This is a list of active herbaria, organized first by continent where the herbarium is located, then within each continent by size of the collection. The list is based on the Index Herbariorum, a global directory of herbaria and their associated staff.[1]
A herbarium (plural "herbaria") is a collection of preserved plant specimens. These specimens may be whole plants or plant parts: these will usually be in a dried form, mounted on a sheet, but depending upon the material may also be kept in alcohol or other preservative. The same term is often used in mycology to describe an equivalent collection of preserved fungi and in phycology to describe a collection of algae. To preserve their form and color, plants collected in the field are spread flat on sheets of newsprint and dried, usually in a plant press, between blotters or absorbent paper. The specimens, which are then mounted on sheets of stiff white paper, are labeled with all essential data, such as collector, date and place found, description of the plant, elevation, and special habitat conditions. The sheet is then placed in a protective case. As a precaution against insect damage, the pressed plant is frozen or poisoned and the case disinfected. Most herbaria use a standard system of organizing their specimens into herbarium cases. Specimen sheets are stacked in groups by the species to which they belong and placed into a large lightweight folder that is labelled on the bottom edge. Groups of species folders are then placed together into larger, heavier folders by genus. The genus folders are then sorted by taxonomic family according to the standard system selected for use by the herbarium and placed into pigeonholes in herbarium cabinets.
Herbaria are essential for the study of plant taxonomy, the study of geographic distributions, and the stabilizing of nomenclature. Herbaria also preserve an historical record of change in vegetation over time. In some cases, plants become extinct in one area, or may become extinct altogether. In such cases, specimens preserved in an herbarium can represent the only record of the plant's original distribution. Environmental scientists make use of such data to track changes in climate and human impact.
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Africa
Asia
| Name | No. Specimens | Code | Location | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese National Herbarium, (Chinese Academy of Sciences) | 2,470,000 | PE | People's Republic of China; Xiangshan, Beijing | |
| Herbarium Bogoriense (Indonesian Institute of Sciences) | 2,000,000 | BO | Indonesia; Bogor, West Java | |
| Central National Herbarium, India | 2,000,000 | CAL | India; Kolkata, West Bengal | |
| University of Tokyo | 1,700,000 | TI | Japan; Tokyo | |
| National Museum of Nature and Science | 1,500,000 | TNS | Japan; Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture | |
| Kyoto University | 1,200,000 | KYO | Japan; Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture | |
| Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences | 1,110,000 | KUN | People's Republic of China; Kunming, Yunnan | |
| Georgian Academy of Sciences | 1,000,000 | TBI | Georgia; Tbilisi | |
| National Academy of Science, Uzbekistan | 1,000,000 | TASH | Uzbekistan; Tashkent | |
| South China Botanical Garden | 1,000,000 | IBSC | People's Republic of China; Guangzhou, Guangdong | |
| Hebrew University | 700,000 | HUJ | Israel; Jerusalem | |
| Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences | 700,000 | NAS | People's Republic of China; Nanjing, Jiangsu | |
| National Center for Natural Sciences and Technology | 700,000 | HN | Vietnam; Hanoi | |
| Institute of Tropical Biology | 150,000 | VNM | Vietnam; Ho Chi Minh City | |
| North West Agriculture and Forestry University | 550,000 | WUK | People's Republic of China; Yangling, Shaanxi | |
| Institute of Applied Ecology, Academia Sinica | 520,000 | IFP | People's Republic of China; Shenyang, Liaoning | |
| Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences | 500,000 | VLA | Russia; Vladivostok | |
| Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia | 500,000 | ERE | Armenia; Yerevan | |
| Tomsk State University, P. N. Krylov Herbarium | 500,000 | TK | Russia; Tomsk | |
| Tohoku University | 485,000 | TUS | Japan; Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture | |
| Sichuan University | 450,000 | SZ | People's Republic of China; Chengdu, Sichuan | |
| Tokyo Metropolitan University | 450,000 | MAK | Japan; Tokyo | |
| Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan | 400,000 | BAK | Azerbaijan; Baku | |
| Guangxi Institute of Botany | 400,000 | IBK | People's Republic of China; Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region | |
| Hattori Botanical Laboratory | 400,000 | NICH | Japan; Nichinan, Miyazaki Prefecture | |
| Hiroshima University | 400,000 | HIRO | Japan; Hiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture | |
| National Academy of Science, Kyrgyzstan | 400,000 | FRU | Kyrgyzstan; Bishkek | |
| Forest Research Institute, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education | 340,000 | DD | India; Dehra Dun, Uttar Pradesh | |
| M. Utemisov Western Kazakhstanian State University | 340,000 | PPIU | Kazakhstan; Uralsk | |
| Altai State University, South-Siberian Botanical Garden | 300,000 | ALTB | Russia; Barnaul | |
| Central Siberian Botanical Garden | 300,000 | NS, NSK | Russia; Novosibirsk | |
| Ministry of Science, Academy of Sciences | 300,000 | AA | Kazakhstan; Alma-Ata | |
| Natural History Museum and Institute | 300,000 | CBM | Japan; Chiba, Chiba Prefecture | |
| Osaka Museum of Natural History | 300,000 | OSA | Japan; Osaka, Osaka Prefecture | |
| Seoul National University | 300,000 | SNU | South Korea; Seoul | |
| Wuhan University | 300,000 | WH | People's Republic of China; Wuhan, Hubei | |
| Chongqing Municipal Academy of Chinese Materia Medica | 296,000 | SM | People's Republic of China; Chongqing, Sichuan | |
| Taiwan Forestry Research Institute | 270,000 | TAIF | Taiwan; Taipei | |
| Botanical Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre | 259,000 | MH | India; Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu | |
| Kanazawa University | 250,000 | KANA | Japan; Kanazawa, Ishikawa Prefecture | |
| National Taiwan University, Herbarium | 250,000 | TAI | Taiwan; Taipei | |
| Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Circle | 225,000 | ASSAM | India; Shillong, Meghalaya | |
| Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences | 220,000 | HNWP | People's Republic of China; Xining, Qinghai | |
| Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute | 210,000 | IRAN | Iran; Tehran | |
| Ankara University | 200,000 | ANK | Turkey; Ankara | |
| Botanical Institute of the Tajikistan Academy of Sciences | 200,000 | TAD | Tajikistan; Dushanbe | |
| Chengdu Institute of Biology | 200,000 | CDBI | People's Republic of China; Chengdu, Sichuan | |
| Guizhou Academy of Sciences | 200,000 | HGAS | People's Republic of China; Guiyang, Guizhou | |
| Hokkaido University | 200,000 | SAP | Japan; Sapporo, Hokkaido Prefecture | |
| Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden | 200,000 | MBK | Japan; Kochi, Kōchi Prefecture | |
| St. Xavier's College, Blatter Herbarium | 200,000 | BLAT | India; Mumbai, Maharashtra | |
| Shinshu University | 200,000 | SHIN | Japan; Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture | |
| Southwest Forestry College | 200,000 | SWFC | People's Republic of China; Kunming, Yunnan | |
| Wuhan Institute of Botany | 200,000 | HIB | People's Republic of China; Wuhan, Hubei | |
| Zhongshan (Sun Yatsen) University | 200,000 | SYS | People's Republic of China; Guangzhou, Guangdong | |
| National Herbarium and Plant laboratories | 200,000 | KATH | Nepal | |
| National Herbarium of Sri Lanka | 160,000 | LKA | Sri Lanka, Peradeniya, Kandy | |
| Nanjing University | 150,000 | N | People's Republic of China; Nanjing, Jiangsu | |
| National Herbarium of Iran, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands | 140,000 | TARI | Iran, Tehran | |
| Irkutsk State University | 130,000 | IRKU | Russia; Irkutsk | |
| Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden | 125,000 | HITBC | People's Republic of China; Xishuangbanna | |
| National Herbarium, Islamabad | 100,000 | NHI | Islamabad, Pakistan | |
| Mongolian Academy of Sciences | 100,000 | UBA | Mongolia; Ulaanbaatar | |
| Forest Research, development and innovation agency | 85,000 | BPPI | Indonesia; Bogor, West Java | |
| Central Herbarium of Tehran University | 75,000 | TUH | Iran; Tehran | |
| Andalas University | 65,000 | UA | Indonesia; Padang, West Sumatra | |
| Bogor Botanical Garden | 50,000 | KBR | Indonesia; Bogor, West Java | |
| Hong Kong Herbarium | 46,100 | HK | Hong Kong | |
| Agharkar Research Institute | 28,000 | AHMA | India; Pune, Maharashtra | |
| Jeju National University | 24,000 | JNUB | South Korea; Jeju | |
| French Institute of Pondicherry | 22,000 | HIFP | India; Pondicherry, Puducherry | |
| Botanical Survey of India, Deccan Regional Centre | 11,000 | BSID | India; Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh | |
| Herbarium Malangensis | 6,901 | MALG | Indonesia, East Java, Malang |
Australasia and Oceania
| Name | No. Specimens | Code | Location | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Royal Botanic Gardens, National Herbarium of Victoria | 1,562,000 | MEL | Australia; South Yarra, Melbourne, Victoria | |
| Australian National Herbarium | 1,328,000 | CANB | Australia; Canberra, A. C. T. | |
| Royal Botanic Gardens, National Herbarium of New South Wales | 1,000,000 | NSW | Australia; Sydney, New South Wales | |
| State Herbarium of South Australia | 1,030,000 | AD | Australia; Adelaide, South Australia | |
| Singapore Botanic Gardens | 750,000 | SING | Singapore | |
| Queensland Herbarium | 730,000 | BRI | Australia; Brisbane, Queensland | |
| Western Australian Herbarium | 640,000 | PERTH | Australia; Western Australia | |
| Bishop Museum, Herbarium Pacificum | 600,000 | BISH | United States; Honolulu, Hawaii | |
| Landcare Research New Zealand Limited, Allan Herbarium | 800,000 | CHR | New Zealand; Lincoln | |
| Auckland War Memorial Museum | 330,000 | AK | New Zealand; Auckland | |
| Papua New Guinea Forest Research Institute, Papua New Guinea National Herbarium | 300,000 | LAE | Papua New Guinea; Lae | |
| Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Herbarium | 300,000 | HO | Australia; Hobart, Tasmania | |
| Forest Research Institute Malaysia | 250,000 | KEP | Malaysia; Kepong, Selangor | |
| Forest Research Center | 230,000 | SAN | Malaysia; Sandakan, Sabah | |
| Museum of New Zealand | 230,000 | WELT | New Zealand; Wellington | |
| Northern Territory Herbarium | 200,000 | DNA | Australia; Palmerston, Northern Territory | |
| Philippine National Herbarium | 180,000 | PNH | Philippines; Manila | |
| Sarawak Herbarium | 160,000 | SAR | Malaysia; Kuching, Sarawak | |
| Australian Tropical Herbarium | 150,000 | CNS | Australia; Cairns, Queensland | |
| University of Melbourne Herbarium | 130,000 | MELU | Australia; Parkville, Victoria | |
| Orange Agricultural Institute, Plant Pathology Herbarium | 95,000 | DAR | Australia; Orange, New South Wales | |
| N.C.W. Beadle Herbarium, University of New England | 90,000 | NE | Australia; Armidale, New South Wales | |
| Herbarium of IRD Nouméa | 85,000 | NOU | New Caledonia; Nouméa | |
| Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium | 84,000 | BRIP | Australia; Brisbane, Queensland | |
| Otago Regional Herbarium, University of Otago | 72,000 | OTA | New Zealand; Dunedin | |
| National Tropical Botanical Garden | 50,000 | PTBG | United States; Kalaheo, Kauai, Hawaii | |
| University of the South Pacific | 40,000 | SUVA | Fiji; Suva | |
| Solomon Islands National Herbarium | 35,000 | BSIP | Solomon Islands; Honiara | |
| New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), National Forestry Herbarium | 30,000 | NZFRI | New Zealand; Rotorua | |
| University of Waikato Herbarium | 22,000 | WAIK | New Zealand; Hamilton | |
| Herbarium of Vanuatu | 20,000 | PVNH | Vanuatu; Port-Vila | |
| Musée de Tahiti et des Îles | 15,000 | PAP | French Polynesia; Punaauia, Tahiti |
Europe
| Name | No. Specimens | Code | Location | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle | 9,500,000 | P, PC | France; Paris | |
| Komarov Botanical Institute (Ботанический институт имени В.Л. Комарова) | 7,160,000 | LE | Russia; St. Petersburg | |
| Royal Botanic Gardens Kew | 7,000,000 | K | UK; Kew, England | |
| Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève | 6,000,000 | G | Switzerland; Geneva | |
| Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Nationaal Herbarium Nederland) | 5,700,000 | AMD, L, U, WAG | Netherlands; Leiden | |
| British Museum of Natural History | 5,200,000 | BM | UK; London, England | |
| Naturhistorisches Museum Wien | 5,000,000 | W | Austria; Vienna | |
| Swedish Museum of Natural History (Naturhistoriska riksmuseet) | 4,400,000 | S | Sweden; Stockholm | |
| Meise Botanic Garden | 4,000,000 | BR | Belgium, Meise | |
| Université Montpellier | 4,000,000 | MPU | France; Montpellier | |
| Université Claude Bernard | 4,000,000 | LY | France; Lyon | |
| Herbarium Haussknecht Friedrich Schiller University Jena | 3,500,000 | JE | Germany, Jena | |
| Joint Herbarium of the University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich | 3,500,000 | Z+ZT | Switzerland, Zurich | |
| Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universität Berlin |
3,000,000 | B | Germany, Berlin | |
| Finnish Museum of Natural History (University of Helsinki) | 3,000,000 | H | Finland, Helsinki | |
| Botanische Staatssammlung München | 3,000,000 | M | Germany, Munich | |
| University of Copenhagen | 2,510,000 | C | Denmark, Copenhagen | |
| Hungarian Natural History Museum - Department of Botany | 2,000,000 | BP | Budapest, Hungary | |
| Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh | 2,000,000 | E | UK; Edinburgh, Scotland | |
| Herbarium Hamburgense | 1,800,000 | HBG | Germany, Hamburg | |
| Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt | 1,200,000 | FR | Germany, Frankfurt | |
| Moscow State University (Московский государственный университет) | 1,011,253 | MW | Russia; Moscow | , |
| University of Cambridge | 1,000,000 | CGE | UK; Cambridge, England | |
| University of Manchester | 1,000,000 | MANCH | UK; Manchester, England | |
| Fielding-Druce Herbarium, University of Oxford | 1,000,000 | OXF | UK; Oxford, England | |
| Real Jardín Botánico | 850,000 | MA | Spain; Madrid | |
| Universität Göttingen | 800,000 | GOET | Germany; Göttingen | |
| Władysław Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences | 800,000 | IB PAN | Poland; Kraków | |
| University of Coimbra | 800,000 | COI | Portugal; Coimbra | |
| Institut Botànic de Barcelona | 700,000 | BC | Spain; Barcelona | |
| Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Grenoble | 700,000 | GRM | France; Grenoble | |
| Saint Petersburg University (Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет) | 700,000 | LECB | Russia; Saint Petersburg | |
| National Botanic Gardens, Ireland | 600,000 | DBN | Ireland; Dublin | |
| Main Botanical Garden, Russia (Главный ботанический сад имени Н.В. Цицина) | 570,000 | MHA | Russia; Moscow | |
| Herbiers universitaires de Clermont-Ferrand | 550,000 | CLF | France; Clermont-Ferrand | |
| National Museum Wales | 550,000 | NMW | UK; Cardiff, Wales | |
| N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (Всероссийский институт растениеводства имени Н.И. Вавилова) | 524,000 | WIR | Russia; Saint Petersburg | |
| General Herbarium of the Balkan Peninsula, Natural History Museum of Serbia | 490,000 | BEO | Serbia; Belgrade | |
| Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle d'Aix-en-Provence | 420,000 | AIX | France; Aix-en-Provence | |
| Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle | 400,000 | AUT | France; Autun | |
| Muséum Requien | 400,000 | AV | France; Avignon | |
| Université de Liège | 400,000 | LG | Belgium; Liège | |
| University of Reading | 400,000 | RNG | UK; Reading, England | |
| CABI Bioscience UK Centre | 385,000 | IMI | UK; Surrey, England | |
| Jardin Botanique de la Ville de Bordeaux | 350,000 | BORD | France; Bordeaux | |
| Herbarium Horti Botanici Pisani | 350,000 | PI | Italy; Pisa | |
| World Museum Liverpool | 350,000 | LIV | UK; Liverpool, England | |
| South Federal University (Южный Федеральный университет) | 328,000 | RV, RWBG | Russia; Rostov-on-Don | |
| Arboretum Gaston Allard | 300,000 | ANG | France; Angers | |
| Jevremovac Botanic Garden | 300,000 | BEOU | Serbia; Belgrade | |
| Daubeny Herbarium, University of Oxford | 300,000 | FHO | UK; Oxford, England | |
| Institut de Botanique | 300,000 | STR | France; Strasbourg | |
| Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical | 300,000 | LISC | Portugal; Lisboa | |
| Université Paul Sabatier | 300,000 | TL | France; Toulouse | |
| Universitat de Barcelona | 300,000 | BCN | Spain; Barcelona | |
| Universitat de Sevilla | 300,000 | SEV | Spain; Seville | |
| Budakeszi Herbarium - International Dendrological Foundation | 250,000 | BK | Hungary; Budakeszi | |
| Université Libre de Bruxelles | 215,000 | BRLU | Belgium; Brussels | |
| Agricultural University - Plovdiv (Аграрен университет - Пловдив) | 150,000 | SOA | Bulgaria; Plovdiv | |
| Royal Horticultural Society (RHS Garden Wisley) | 140,000 | WSY | UK; Wisley, England |
North America
Includes herbaria in Central America and the West Indies.
| Name | No. Specimens | Code | Location | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New York Botanical Garden | 7,800,000 | NY | United States; The Bronx, New York City, New York | |
| Missouri Botanical Garden | 6,600,000 | MO | United States; St. Louis, Missouri | |
| Harvard University Herbaria | 5,005,000 | A, AMES, ECON, FH, GH, NEBC | United States; Cambridge, Massachusetts | |
| United States National Herbarium, Smithsonian Institution | 5,000,000 | US | United States; Washington, D.C. | |
| Field Museum | 2,700,000 | F | United States; Chicago, Illinois | |
| University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley | 2,200,000 | UC/JEPS | United States; Berkeley, California | |
| California Academy of Sciences Herbarium | 2,000,000 | CAS/DS | United States; San Francisco, California | |
| University of Michigan Herbarium | 1,750,000 | MICH | United States; Ann Arbor, Michigan | |
| Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University | 1,430,000 | PH | United States; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | |
| Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Vascular Plant Herbarium | 1,335,000 | DAO, DAOM | Canada; Ottawa, Ontario | |
| Wisconsin State Herbarium, University of Wisconsin–Madison | 1,200,750 | WIS | United States; Madison, Wisconsin | |
| Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | 1,120,000 | MEXU | Mexico; Mexico City | |
| Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden | 1,100,000 | RSA/POM | United States; Claremont, California | |
| University of Texas at Austin | 1,006,000 | TEX | United States; Austin, Texas | |
| Botanical Research Institute of Texas | 1,001,000 | BRIT-SMU-VDB | United States; Fort Worth, Texas | |
| Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico | 950,000 | ENCB | Mexico; Mexico City | |
| L.H. Bailey Hortorium Herbarium, Cornell University | 860,000 | BH | United States; Ithaca, New York | |
| Royal Ontario Museum | 860,000 | TRT, TRTC | Canada; Toronto, Ontario | |
| Herbier Marie-Victorin, Université de Montréal | 850,000 | MT | Canada; Montreal, Quebec | |
| National Herbarium of Canada, Canadian Museum of Nature | 838,000 | CAN, CANM | Canada; Ottawa, Ontario | |
| Rocky Mountain Herbarium, University of Wyoming | 806,800 | RM | United States; Laramie, Wyoming | |
| United States National Arboretum Herbarium | 800,000 | NA | United States; Washington, D.C. | |
| Herbier Louis-Marie, Université Laval | 770,000 | ULF | Canada; Quebec City, Quebec | |
| University of North Carolina Herbarium | 665,000 | NCU | United States; Chapel Hill, North Carolina | |
| Stanley L. Welsh Herbarium, Brigham Young University | 661,100 | BRY | United States; Provo, Utah | |
| University of Washington Herbarium | 650,000 | WTU | United States; Seattle, Washington | |
| University of Tennessee Herbarium, University of Tennessee, Knoxville | 650,000 | TENN | United States; Knoxville, Tennessee | |
| University of British Columbia Herbarium | 560,000 | UBC | Canada; Vancouver, British Columbia | |
| The Ohio State University Herbarium | 500,000 | OS | United States; Columbus, Ohio | |
| University of Florida Herbarium, Florida Museum of Natural History | 470,000 | FLAS | United States; Gainesville, Florida | |
| Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática Herbarium | 400,000 | HAC | Cuba; Havana | |
| Marion Ownbey Herbarium, Washington State University | 380,000 | WS | United States; Pullman, Washington | |
| Yale University Herbarium, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History | 365,000 | YU | United States; New Haven, Connecticut | |
| University of Alberta Herbarium | 320,000 | ALTA | Canada; Edmonton, Alberta | |
| Pringle Herbarium, University of Vermont | 310,400 | UVM | United States; Burlington, Vermont | |
| Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Herbarium | 310,000 | XAL | Mexico; Xalapa, Veracruz | |
| UC Davis Center for Plant Diversity Herbarium | 300,000 | DAV; DAVH; AHUC | United States; Davis, California | |
| University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium, University of Alaska, Fairbanks | 270,000 | ALA | United States; Fairbanks, Alaska | |
| Milwaukee Public Museum Herbarium | 250,000 | MIL | United States; Milwaukee, Wisconsin | |
| Paul C. Standley Herbarium, Escuela Agrícola Panamericana | 240,000 | EAP | Honduras; Tegucigalpa | |
| University of South Florida Herbarium | 235,000 | USF | United States; Florida | |
| Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium, Florida State University | 220,000 | FSU | United States; Tallahassee, Florida | |
| Herbario Nacional de Costa Rica, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica | 215,000 | CR | Costa Rica; San José | |
| E.C. Smith Herbarium, Acadia University | 200,000 | ACAD | Canada; Wolfville, Nova Scotia | |
| Intermountain Herbarium, Utah State University | 260,000 | UTC | Utah; Logan, Utah | |
| Robert W. Freckmann Herbarium, University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point | 200,000 | UWSP | Stevens Point | |
| Stillinger Herbarium, University of Idaho | 200,000 | ID | Moscow | |
| Emory University Herbarium | 21,000 | GEO | United States; Atlanta, Georgia | [184] |
South America
See also
References
- ↑ Thiers, B. (continuously updated). "Index Herbariorum". Retrieved 30 July 2020.
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