12-26. Retrieved 2018-12-25.
  10. ↑ "Maalot HaMidot - Rabbeinu Yechiel ben Yekutiel". MySefer.com.
  11. ↑ 5271 Anno Mundi "Beit HaMidot (Maalot HaMidot) – Constantinople, 1511 – First Edition".
  12. ↑ 1512 vs 1511: both match parts of AM 5721. "Sefer Ma'alot Hamidot - Cremona, 1556 - Ancie". The first edition of this book (Constantinople, 1512)was titled "Beit Hamidot".
  13. ↑ "Sefer Ma'alot Hamidot - Cremona, 1556".
  14. ↑ "The Simple Life: The Case Against Ostentation in Jewish Law".
  15. ↑ "Maalos HaMiddos – Rabbeinu Yechiel (13th Century) – A classic work of musar that discusses in depth twenty-four middos and their opposites".
  16. ↑ Goldman, Edward A. (1975). "A Critical Edition of Palestinian Talmud Tractate Rosh Hashana, Chapter One". Hebrew Union College Annual. Hebrew Union College. 46 (Centennial issue): 222. JSTOR 23506874. At the end of Seder Mo'ed, Jechiel b. Jekutiel b. Benjamin Ha-Rofe describes his own procedure in writing this Yerushalmi manuscript. He says that he copied it from a book containing many errors. What he was able to understand, he edited according to his own understanding; but he knows that he left more than half of the errors uncorrected. He asks the reader who finds these errors to judge him kindly and not to blame him.
  17. ↑ "Judaica". Bc.ub.leidenuniv.nl. Retrieved 2012-09-18.

Public Domain Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Jehiel b. Jekuthiel Anaw". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

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