Map of the dominant self-identified ethnic origins per census division of 2006
[1]

According to the 2021 Canadian census, over 450 "ethnic or cultural origins" were self-reported by Canadians.[2] The major panethnic origin groups in Canada are: European (52.5%), North American (22.9%), Asian (19.3%), North American Indigenous (6.1%), African (3.8%), Latin, Central and South American (2.5%), Caribbean (2.1%), Oceanian (0.3%), and Other (6%).[2][3] Statistics Canada reports that 35.5% of the population reported multiple ethnic origins, thus the overall total is greater than 100%.[2][lower-alpha 1]

The country's ten largest self-reported specific ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were Canadian[lower-alpha 2] (accounting for 15.6 percent of the population), followed by English (14.7 percent), Irish (12.1 percent), Scottish (12.1 percent), French (11.0 percent), German (8.1 percent), Chinese (4.7 percent), Italian (4.3 percent), Indian (3.7 percent), and Ukrainian (3.5 percent).[7][3]

Of the 36.3 million people enumerated in 2021 approximately 25.4 million reported being white, representing 69.8 percent of the population.[2][8] The indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8 million individuals, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021.[9] One out of every four Canadians or 26.5 percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous visible minority,[8][lower-alpha 3] the largest of which in 2021 were South Asian (2.6 million people; 7.1 percent), Chinese (1.7 million; 4.7 percent) and Black (1.5 million; 4.3 percent).[2]

Between 2011 and 2016, the visible minority population rose by 18.4 percent.[11] In 1961, less than two percent of Canada's population (about 300,000 people) were members of visible minority groups.[12] The 2021 census indicated that 8.3 million people, or almost one-quarter (23.0 percent) of the population reported themselves as being or having been a landed immigrant or permanent resident in Canada—above the 1921 census previous record of 22.3 percent.[13] In 2021, India, China, and the Philippines were the top three countries of origin for immigrants moving to Canada.[14]

Statistics Canada report on race and ethnicity in Canada in 2022

The 2020 General Social Survey revealed that 92% of adult Canadians said that "[ethnic] diversity is a Canadian value".[15] About 25% of Canadians were "racialized";[2] By 2021, 23% of the Canadian population were immigrantsthe "largest proportion since Confederation", according to Statistics Canada.[15][16] Prior to the early 1970s, most new Canadians came from Europe. Since then, more immigrants have come from Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.[15] In 2021, most immigrants came from Asia, which includes the Middle East.[15] About 25% of Canadians were "racialized";[2] By 2021, almost 5% of Canadians self-identify as Muslim.[2][16] Almost a million Canadians self-identified as Indigenous.[16]

Data collection method

Listed below are the ethnic groups of Canadian residents (citizens, landed immigrants and non-citizen temporary residents) as self-identified in the 2016 census in which approximately 35,151,000 census forms were completed). The relevant census question asked for "the ethnic or cultural origins" of the respondent's ancestors and not the respondents themselves. As data were collected by self-declaration, ethnic groups may not necessarily correspond to the true ancestry of respondents.[17] Many respondents acknowledged multiple ancestries. These people were added to the "multiple origin" total for each origin listed. These include responses as varied as a respondent who listed eight different origins and a respondent who answered "French Canadian" (leading to them being counted once for "French" and once for "Canadian"). As with all self-reported data, understanding of the question may have varied from respondent to respondent.

Larger ethnic origins (200,000 or more individuals per group; 2016 census)

The top 168 ethnic or cultural origins self-reported by Canadians in the 2021 Census.[18]
A map showing the largest ethnic or cultural origins in Canada by census division in 2021.
[1]
Ethnicity[19] Combined
responses[19]
As single
response[19]
One of multiple
responses[19]
Canada Canadian[lower-alpha 2]11,135,9656,436,9404,699,030
England English6,320,0851,098,9305,221,150
Scotland Scottish4,799,010475,5754,323,430
France French4,670,5951,006,1803,664,415
Republic of Ireland Irish4,627,000457,9054,169,095
Germany German3,322,405569,6502,752,750
China Chinese1,769,1951,439,980329,215
Italy Italian1,587,970695,420892,550
First Nations[lower-alpha 4]1,525,565526,570999,000
India Indian1,374,7101,096,845277,865
Ukraine Ukrainian1,359,655273,8101,085,845
Netherlands Dutch1,111,655289,675821,980
Poland Polish1,106,585264,415842,170
Philippines Filipino837,130651,390185,740
United Kingdom British Isles,
not included elsewhere
644,695132,830511,865
Russia Russian622,445120,165502,280
Métis600,00091,255508,740
Portugal Portuguese482,610264,815217,790
Wales Welsh474,80525,190449,615
Norway Norwegian463,27535,905427,370
Spain Spanish396,46070,330326,130
United States American377,41029,590347,810
Sweden Swedish349,64021,775327,870
Hungary Hungarian (Magyar)348,08583,400264,685
Jamaica Jamaican309,485161,495147,995
Greece Greek271,405141,580129,830
South VietnamVietnam Vietnamese240,615165,38575,225
Romania Romanian238,05096,910141,145
Lebanon Lebanese219,555130,59088,965
Pakistan Pakistani215,555156,30059,255
African Union African,
not included elsewhere
212,00576,790135,210
Iran Iranian210,405170,75539,650
Denmark Danish207,47026,985180,485
Austria Austrian207,05020,225186,820

Smaller ethnic origins (2016 census)

Ethnicity[19] Combined
responses[19]
As single
response[19]
One of multiple
responses
per respondent[19]
Korean198,210177,92020,285
Québécois194,555119,98574,575
Belgian186,66531,765154,895
Haitian165,100125,78039,320
Swiss155,12025,235129,885
Sri Lankan152,590114,12038,475
Jewish143,66039,710103,950
Finnish143,64525,875117,765
Croatian133,96555,59578,370
Mexican128,48054,30074,180
Japanese121,48556,72564,760
Acadian119,67022,98096,690
Punjabi,
not included elsewhere
118,40071,53546,860
Arab,
not included elsewhere
111,40573,33038,070
Czech104,58523,25081,330
Moroccan103,94572,62531,320
Icelandic101,7958,63093,165
Egyptian99,14062,91036,230
Serbian96,53552,73043,800
Colombian96,32569,04027,285
Guyanese84,27530,82553,445
Afghan83,99570,24013,755
Inuit79,13044,76034,37
Trinidadian/Tobagonian78,96523,90055,065
Syrian77,05043,68533,36
South Asian,
not included elsewhere
76,40055,44520,955
Slovak72,29020,47551,815
Iraqi70,92554,55516,365
West Indian70,27530,26040,010
European,
not included elsewhere
67,89533,36034,53
Algerian67,33049,52017,810
Salvadorean66,21540,51025,705
Turk63,95529,88534,070
Armenian63,81034,56029,250
Somali62,55054,7507,790
Lithuanian59,28511,18548,095
Scandinavian,
not included elsewhere
52,7855,08547,695
Nigerian51,83538,16513,670
Tamil
not included elsewhere
48,67022,14526,525
Bangladeshi58,73545,94539,255
Chilean45,19018,68526,510
Palestinian44,82025,19519,630
Ethiopian44,06034,2609,805
Macedonian43,11018,40524,705
Australian42,3154,52037,800
Peruvian42,14520,64521,500
Maltese41,91512,82029,100
South African41,3808,00533,37
Czechoslovakian,
not otherwise specified
40,7155,07535,640
Slovenian40,47013,69026,78
Cambodian38,49021,44517,045
Yugoslav
not included elsewhere
38,4808,57029,91
Congolese38,37029,6758,685
Barbadian37,77511,60526,170
Berber37,06022,96514,100
Brazilian36,83011,03525,795
Taiwanese36,51523,26013,250
Albanian36,18528,4257,760
Ghanaian 35,49526,5358,960
Bulgarian34,56019,96514,595
Latvian30,7257,04023,685
Black30,3855,53524,855
Cuban29,06510,04019,030
Israeli28,7406,45022,280
Latin, Central or South American,
not included elsewhere
28,45514,29514,155
Caribbean,
not included elsewhere
26,8308,93017,900
Bosnian26,74015,61011,125
Venezuelan26,34510,30516,040
Guatemalan26,27013,90512,370
Tunisian25,65017,6208,030
Ecuadorian25,41013,92511,485
West Asian,
not included elsewhere
25,28513,43011,855
Eritrean25,25520,6254,630
Cameroonian24,61520,6054,010
Laotian24,58013,37511,205
Estonian24,5306,15518,375
Dominican23,1309,93013,200
Bengali22,90518,4354,470
Asian,
not otherwise specified
22,74015,7606,980
Aboriginal from Central/South America22,7202,08020,645
Newfoundlander22,2154,89517,325
Indonesian21,3954,77516,615
Belorusian20,7105,12515,585
Argentinian20,6804,16516,510
Eastern European,
not included elsewhere
20,4205,87514,545
Sudanese19,96015,2504,710
Fijian19,3708,27011,105
Thai19,0057,74011,265
Grenadian17,9157,51510,400
Vincentian/Grenadinian17,4257,24510,180
East African17,3057,22010,085
Nepali17,13513,6953,440
Malaysian16,9202,55514,365
Kurdish16,32010,4705,845
New Zealander15,3951,30014,095
Central and West African origins,
not included elsewhere
15,3807,8007,585
Moldovan14,9157,4157,505
Jordanian14,2507,9556,295
Assyrian13,8308,8704,960
Nicaraguan13,7056,3607,350
Breton11,8453,2308,615
Flemish11,6851,48510,200
Hispanic11,0505,6605,395
Burundian10,9908,9652,025
Ivoirean10,9357,7953,140
Kenyan10,9155,4455,465
Rwandan10,7758,0802,690
Honduran10,6505,3255,325
Senegalese10,1756,4903,685
Yoruba9,5856,8702,715
Burmese9,3354,6604,675
Mauritanian9,3253,5205,805
St. Lucian8,9854,0404,945
Gujarati8,3505,2903,060
Zimbabwean8,0904,9453,140
Tibetan8,0407,0151,030
Libyan7,7455,7551,985
Mongolian7,4802,5554,925
Sinhalese7,2854,3552,930
Guinean7,2404,7052,540
Basque6,9707156,250
Sicilian6,9401,3455,600
Saudi Arabian6,8104,2002,615
Uruguayan6,7951,8104,985
Yemeni6,6402,9403,700
East or Southeast Asian,
not included elsewhere
6,5054,2352,270
Azerbaijani6,4252,2804,145
Maya6,2901,1805,105
Manx6,1252855,845
North African,
not included elsewhere
6,1152,9053,210
Goan6,0702,0404,030
Ugandan5,7053,2452,460
Cypriot5,6501,2654,385
Costa Rican5,5352,1403,395
Igbo5,3203,4751,845
Togolese5,3003,0952,205
Bolivian5,0551,8903,160
Beninese4,9902,6502,340
Slavic,
not otherwise specified
4,8701,4703,400
Tatar4,8258803,940
Pashtun4,8102,2452,565
Georgian4,7751,9002,875
Yakut4,7611,8862,875
Tanzanian4,7101,8352,875
Panamanian4,7001,0903,610
Roma (Gypsy)4,6307453,895
Frisian4,5907953,790
Karen4,5153,835680
Antiguan4,5051,2753,225
Malagasy4,5002,1552,345
Malian4,4852,3102,180
Paraguayan4,3256703,660
Montenegrin4,1659153,245
Bantu,
not otherwise specified
3,9652,3151,645
Uzbek3,9201,7302,190
Luxembourger3,9154403,475
Bahamian3,6708102,860
Bhutanese3,6002,4401,160
Channel Islander3,5904353,155
Coptic3,5351,4902,040
Puerto Rican3,4104452,960
Western European origins,
not included elsewhere
3,3708402,530
Oromo3,3552,410945
Kazakh3,3251,4651,860
Hawaiian3,2951203,175
Burkinabe3,1551,9801,165
Kashmiri3,1151,0952,020
Bermudan3,0753102,765
Carib3,0351302,905
Angolan2,9551,1401,820
Kittitian/Nevisian2,9207502,165
Tajik2,9101,2401,665
Kosovar2,8701,7101,160
Singaporean2,8504952,355
Alsatian2,8003752,425
Sierra Leonean2,6201,5801,040
Maori2,5001552,345
Liberian2,4851,520965
Peulh2,4401,4251,015
Pacific Islands origins,
not included elsewhere
2,3354701,865
Kuwaiti2,2351,0801,155
Southern European origins,
not included elsewhere
2,1654401,730
Tigrian2,1551,340810
Martinican2,0053701,635
Cornish1,9701201,855
Akan1,9551,235720
Edo1,9451,180765
Other North American origins,
not included elsewhere
1,8956551,240
Afrikaner1,8702801,595
Zambian1,8651,055805
Chadian1,8451,185655
Belizean1,7552501,505
Corsican1,7501651,590
Djiboutian1,710980730
Ashanti1,585765825
Uighur1,5551,010540
Amhara1,530710820
Samoan1,5301501,375
Hazara1,515585930
Arawak1,440551,385
Gabonese1,405595820
Seychellois1,285575710
Catalan1,2752001,075
Maure1,190400790
Guadeloupean1,130245885
Malinké1,120675455
Polynesian,
not otherwise specified
1,105901,015
Kyrgyz1,060580475
Turkmen1,040390655
Gambian975580395
Zulu945285660
Bavarian94050890
Montserratian935190745
Dinka900585320
Ewe845320525
Wolof835465375
Hmong810585220
Harari660395265
Chechen100100100

Evolution from 1871 to 1921

During the fifty-year period beginning from the first census of independent Canada in 1871 until the census of 1921, the national ethnic composition was multicultural, however in the early period was dominated by four origin groups from western and northern Europe: French, English, Irish, and Scottish.[20]:512 Following the French and British Isles origin groups, Continental European communities were the largest in Canada, and grew fairly rapidly between the 1901 census and the 1921 census.[20]:512 Nominally small East Asian, South Asian, West Asian, and West African descended communities also existed during this time period.[20]:512

The ethnic French population, comprising a plurality of the total population from confederation until just prior to the 1921 census, overwhelmingly relied on natural increase for growth, with progeny stemming from early settlers who arrived throughout the 17th and 18th centuries; migration from France had been severely curtailed by the British Empire and early governments of independent Canada. Population growth amongst the French population occurred at relatively high pace, increasing from 1,082,940 persons in 1871 to 2,452,743 persons in 1921.[20]:512 Despite an increase of nearly 1.5 million persons during this fifty-year period, the French proportion of the total Canadian population dropped slightly, from 31.1 percent, to 27.1 percent.[20]:512

By contrast, large population increases amongst the three main ethnic groups from the British Isles (English, Irish, and Scottish) occurred through natural increase but relied heavily on high immigration rates that began in the early-mid 19th century dubbed the Great Migration of Canada − this continued through the early 20th century, spurred by record immigration rates during the 1900s and 1910s, when English immigrants formed a majority or plurality of all immigrants to Canada on an annual and decadal basis.

The English population, in particular, grew at a rapid pace, increasing from 705,369 persons in 1871 to 2,545,358 persons in 1921, representing an increase of nearly 2 million persons during the fifty-year period.[20]:512 During the same time period, the English proportion of the total Canadian population rose from 20.3 percent to 29.0 percent.[20]:512 The English community experienced massive growth principally during the first two decades of the 20th century as a result of record immigration at the time; during the era, persons of English descent also became the single largest ethnic group in Canada, comprising a plurality of the Canadian population by the 1921 census.[20]:512

The Irish population, meanwhile, witnessed steady, slowing population growth during the late 19th and early 20th century, with the proportion of the total Canadian population dropping from 24.3 percent in 1871 to 12.6 percent in 1921 and falling from the second-largest ethnic group in Canada from to fourth − principally due to massive immigration flows from England to Canada at the time − despite the population increasing from 846,414 persons to 1,107,803 persons in the fifty-year timeframe.[20]:512 The largest Irish population increases occurred prior to confederation, spurred by mass immigration during the mid-19th century at the height of the Great Migration of Canada, and was primarily due to The Great Famine and related poor economic conditions in Ireland at the time.

At the turn of the 20th century, overall immigrant proportions from the British Isles to Canada gradually dropped from a majority to a plurality. At the time, the federal government began supplementing increased mass immigration from the British Isles (mainly England) by also permitting large migration flows from continental Europe, especially Germany, Scandinavia, and the Soviet Union. This was primarily as a result of federal policy aimed at settling the Prairies through ethnic block settlements and ultimately led to the highest annual immigration rates in Canadian history since confederation in 1867 that remain unsurpassed in the contemporary era, including 1913 (new immigrants accounted for 5.3 percent of the total population), 1912 (5.1 percent), 1911 (4.6 percent), 1907 (4.3 percent) and 1910 (4.1 percent).[21][22]

Largely due to increased immigration levels outside of the British Isles, the continental European population grew rapidly during the first two decades of the 20th century − comprising 1,246,151 persons or 14.2 percent as proportion of the total Canadian population by the 1921 census, representing a numerical increase of over 1 million persons from fifty years earlier in 1871, when the continental European population stood at approximately 236,043 persons or 6.8 percent of the total Canadian population.[20]:512

Broadening the multicultural makeup of Canada, the diversity across the Prairie provinces during the early 20th century was soon dubbed a cultural mosaic by journalist Victoria Hayward in the early 1920s:

"New Canadians, representing many places and widely separated sections of Old Europe, have contributed to the Prairie Provinces a variety in the way of Church Architecture. Cupolas and domes distinctly Eastern, almost Turkish, startle one above the tops of Manitoba maples or the bush of the river banks. These architectural figures of the landscape, apart altogether of their religious significance, are centers where, crossing the threshold on Sundays, one has the opportunity of hearing Swedish music, or the rich, deep chanting of the Russian responses; and of viewing at close hand the artistry that goes to make up the interior appointments of these churches transplanted from the East to the West… It is indeed a mosaic of vast dimensions and great breadth, essayed of the Prairie."[23]

Ethnic Origins of Canadians (1871−1921)
Ethnic
Origin
1871
[20]:512
1881
[20]:512
1901
[20]:512[24]:370[25]:354
1911
[20]:512[24]:370[25]:354
1921
[20]:512[25]:356
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
French 1,082,940 31.09% 1,298,929 30.03% 1,649,371 30.71% 2,061,719 28.61% 2,452,743 27.91%
Irish 846,414 24.3% 957,403 22.14% 988,721 18.41% 1,074,738 14.91% 1,107,803 12.61%
English 705,369 20.25% 881,301 20.38% 1,260,899 23.47% 1,871,268 25.97% 2,545,358 28.96%
Scottish 549,946 15.79% 699,863 16.18% 800,154 14.9% 1,027,015 14.25% 1,173,625 13.35%
German 202,991 5.83% 254,319 5.88% 310,601 5.78% 403,417 5.6% 294,635 3.35%
Indigenous 102,358 2.94% 108,547 2.51% 127,941 2.38% 105,611 1.47% 114,083 1.3%
Dutch 29,662 0.85% 30,412 0.7% 33,845 0.63% 55,961 0.78% 117,505 1.34%
African 21,496 0.62% 21,394 0.49% 17,437 0.32% 16,994 0.24% 18,291 0.21%
Other
British
7,773 0.22% 9,947 0.23% 13,421 0.25% 26,060 0.36% 41,932 0.48%
Scandinavian 1,623 0.05% 5,223 0.12% 31,042 0.58% 112,682 1.56% 167,369 1.9%
Italian 1,035 0.03% 1,849 0.04% 10,834 0.2% 45,963 0.64% 66,769 0.76%
Russian 607 0.02% 1,227 0.03% 19,825 0.37% 44,376 0.62% 100,064 1.14%
Jewish 125 0.004% 667 0.02% 16,131 0.3% 76,199 1.06% 126,196 1.44%
Chinese 4,383 0.1% 17,312 0.32% 27,831 0.39% 39,587 0.45%
Austrian 10,947 0.2% 44,036 0.61% 107,671 1.23%
Polish 6,285 0.12% 33,652 0.47% 53,403 0.61%
Ukrainian 5,682 0.11% 75,432 1.05% 108,721 1.24%
Japanese 4,738 0.09% 9,067 0.13% 15,868 0.18%
Swiss 3,866 0.07% 6,626 0.09% 12,837 0.15%
Belgian 2,994 0.06% 9,664 0.13% 20,234 0.23%
Finnish 2,502 0.05% 15,500 0.22% 21,494 0.24%
Syrian
Lebanese
Turkish
Armenian
1,681 0.03% 3,880 0.05% 9,260 0.11%
Hungarian 1,549 0.03% 11,648 0.16% 13,181 0.15%
Bulgarian
Romanian
334 0.01% 5,883 0.08% 15,235 0.17%
Greek 291 0.01% 3,614 0.05% 5,740 0.07%
Indian 100 0.002% 2,342 0.03% 1,018 0.01%
Czech
Slovak
8,840 0.1%
Yugoslav 3,906 0.04%
Spanish 2,208 0.03%
Lithuanian 1,970 0.02%
Portuguese 487 0.01%
Canada 3,483,761 100% 4,324,810 100% 5,371,315 100% 7,206,643 100% 8,787,949 100%

Evolution from 1996 to 2016

As regards combined responses, Canadian is the most common ethnic origin (11,113,965) in the 2016 Census (see above). This was also the case in the 2011 NHS (10,563,805),[26] 2006 Census (10,066,290),[27] 2001 Census (11,682,680),[28] and the 1996 Census (8,806,975).[29] Canadian was also the most common single ethnic origin in the 1996 (5,326,995), 2001 (6,748,135), 2006 (5,748,725), 2011 (5,834,535), and 2016 (6,436,940).

Ethnic Origin (Single Responses), 1996–2016
1996[29] 2001[28] 2006[27] 2011[26] 2016[30]
# Ethnic Origin Pop. # Ethnic Origin Pop. # Ethnic Origin Pop. # Ethnic Origin Pop. # Ethnic Origin Pop.
1 Canadian 5,326,995 1 Canadian 6,748,135 1 Canadian 5,748,725 1 Canadian 5,834,535 1 Canadian 6,436,940
2 French 2,665,250 2 English 1,479,525 2 English 1,367,125 2 English 1,312,570 2 Chinese 1,439,980
3 English 2,048,275 3 French 1,060,760 3 French 1,230,535 3 Chinese 1,210,945 3 English 1,098,925
4 Chinese 800,470 4 Chinese 936,210 4 Chinese 1,135,365 4 French 1,165,465 4 Indian 1,096,850
5 Italian 729,455 5 Italian 726,275 5 Indian 780,175 5 Indian 919,155 5 French 1,006,180
6 German 726,145 6 German 705,600 6 Italian 741,045 6 Italian 700,845 6 Italian 695,415
7 Scottish 642,970 7 Scottish 607,235 7 German 670,640 7 German 608,520 7 Filipino 651,390
8 Irish 504,030 8 Indian 581,665 8 Scottish 568,515 8 Scottish 544,440 8 German 569,650
9 Indian 438,770 9 Irish 496,865 9 First Nations 512,150 9 First Nations 517,550 9 First Nations 526,570
10 First Nations 394,555 10 First Nations 455,805 10 Irish 491,030 10 Filipino 506,545 10 Scottish 475,575
11 Ukrainian 331,680 11 Ukrainian 326,195 11 Filipino 321,390 11 Irish 506,445 11 Irish 457,905
12 Dutch 313,880 12 Dutch 316,220 12 Dutch 303,400 12 Dutch 297,885 12 Dutch 289,675
13 Polish 265,930 13 Filipino 266,140 13 Ukrainian 300,590 13 Ukrainian 276,055 13 Ukrainian 273,810
14 Portuguese 252,640 14 Polish 260,415 14 Polish 269,375 14 Polish 255,135 14 Portuguese 264,815
15 Filipino 198,420 15 Portuguese 252,835 15 Portuguese 262,230 15 Portuguese 250,320 15 Polish 264,415
16 Jewish 195,810 16 Jewish 186,475 16 Greek 145,250 16 Vietnamese 157,450 16 Korean 177,925
17 Greek 144,940 17 Greek 143,785 17 Korean 137,790 17 Korean 154,355 17 Iranian 170,755
18 Jamaican 128,570 18 Jamaican 138,180 18 Vietnamese 136,445 18 Jamaican 142,870 18 Vietnamese 165,390
19 Vietnamese 110,390 19 Vietnamese 119,120 19 Jamaican 134,320 19 Greek 141,755 19 Jamaican 161,495
20 Hungarian 94,185 20 Korean 95,200 20 Jewish 134,045 20 Iranian 131,100 20 Pakistani 156,300
Ethnic Origin (Single and Multiple Responses), 1996–2016
1996[29] 2001[28] 2006[27] 2011[26] 2016[30]
# Ethnic Origin Pop. # Ethnic Origin Pop. # Ethnic Origin Pop. # Ethnic Origin Pop. # Ethnic Origin Pop.
1 Canadian 8,806,275 1 Canadian 11,682,680 1 Canadian 10,066,290 1 Canadian 10,563,805 1 Canadian 11,135,965
2 English 6,832,095 2 English 5,978,875 2 English 6,570,015 2 English 6,509,500 2 English 6,320,085
3 French 5,597,845 3 French 4,668,410 3 French 4,941,210 3 French 5,065,690 3 Scottish 4,799,005
4 Scottish 4,260,840 4 Scottish 4,157,210 4 Scottish 4,719,850 4 Scottish 4,714,970 4 French 4,670,595
5 Irish 3,767,610 5 Irish 3,822,660 5 Irish 4,354,155 5 Irish 4,544,870 5 Irish 4,627,000
6 German 2,757,140 6 German 2,742,765 6 German 3,179,425 6 German 3,203,330 6 German 3,322,405
7 Italian 1,207,475 7 Italian 1,270,370 7 Italian 1,445,335 7 Italian 1,488,425 7 Chinese 1,769,195
8 Ukrainian 1,026,475 8 Chinese 1,094,700 8 Chinese 1,346,510 8 Chinese 1,487,580 8 Italian 1,587,970
9 Chinese 921,585 9 Ukrainian 1,071,060 9 North American Indian 1,253,615 9 First Nations 1,369,115 9 First Nations 1,525,570
10 Dutch 916,215 10 North American Indian 1,000,890 10 Ukrainian 1,209,085 10 Ukrainian 1,251,170 10 Indian 1,374,715
11 North American Indian 867,225 11 Dutch 923,310 11 Dutch 1,035,965 11 Indian 1,165,145 11 Ukrainian 1,359,655
12 Polish 786,735 12 Polish 817,085 12 Polish 984,565 12 Dutch 1,067,245 12 Dutch 1,111,655
13 Indian 548,080 13 Indian 713,330 13 Indian 962,665 13 Polish 1,010,705 13 Polish 1,106,585
14 Jewish 351,705 14 Norwegian 363,760 14 Russian 500,600 14 Filipino 662,600 14 Filipino 837,135
15 Norwegian 346,310 15 Portuguese 357,690 15 Welsh 440,965 15 British Isles, n.i.e. 576,030 15 British Isles, n.i.e. 644,695
16 Welsh 338,905 16 Welsh 350,365 16 Filipino 436,190 16 Russian 550,520 16 Russian 622,445
17 Portuguese 335,110 17 Jewish 348,605 17 Norwegian 432,515 17 Welsh 458,705 17 Métis 599,995
18 Swedish 278,975 18 Russian 337,960 18 Portuguese 410,850 18 Norwegian 452,705 18 Portuguese 482,605
19 Russian 272,335 19 Filipino 327,550 19 Métis 409,065 19 Métis 447,655 19 Welsh 474,805
20 Hungarian 250,525 20 Métis 307,845 20 British Isles, n.i.e. 403,915 20 Portuguese 429,850 20 Norwegian 463,275

Visible minority

Visible minority population by province and territory, 2016[31]
Province/territory South Asian Chinese Black Filipino Latin American Arab Southeast Asian West Asian Korean Japanese Visible minority, n.i.e. Multiple visible minorities Total visible minority population Total population Percent visible minority
Alberta[32] 230,930 158,200 129,390 166,195 55,090 56,700 43,985 20,980 21,275 12,165 9,900 28,360 933,165 3,978,145 23.46%
British Columbia[33] 365,705 508,480 43,500 145,025 44,115 19,840 54,920 48,695 60,495 41,230 8,760 40,465 1,381,235 4,560,240 30.29%
Manitoba[34] 42,060 22,540 30,335 79,815 9,895 5,030 8,565 2,695 4,375 1,850 3,195 6,485 216,850 1,240,700 17.48%
New Brunswick[35] 2,535 3,925 7,000 1,980 1,285 2,960 1,230 730 1,685 230 305 675 24,535 730,710 3.36%
Newfoundland and Labrador[36] 2,645 2,325 2,355 1,390 635 1,375 340 220 80 60 150 255 11,810 512,250 2.31%
Northwest Territories[37] 615 300 760 1,300 135 100 255 50 100 150 95 90 3,960 41,135 9.63%
Nova Scotia[38] 7,910 8,640 21,915 3,400 1,685 8,110 1,195 1,540 1,540 695 630 1,395 58,650 908,340 6.46%
Nunavut[39] 115 75 330 230 40 40 30 10 10 10 20 10 905 35,580 2.54%
Ontario[40] 1,150,415 754,550 527,715 311,675 195,950 210,435 133,855 154,670 88,935 30,830 97,970 128,585 3,885,585 13,242,160 29.34%
Prince Edward Island[41] 920 2,570 825 670 255 585 145 215 210 110 55 85 6,640 139,685 4.75%
Quebec[42] 90,335 99,505 319,230 34,910 133,920 213,740 62,820 32,405 8,055 4,570 9,840 23,045 1,032,365 7,965,450 12.96%
Saskatchewan[43] 19,960 15,545 14,925 32,340 4,195 4,300 5,745 2,065 1,875 955 1,150 2,820 115,875 1,070,560 10.82%
Yukon[44] 500 415 270 1,190 130 10 180 30 70 65 15 120 3,000 35,115 8.54%
Canada[45] 1,924,635 1,577,060 1,198,540 780,125 447,325 523,325 313,260 264,305 188,710 92,920 132,090 232,375 7,674,580 34,460,065 22.27%
Visible minority in Canadian cities over 100,000 people, 2016[46]
City Population Visible minority Black East Asian Latin American South Asian Southeast Asian West Asian Arab Multiracial Other
Toronto 2,731,571 51.5% 8.9% 13.2% 2.9% 12.6% 7.2% 2.2% 1.3% 1.8% 1.4%
Montreal 1,704,694 34.2% 10.3% 3.7% 4.1% 3.3% 3.5% 0.9% 7.3% 0.7% 0.3%
Calgary 1,239,220 36.2% 4.2% 8.5% 2.1% 9.5% 7.3% 1.0% 2.0% 1.1% 0.4%
Ottawa 934,243 26.3% 6.6% 5.1% 1.2% 4.2% 2.7% 1.0% 4.5% 0.9% 0.3%
Edmonton 932,546 37.1% 5.9% 7.3% 1.9% 9.5% 7.7% 0.7% 2.6% 1.1% 0.4%
Mississauga 721,599 57.2% 6.6% 8.7% 2.3% 23.2% 7.2% 1.1% 5.1% 1.9% 1.3%
Winnipeg 705,224 28.0% 3.9% 3.6% 1.0% 5.4% 11.8% 0.4% 0.7% 0.9% 0.4%
Vancouver 631,486 51.6% 1.0% 30.2% 1.8% 6.0% 8.7% 1.4% 0.5% 1.8% 0.2%
Brampton 593,638 73.3% 13.9% 1.7% 2.4% 44.3% 4.8% 0.9% 1.0% 1.6% 2.7%
Hamilton 536,917 19.0% 3.8% 2.5% 1.6% 4.2% 2.8% 0.9% 2.0% 0.7% 0.5%
Quebec City 531,902 6.4% 2.4% 0.5% 1.3% 0.3% 0.5% 0.1% 1.2% 0.1% 0.1%
Surrey 517,887 58.5% 1.8% 7.8% 1.4% 32.8% 8.8% 0.7% 1.1% 1.2% 0.4%
Laval 422,993 26.1% 7.8% 1.0% 3.1% 2.1% 2.1% 1.0% 8.2% 0.3% 0.1%
Halifax 403,131 11.4% 3.8% 2.2% 0.3% 1.6% 0.9% 0.3% 1.8% 0.3% 0.1%
London 383,822 19.9% 3.0% 3.8% 2.4% 3.1% 2.1% 0.9% 3.6% 0.6% 0.4%
Markham 328,966 77.9% 2.9% 46.8% 0.5% 17.8% 3.8% 2.4% 1.0% 2.1% 0.9%
Vaughan 306,233 35.4% 2.7% 8.7% 2.4% 10.1% 5.1% 2.9% 1.4% 1.4% 0.8%
Gatineau 276,245 13.5% 6.1% 1.0% 1.5% 0.4% 0.7% 0.3% 3.1% 0.3% 0.2%
Longueuil 239,700 18.6% 7.0% 1.4% 3.1% 0.8% 1.3% 0.8% 3.2% 0.4% 0.3%
Burnaby 232,755 63.6% 1.6% 38.9% 2.0% 8.1% 7.7% 2.2% 0.7% 2.1% 0.3%
Saskatoon 246,376 19.8% 2.2% 3.6% 0.8% 5.5% 5.4% 0.5% 1.0% 0.6% 0.2%
Kitchener 233,222 21.8% 4.1% 2.6% 2.6% 5.0% 2.9% 1.2% 1.8% 0.8% 0.8%
Windsor 217,188 26.9% 5.0% 3.6% 1.2% 4.5% 3.0% 0.6% 7.5% 0.9% 0.6%
Regina 215,106 19.2% 3.0% 6.2% 0.6% 5.9% 5.2% 0.3% 0.7% 0.4% 0.2%
Richmond 198,309 76.3% 0.6% 55.6% 0.8% 7.3% 7.9% 0.6% 0.8% 2.4% 0.2%
Richmond Hill 195,022 60.0% 2.0% 32.5% 0.8% 7.7% 2.7% 10.4% 1.8% 1.6% 0.4%
Oakville 193,832 30.8% 2.9% 9.0% 1.9% 8.9% 2.4% 1.1% 3.2% 1.0% 0.4%
Burlington 183,314 16.0% 2.1% 2.9% 1.3% 4.8% 2.0% 0.6% 1.4% 0.6% 0.4%
Greater Sudbury 161,531 3.8% 0.9% 0.7% 0.2% 0.9% 0.4% 0.1% 0.4% 0.1% 0.0%
Sherbrooke 161,323 7.3% 2.2% 0.4% 1.7% 0.3% 0.4% 0.8% 1.2% 0.2% 0.0%
Oshawa 159,458 16.0% 5.5% 2.0% 0.8% 3.8% 1.6% 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 0.8%
Saguenay 145,949 1.4% 0.5% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0%
Lévis 143,414 2.2% 0.7% 0.3% 0.4% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0%
Barrie 141,434 10.3% 2.7% 1.8% 1.1% 2.2% 1.4% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3%
Abbotsford 141,397 33.7% 1.0% 3.0% 0.8% 25.5% 2.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.5% 0.2%
St. Catharines 133,113 12.7% 2.9% 2.7% 1.7% 1.4% 1.8% 0.3% 1.1% 0.7% 0.2%
Trois-Rivières 134,413 3.5% 1.4% 0.3% 0.8% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% 0.0%
Cambridge 129,920 15.6% 2.5% 1.4% 1.3% 6.2% 2.1% 0.3% 0.8% 0.4% 0.6%
Coquitlam 139,284 50.2% 1.1% 29.3% 1.6% 4.5% 5.2% 5.6% 1.0% 1.7% 0.2%
Kingston 123,798 9.7% 1.5% 2.7% 0.7% 2.0% 1.1% 0.4% 0.8% 0.4% 0.1%
Whitby 128,377 25.3% 8.0% 3.1% 1.1% 6.6% 2.4% 1.0% 0.8% 1.5% 0.9%
Guelph 131,794 18.8% 2.2% 3.6% 1.0% 5.0% 4.1% 1.2% 0.6% 0.9% 0.2%
Kelowna 127,380 9.5% 0.8% 2.9% 0.6% 2.6% 1.6% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2%
Saanich 114,148 22.1% 1.0% 10.5% 0.7% 5.0% 3.0% 0.4% 0.6% 0.6% 0.2%
Ajax 119,677 56.7% 16.7% 3.2% 1.4% 20.9% 5.3% 2.4% 1.7% 2.4% 2.7%
Thunder Bay 107,909 4.5% 0.6% 1.1% 0.3% 0.9% 0.8% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.0%
Terrebonne 111,575 11.8% 4.5% 0.4% 1.7% 0.1% 0.6% 0.1% 1.7% 0.1% 0.0%
St. John's 108,860 7.0% 1.4% 1.6% 0.5% 1.5% 0.7% 0.2% 1.0% 0.1% 0.1%
Langley 117,285 18.7% 1.0% 8.0% 0.9% 4.4% 3.0% 0.3% 0.3% 0.5% 0.1%
Chatham-Kent 101,647 4.6% 2.1% 0.6% 0.2% 0.6% 0.5% 0.0% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1%
Milton 110,128 42.8% 4.8% 3.1% 2.4% 21.0% 4.7% 0.9% 3.5% 1.4% 0.9%
Waterloo 104,986 26.4% 1.9% 10.6% 1.4% 6.4% 1.7% 1.1% 1.8% 0.9% 0.6%
Delta 102,238 36.0% 0.8% 9.2% 0.8% 20.3% 3.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.8% 0.3%
Red Deer 100,418 15.5% 1.8% 1.8% 1.8% 1.7% 7.0% 0.4% 0.5% 0.4% 0.1%

Aboriginal population

Total aboriginal population
Group 1996[47] 2001[48] 2006[49] 2011[50] 2016[51]
 % Total  % Total  % Total  % Total  % Total
Total Aboriginal 2.8% 799,005 3.3% 976,305 3.8% 1,172,785 4.3% 1,400,685 4.9% 1,673,780
First Nations 1.8% 529,040 2.1% 608,850 2.2% 698,025 2.6% 851,560 2.8% 977,230
Métis 0.7% 204,115 1.0% 292,305 1.2% 389,780 1.4% 451,795 1.7% 587,545
Inuit 0.14% 40,220 0.16% 50,485 0.2% 59,445 0.2% 65,025

Note: Inuit, other Aboriginal and mixed Aboriginal groups are not listed as their own, but they are all accounted for in total Aboriginal

Aboriginal population by province and territory, 2011[46]
Province/territory Not Aboriginal First Nations Métis Inuit Aboriginal, n.i.e. Multiple Aboriginal identities Total Aboriginal population Total population
Alberta[32] 2,690,960 116,670 96,870 1,985 3,300 1,870 220,695 3,567,980
British Columbia[33] 2,911,295 155,020 69,475 1,570 3,745 2,480 232,290 4,324,455
Manitoba[34] 824,830 114,225 78,830 580 1,055 1,200 195,895 1,174,350
New Brunswick[35] 696,080 16,120 4,850 485 1,020 150 22,620 735,835
Newfoundland and Labrador[36] 464,540 19,315 7,660 6,265 2,300 260 35,800 507,270
Northwest Territories[37] 16,920 13,350 3,250 4,335 185 45 21,160 40,800
Nova Scotia[38] 825,055 21,895 10,050 695 980 225 33,850 906,175
Nunavut[39] 3,825 125 130 27,070 15 20 27,365 31,700
Ontario[40] 9,070,800 201,100 86,020 3,355 8,040 2,910 301,430 12,651,795
Prince Edward Island[41] 130,890 1,520 410 55 235 0 2,230 137,380
Quebec[42] 6,740,375 82,425 40,960 12,570 4,415 1,545 141,915 7,732,525
Saskatchewan[43] 787,745 103,205 52,450 290 1,120 675 157,740 1,008,760
Yukon[44] 23,590 6,585 845 175 70 25 7,705 33,320
Canada[45] 25,186,890 851,560 451,795 59,440 26,475 11,415 1,400,685 32,852,325
City Population Total Aboriginal First Nations Métis
Toronto 2,576,025 0.7% 0.5% 0.2%
Montreal 1,612,640 0.6% 0.3% 0.2%
Calgary 1,082,235 2.7% 1.2% 1.4%
Ottawa 867,090 2.1% 1.2% 0.7%
Edmonton 795,675 5.3% 2.4% 2.7%
Mississauga 708,725 0.5% 0.3% 0.1%
Winnipeg 649,995 11.7% 5.9% 6.3%
Vancouver 590,210 2.0% 1.3% 0.6%
Brampton 521,315 0.7% 0.4% 0.2%
Hamilton 509,640 2.0% 1.6% 0.3%
Quebec City 502,595 0.9% 0.5% 0.4%
Surrey 463,340 2.9% 1.9% 1.0%
Laval 392,725 0.6% 0.3% 0.2%
Halifax 384,330 2.5% 1.5% 0.8%
London 360,715 1.9% 1.4% 0.4%
Markham 300,135 0.2% 0.1% 0.1%
Vaughan 286,305 0.2% 0.1% 0.0%
Gatineau 261,665 3.5% 1.8% 1.5%
Longueuil 227,970 1.0% 0.6% 0.0%
Burnaby 220,255 1.5% 0.9% 0.5%
Saskatoon 218,315 10.2% 4.9% 4.6%
Kitchener 215,950 1.5% 0.9% 0.5%
Windsor 208,015 2.3% 1.3% 0.9%
Regina 189,740 9.9% 5.8% 3.9%
Richmond 189,305 1.0% 0.7% 0.3%
Richmond Hill 184,370 0.2% 0.1% 0.0%
Oakville 180,430 0.6% 0.4% 0.2%
Burlington 173,495 0.9% 0.5% 0.3%
Greater Sudbury 157,765 8.2% 3.8% 4.1%
Sherbrooke 150,255 0.9% 0.5% 0.3%
Oshawa 147,680 2.0% 1.2% 0.8%
Saguenay 141,335 2.5% 0.8% 1.6%
Lévis 135,835 0.5% 0.2% 0.2%
Barrie 133,240 2.6% 1.4% 1.2%
Abbotsford 130,950 4.0% 2.5% 1.6%
St. Catharines 128,770 1.9% 1.2% 0.6%
Trois-Rivières 126,980 1.1% 0.6% 0.4%
Cambridge 125,060 2.0% 1.2% 0.6%
Coquitlam 125,015 2.1% 1.1% 0.9%
Kingston 118,930 2.9% 2.0% 0.8%
Whitby 120,285 1.2% 0.7% 0.4%
Guelph 120,550 1.6% 1.0% 0.6%
Kelowna 114,570 4.5% 2.1% 2.3%
Saanich 107,855 2.7% 1.5% 1.1%
Ajax 109,220 1.0% 0.7% 0.3%
Thunder Bay 105,950 9.5% 7.3% 2.0%
Terrebonne 105,610 0.7% 0.5% 0.1%
St. John's 103,905 2.6% 1.2% 0.8%
Langley 103,145 3.4% 1.6% 1.7%
Chatham-Kent 101,680 2.9% 1.7% 0.9%

See also

Notes

  1. The 2021 census on ethnic or cultural origins, Statistics Canada states: "Given the fluid nature of this concept and the changes made to this question, 2021 Census data on ethnic or cultural origins are not comparable to data from previous censuses and should not be used to measure the growth or decline of the various groups associated with these origins".[2]
  2. 1 2 All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.[4] "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude of reasons such as generational distance from ancestral lineage."[5][6]
  3. Indigenous peoples are not considered a visible minority in Statistics Canada calculations. Visible minorities are defined by Statistics Canada as "persons, other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour".[10]
  4. The category "North American Indian" includes respondents who indicated that their ethnic origins were from a Canadian First Nation, or another non-Canadian North American aboriginal group (excluding Inuit and Métis).
    Source: "How Statistics Canada Identifies Aboriginal Peoples". Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 16, 2011.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity". Statistics Canada, Government of Canada. The Daily. 26 October 2022b. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  3. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  4. Simon, Patrick; Piché, Victor (2013). Accounting for Ethnic and Racial Diversity: The Challenge of Enumeration. Routledge. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-1-317-98108-4.
  5. Bezanson, Kate; Webber, Michelle (2016). Rethinking Society in the 21st Century (4th ed.). Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. 455–456. ISBN 978-1-55130-936-1.
  6. Edmonston, Barry; Fong, Eric (2011). The Changing Canadian Population. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 294–296. ISBN 978-0-7735-3793-4.
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  18. ""Canadian" tops the more than 450 ethnic or cultural origins reported by the population of Canada". Statistics Canada. October 26, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
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  46. 1 2 Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (15 January 2001). "Census Program". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2018-04-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. Statistics Canada, Population by Aboriginal Groups and Sex, Showing Age Groups, for Canada, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)
  48. Statistics Canada Archived 2008-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Community Highlights for Canada
  49. Statistics Canada Archived 2009-04-20 at the Wayback Machine, 2006 Community Profiles: Canada (Country)
  50. Statistics Canada, NHS Profile, Canada, 2011
  51. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 25, 2017). "Aboriginal Identity (9), Age (20), Registered or Treaty Indian Status (3) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca.

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