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Map of the dominant self-identified ethnic origins per census division of 2006

Canadian   English   French   Scottish   German

Italian   First Nations   Ukrainian   Indian   Inuit

100,000+

50,000–99,999

20,000–49,999

10,000–19,999

^[1]

According to the 2021 Canadian census, over 450 "ethnic or cultural origins" were self-reported by Canadians.^[2] The major panethnic origin groups in Canada are: European (52.5%), North American (22.9%), Asian (19.3%), North American Indigenous (6.1%), African (3.8%), Latin, Central and South American (2.5%), Caribbean (2.1%), Oceanian (0.3%), and Other (6%).^[2][3] Statistics Canada reports that 35.5% of the population reported multiple ethnic origins, thus the overall total is greater than 100%.^{[2][lower-alpha 1]}

The country's ten largest self-reported specific ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were Canadian^{[lower-alpha 2]} (accounting for 15.6 percent of the population), followed by English (14.7 percent), Irish (12.1 percent), Scottish (12.1 percent), French (11.0 percent), German (8.1 percent), Chinese (4.7 percent), Italian (4.3 percent), Indian (3.7 percent), and Ukrainian (3.5 percent).^[7][3]

Of the 36.3 million people enumerated in 2021 approximately 25.4 million reported being white, representing 69.8 percent of the population.^[2][8] The indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8 million individuals, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021.^[9] One out of every four Canadians or 26.5 percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous visible minority,^{[8][lower-alpha 3]} the largest of which in 2021 were South Asian (2.6 million people; 7.1 percent), Chinese (1.7 million; 4.7 percent) and Black (1.5 million; 4.3 percent).^[2]

Between 2011 and 2016, the visible minority population rose by 18.4 percent.^[11] In 1961, less than two percent of Canada's population (about 300,000 people) were members of visible minority groups.^[12] The 2021 census indicated that 8.3 million people, or almost one-quarter (23.0 percent) of the population reported themselves as being or having been a landed immigrant or permanent resident in Canada—above the 1921 census previous record of 22.3 percent.^[13] In 2021, India, China, and the Philippines were the top three countries of origin for immigrants moving to Canada.^[14]

Statistics Canada report on race and ethnicity in Canada in 2022

The 2020 General Social Survey revealed that 92% of adult Canadians said that "[ethnic] diversity is a Canadian value".^[15] About 25% of Canadians were "racialized";^[2] By 2021, 23% of the Canadian population were immigrants—the "largest proportion since Confederation", according to Statistics Canada.^[15][16] Prior to the early 1970s, most new Canadians came from Europe. Since then, more immigrants have come from Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.^[15] In 2021, most immigrants came from Asia, which includes the Middle East.^[15] About 25% of Canadians were "racialized";^[2] By 2021, almost 5% of Canadians self-identify as Muslim.^[2][16] Almost a million Canadians self-identified as Indigenous.^[16]

Data collection method

Listed below are the ethnic groups of Canadian residents (citizens, landed immigrants and non-citizen temporary residents) as self-identified in the 2016 census in which approximately 35,151,000 census forms were completed). The relevant census question asked for "the ethnic or cultural origins" of the respondent's ancestors and not the respondents themselves. As data were collected by self-declaration, ethnic groups may not necessarily correspond to the true ancestry of respondents.^[17] Many respondents acknowledged multiple ancestries. These people were added to the "multiple origin" total for each origin listed. These include responses as varied as a respondent who listed eight different origins and a respondent who answered "French Canadian" (leading to them being counted once for "French" and once for "Canadian"). As with all self-reported data, understanding of the question may have varied from respondent to respondent.

Larger ethnic origins (200,000 or more individuals per group; 2016 census)

The top 168 ethnic or cultural origins self-reported by Canadians in the 2021 Census.^[18]

A map showing the largest ethnic or cultural origins in Canada by census division in 2021.

Canadian/Canadien   English   Irish   Scottish   French   German   Chinese   Indian   Ukrainian

Métis   Acadian   Mennonite   Inuit   Cree   Ojibway   Dene   Heiltsuk

100,000+

50,000–99,999

20,000–49,999

10,000–19,999

^[1]

Ethnicity[19]	Combined responses[19]	As single response[19]	One of multiple responses[19]
Canadian[lower-alpha 2]	11,135,965	6,436,940	4,699,030
English	6,320,085	1,098,930	5,221,150
Scottish	4,799,010	475,575	4,323,430
French	4,670,595	1,006,180	3,664,415
Irish	4,627,000	457,905	4,169,095
German	3,322,405	569,650	2,752,750
Chinese	1,769,195	1,439,980	329,215
Italian	1,587,970	695,420	892,550
First Nations[lower-alpha 4]	1,525,565	526,570	999,000
Indian	1,374,710	1,096,845	277,865
Ukrainian	1,359,655	273,810	1,085,845
Dutch	1,111,655	289,675	821,980
Polish	1,106,585	264,415	842,170
Filipino	837,130	651,390	185,740
British Isles, not included elsewhere	644,695	132,830	511,865
Russian	622,445	120,165	502,280
Métis	600,000	91,255	508,740
Portuguese	482,610	264,815	217,790
Welsh	474,805	25,190	449,615
Norwegian	463,275	35,905	427,370
Spanish	396,460	70,330	326,130
American	377,410	29,590	347,810
Swedish	349,640	21,775	327,870
Hungarian (Magyar)	348,085	83,400	264,685
Jamaican	309,485	161,495	147,995
Greek	271,405	141,580	129,830
Vietnamese	240,615	165,385	75,225
Romanian	238,050	96,910	141,145
Lebanese	219,555	130,590	88,965
Pakistani	215,555	156,300	59,255
African, not included elsewhere	212,005	76,790	135,210
Iranian	210,405	170,755	39,650
Danish	207,470	26,985	180,485
Austrian	207,050	20,225	186,820

Smaller ethnic origins (2016 census)

Evolution from 1871 to 1921

During the fifty-year period beginning from the first census of independent Canada in 1871 until the census of 1921, the national ethnic composition was multicultural, however in the early period was dominated by four origin groups from western and northern Europe: French, English, Irish, and Scottish.^[20]: 512 Following the French and British Isles origin groups, Continental European communities were the largest in Canada, and grew fairly rapidly between the 1901 census and the 1921 census.^[20]: 512 Nominally small East Asian, South Asian, West Asian, and West African descended communities also existed during this time period.^[20]: 512

The ethnic French population, comprising a plurality of the total population from confederation until just prior to the 1921 census, overwhelmingly relied on natural increase for growth, with progeny stemming from early settlers who arrived throughout the 17th and 18th centuries; migration from France had been severely curtailed by the British Empire and early governments of independent Canada. Population growth amongst the French population occurred at relatively high pace, increasing from 1,082,940 persons in 1871 to 2,452,743 persons in 1921.^[20]: 512 Despite an increase of nearly 1.5 million persons during this fifty-year period, the French proportion of the total Canadian population dropped slightly, from 31.1 percent, to 27.1 percent.^[20]: 512

By contrast, large population increases amongst the three main ethnic groups from the British Isles (English, Irish, and Scottish) occurred through natural increase but relied heavily on high immigration rates that began in the early-mid 19th century dubbed the Great Migration of Canada − this continued through the early 20th century, spurred by record immigration rates during the 1900s and 1910s, when English immigrants formed a majority or plurality of all immigrants to Canada on an annual and decadal basis.

The English population, in particular, grew at a rapid pace, increasing from 705,369 persons in 1871 to 2,545,358 persons in 1921, representing an increase of nearly 2 million persons during the fifty-year period.^[20]: 512 During the same time period, the English proportion of the total Canadian population rose from 20.3 percent to 29.0 percent.^[20]: 512 The English community experienced massive growth principally during the first two decades of the 20th century as a result of record immigration at the time; during the era, persons of English descent also became the single largest ethnic group in Canada, comprising a plurality of the Canadian population by the 1921 census.^[20]: 512

The Irish population, meanwhile, witnessed steady, slowing population growth during the late 19th and early 20th century, with the proportion of the total Canadian population dropping from 24.3 percent in 1871 to 12.6 percent in 1921 and falling from the second-largest ethnic group in Canada from to fourth − principally due to massive immigration flows from England to Canada at the time − despite the population increasing from 846,414 persons to 1,107,803 persons in the fifty-year timeframe.^[20]: 512 The largest Irish population increases occurred prior to confederation, spurred by mass immigration during the mid-19th century at the height of the Great Migration of Canada, and was primarily due to The Great Famine and related poor economic conditions in Ireland at the time.

At the turn of the 20th century, overall immigrant proportions from the British Isles to Canada gradually dropped from a majority to a plurality. At the time, the federal government began supplementing increased mass immigration from the British Isles (mainly England) by also permitting large migration flows from continental Europe, especially Germany, Scandinavia, and the Soviet Union. This was primarily as a result of federal policy aimed at settling the Prairies through ethnic block settlements and ultimately led to the highest annual immigration rates in Canadian history since confederation in 1867 that remain unsurpassed in the contemporary era, including 1913 (new immigrants accounted for 5.3 percent of the total population), 1912 (5.1 percent), 1911 (4.6 percent), 1907 (4.3 percent) and 1910 (4.1 percent).^[21][22]

Largely due to increased immigration levels outside of the British Isles, the continental European population grew rapidly during the first two decades of the 20th century − comprising 1,246,151 persons or 14.2 percent as proportion of the total Canadian population by the 1921 census, representing a numerical increase of over 1 million persons from fifty years earlier in 1871, when the continental European population stood at approximately 236,043 persons or 6.8 percent of the total Canadian population.^[20]: 512

Broadening the multicultural makeup of Canada, the diversity across the Prairie provinces during the early 20th century was soon dubbed a cultural mosaic by journalist Victoria Hayward in the early 1920s:

"New Canadians, representing many places and widely separated sections of Old Europe, have contributed to the Prairie Provinces a variety in the way of Church Architecture. Cupolas and domes distinctly Eastern, almost Turkish, startle one above the tops of Manitoba maples or the bush of the river banks. These architectural figures of the landscape, apart altogether of their religious significance, are centers where, crossing the threshold on Sundays, one has the opportunity of hearing Swedish music, or the rich, deep chanting of the Russian responses; and of viewing at close hand the artistry that goes to make up the interior appointments of these churches transplanted from the East to the West… It is indeed a mosaic of vast dimensions and great breadth, essayed of the Prairie."^[23]

Ethnic Origins of Canadians (1871−1921)

Ethnic Origin	1871 [20]: 512		1881 [20]: 512		1901 [20]: 512 [24]: 370 [25]: 354		1911 [20]: 512 [24]: 370 [25]: 354		1921 [20]: 512 [25]: 356
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
French	1,082,940	31.09%	1,298,929	30.03%	1,649,371	30.71%	2,061,719	28.61%	2,452,743	27.91%
Irish	846,414	24.3%	957,403	22.14%	988,721	18.41%	1,074,738	14.91%	1,107,803	12.61%
English	705,369	20.25%	881,301	20.38%	1,260,899	23.47%	1,871,268	25.97%	2,545,358	28.96%
Scottish	549,946	15.79%	699,863	16.18%	800,154	14.9%	1,027,015	14.25%	1,173,625	13.35%
German	202,991	5.83%	254,319	5.88%	310,601	5.78%	403,417	5.6%	294,635	3.35%
Indigenous	102,358	2.94%	108,547	2.51%	127,941	2.38%	105,611	1.47%	114,083	1.3%
Dutch	29,662	0.85%	30,412	0.7%	33,845	0.63%	55,961	0.78%	117,505	1.34%
African	21,496	0.62%	21,394	0.49%	17,437	0.32%	16,994	0.24%	18,291	0.21%
Other British	7,773	0.22%	9,947	0.23%	13,421	0.25%	26,060	0.36%	41,932	0.48%
Scandinavian	1,623	0.05%	5,223	0.12%	31,042	0.58%	112,682	1.56%	167,369	1.9%
Italian	1,035	0.03%	1,849	0.04%	10,834	0.2%	45,963	0.64%	66,769	0.76%
Russian	607	0.02%	1,227	0.03%	19,825	0.37%	44,376	0.62%	100,064	1.14%
Jewish	125	0.004%	667	0.02%	16,131	0.3%	76,199	1.06%	126,196	1.44%
Chinese	—	—	4,383	0.1%	17,312	0.32%	27,831	0.39%	39,587	0.45%
Austrian	—	—	—	—	10,947	0.2%	44,036	0.61%	107,671	1.23%
Polish	—	—	—	—	6,285	0.12%	33,652	0.47%	53,403	0.61%
Ukrainian	—	—	—	—	5,682	0.11%	75,432	1.05%	108,721	1.24%
Japanese	—	—	—	—	4,738	0.09%	9,067	0.13%	15,868	0.18%
Swiss	—	—	—	—	3,866	0.07%	6,626	0.09%	12,837	0.15%
Belgian	—	—	—	—	2,994	0.06%	9,664	0.13%	20,234	0.23%
Finnish	—	—	—	—	2,502	0.05%	15,500	0.22%	21,494	0.24%
Syrian− Lebanese− Turkish− Armenian	—	—	—	—	1,681	0.03%	3,880	0.05%	9,260	0.11%
Hungarian	—	—	—	—	1,549	0.03%	11,648	0.16%	13,181	0.15%
Bulgarian− Romanian	—	—	—	—	334	0.01%	5,883	0.08%	15,235	0.17%
Greek	—	—	—	—	291	0.01%	3,614	0.05%	5,740	0.07%
Indian	—	—	—	—	100	0.002%	2,342	0.03%	1,018	0.01%
Czech− Slovak	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	8,840	0.1%
Yugoslav	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	3,906	0.04%
Spanish	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2,208	0.03%
Lithuanian	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1,970	0.02%
Portuguese	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	487	0.01%
Canada	3,483,761	100%	4,324,810	100%	5,371,315	100%	7,206,643	100%	8,787,949	100%

Evolution from 1996 to 2016

As regards combined responses, Canadian is the most common ethnic origin (11,113,965) in the 2016 Census (see above). This was also the case in the 2011 NHS (10,563,805),^[26] 2006 Census (10,066,290),^[27] 2001 Census (11,682,680),^[28] and the 1996 Census (8,806,975).^[29] Canadian was also the most common single ethnic origin in the 1996 (5,326,995), 2001 (6,748,135), 2006 (5,748,725), 2011 (5,834,535), and 2016 (6,436,940).

Visible minority

Aboriginal population

Note: Inuit, other Aboriginal and mixed Aboriginal groups are not listed as their own, but they are all accounted for in total Aboriginal

See also

• 1666 census of New France
• Canada 1911 Census
• Canada 1996 Census
• Canada 2001 Census
• Canada 2006 Census
• Canada 2011 Census
• Canada 2016 Census
• Demographics of Canada
• Immigration to Canada
  • Canada immigration statistics
• Multiculturalism in Canada
• Population of Canada by years

Notes

References

Further reading

• Bumsted, J. M (2003). Canada's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook. Library of Congress (ABC-CLIO). p. 42. ISBN 1-57607-672-5. The people of Canada.
• Magocsi, Paul R (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples. Society of Ontario, University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-2938-8.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ethnic groups in Canada.

• Canada Year Book 2010 – Statistics Canada