This is a list of important participants in Muslim feminism, originally sorted by surname within each period.

It may include, for instance, earlier authors who did not self-identify as feminists but have been claimed to have furthered "feminist consciousness" by a resistance of male dominance expressed in their works.

Early and mid 19th-century feminists

Born between 1801 and 1874.

Name Country Born Died Comments Source
Qasim AminEgypt18631908early advocate of women's rights[1][2]
Nawab FaizunnesaBritish India (present day Bangladesh)18341903female education advocate[3]
Hamida JavanshirAzerbaijan18731955women's rights activist, philanthropist[4]
Aisha TaymurEgypt18401902social activist, novelist[5]
Fatma Aliye TopuzTurkey18621936women's rights activist, novelist[6]
Jamil Sidqi al-ZahawiIraq18631936poet, Islamic philosopher
Zaynab Fawwaz Lebanon 1860 1914 playwright, women's rights activist [7]

Late 19th-century and early 20th-century feminists

Born between 1875 and 1939.

Name Country Born Died Comments Source
Iffat AraBangladesh1939–writer, social activist[8]
Margot BadranUnited States1934-Middle East historian and recognized scholar of Islamic feminism[9]
Eugénie Le BrunEgypt1908[10]
Hamid DalwaiIndia19321977Socialist feminist
Tahar HaddadTunisia18971935[11]
Zaib-un-Nissa HamidullahBritish India19212000pioneer in (pre)Pakistan[12]
Shamsiah FakehMalaysia19242008political leader, Malaysian nationalist[13]
Hameeda HossainBangladesh1936–human rights activist, academic[14]
Fatima Ahmed IbrahimSudan19332017
Raden Adjeng KartiniIndonesia18791904Javanese advocate for native Indonesian women, critic of polygamous marriages and lack of education opportunities for women[1]
Sufia KamalBangladesh19111999advocate, nationalist, poet[15]
Anbara Salam KhalidiLebanon18971986author[16][17]
Shamsunnahar MahmudBangladesh19081964leader of the women's rights movement in Bengal[18]
Malak Hifni NasifEgypt18861918[19]
Nizar QabbaniSyria19231998poet, progressive intellectual[20]
Alifa RifaatEgypt19301996novelist[21]
Begum RokeyaBangladesh18801932writer, educator[22][23][24]
Huda Sha'arawiEgypt18791947organiser; founder of Egyptian Feminist Union[25]
Hidaya Sultan al-SalemKuwait19362001writer, campaigner, suffragist[26][27]
Rasuna SaidIndonesia19101965political leader, nationalist[28]
Saiza NabarawiEgypt18971985journalist[29]
Salma SobhanBangladesh19372003lawyer, academic[30]
Nurkhon YuldashevaUzbekistan19131929dancer[31]
Ismat ChughtaiIndia19151991novelist, director
Nazira Zain al-Dine Lebanon 1908 1976 writer, women's rights activist [32]

Mid to late 20th-century and notable 21st-century feminists

Born from 1940 to present

Name Country Born Died Comments Source
Saleemah Abdul-GhafurUnited States1974–Global health advocate[33]
Sitara AchakzaiAfghanistan19562009leading Afghan women's rights activist, member of the regional parliament in Kandahar[34]
Jamila AfghaniAfghanistan1974–women's rights activist, created the first "gender-sensitive training in Afghanistan for Imams"[35][36]
Mahnaz AfkhamiIran1941–women's rights activist, Minister without portfolio for Women's Affairs, Founder and President of Women's Learning Partnership[37][38]
Haleh Afshar, Baroness AfsharUnited Kingdom1944–professor of politics and women's studies, member of the British House of Lords[39]
Nazir AfzalUnited Kingdom1962–Public prosecutor and campaigner focusing on violence against women and so-called honour crimes[40]
Leila AhmedEgypt1940–Writer on Islam and feminism[41]
Safia Ahmed-janAfghanistan19412006Afghan women's rights advocate[42]
Kecia AliUnited States1972scholar on the study of Islamic Jurisprudence (fiqh) and Women[43]
Mariam Alhassan AloloGhana1957–female Islamic missionary[44]
Amat Al Alim AlsoswaYemen1958–journalist[45]
Fadela AmaraFrance1964–politician[46]
Zainah AnwarMalaysia–head of Sisters in Islam[47]
Seyran AteşGermany1963–lawyer[48][49]
Shukria BarakzaiAfghanistan1970–politician, journalist[50]
Farzana BariPakistan1952–human rights activist[51][52]
Asma BarlasPakistan1950–academics[53]
Benazir BhuttoPakistan19532007Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1988 to 1990 and from 1993 to 1996[54]
Susan CarlandAustralia1978–academic[55]
Kamala ChandrakiranaIndonesia–human rights activist[56]
Shirin EbadiIran1947–; activist, Nobel Peace Prize winner for her efforts for the rights of women and children[57]
Sineb El Masrar Germany 1981 – Moroccan-German author and magazine editor [58]
Mona EltahawyEgypt1967–journalist[59]
Farid EsackSouth Africa1959–Muslim scholar, gender equity commissioner
Zahra EshraghiIran1964–activist, former government official[60][61]
Soumaya Naamane GuessousMorocco–sociologist, women's rights activist[62]
Fatemeh HaghighatjooIran1968–reformist politician, contributed proposing a bill to join Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women[63][64]
Mohammad Shafiq HamdamAfghanistan1981–Chairman of the Afghan Anti-Corruption Network (AACN)
Suheir HammadJordan1973–poet, political activist
Riffat HassanPakistan1943–theologian, scholar of the Qur'an[65]
Hissa HilalSaudi Arabia–poet[66]
Lubna al-HusseinSudan–journalist, human rights activist[67]
Samira IbrahimEgypt1987–activist[68]
Ramziya al-IryaniYemen1954–novelist, diplomat[69][70]
Na'eem JeenahSouth Africa1965–academic[71]
Mohja KahfSyria1967–
Meena Keshwar KamalAfghanistan19561987women's rights activist, founder of Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan[72][73][74][75]
Sultana KamalBangladesh1950–activist[76][77]
Sadiq KhanUnited Kingdom1970–Mayor of London since 2016[78]
Noushin Ahmadi KhorasaniIran20th century–
Fawzia KoofiAfghanistan1975 or 1976–politician, women' rights activist[79]
Elaheh KoulaeiIran1956–
Konca KurişTurkey19611999writer[80]
Asma LamrabetMorocco[81]
Mukhtār Mā'īPakistan1972–advocate for women's rights[82]
Irshad ManjiCanada1968–[83]
Farideh MashiniIran2012women's rights activist[84]
Fatema MernissiMorocco19402015[85]
Ziba Mir-HosseiniIran1952–academic of Islamic law and gender[86][87]
Fakhrossadat MohtashamipourIran–reformist activist, head of women's affairs at the Ministry of Interior[88]
Ilham MoussaïdFrance1989–politician[89][90]
Shirin NeshatIran1957–visual artist[91][92]
Asra NomaniIndia1965–[93]
Queen Noor of JordanJordan1951–queen consort of Jordan
Ayaz Latif PalijoPakistan1968–politician
Zahra RahnavardIran1945–academic, politician[94]
Queen Rania of JordanJordan1970–queen consort of Jordan
Raheel RazaPakistan1949–journalist, activist[95][96]
Nilofar SakhiAfghanistan20th century–human rights activist[97]
Zainab SalbiIraq1969–humanitarian, CEO of Women for Women International[98][99]
Linda SarsourUnited States1980–political activist[100]
Marjane SatrapiFrance, Iran1969–comic artist[101]
Shamima ShaikhSouth Africa19601998South African activist, member of the Muslim Youth Movement of South Africa, proponent of Islamic gender equality[102]
Shahla SherkatIran1956–journalist
Nasrin SotoudehIran1963–human rights lawyer[103]
Hidayet Şefkatli TuksalTurkey1963human rights activist[104]
Zil-e-Huma UsmanPakistan19712007politician, women's rights activist[105]
Amina WadudUnited States1952[106]
Rama YadeFrance1976politician, writer[107]
Nadia YassineMorocco1958[108]
Malala YousafzaiPakistan1997–Pakistani activist for female education[109]
Bilkisu YusufNigeria19522015journalist, NGO adviser[110]
Kadra YusufNorway1980activist[111]
Musdah MuliaIndonesia1960human rights activist, Islamic scholar, theologian, proponent of Islamic gender equality and LGBTIQ, interfaith activist, one of founders and leaders of ICRP - Indonesian Conference on Religion and Peace
Manal al-Sharif Saudi Arabia 1979 women's rights activist [112]
Samar Badawi Saudi Arabia 1981 women's rights activist [113]
Nassima al-Sadah Saudi Arabia 1974 women's rights activist [113]
Rita Puspa Zakaria Indonesia 1967 women's rights activist and health advocate [114]

Muslim feminist movements

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Boles, Janet K.; Hoeveler, Diane Long (2004). Historical Dictionary of Feminism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810849464.
  2. ↑ Tarrant, Shira (2009). Men and Feminism: Seal Studies. Seal Press. ISBN 9780786744640.
  3. ↑ "Famous Bengali: Nawab Faizunnesa Chowdhurani ... | Bangladesh". Mybangladesh.tumblr.com. 12 June 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  4. ↑ (in Azerbaijani) Megastar and Her Light. An interview with Hamida Javanshir's granddaughter Dr. Mina Davatdarova. Gender-az.org
  5. ↑ Aisha Taymur Archived 2012-03-21 at the Wayback Machine at Egyptian State Information Service
  6. ↑ "Fatma Aliye'nin gölgesinde kalan kardeşi". Haber7 (in Turkish). 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
  7. ↑ Booth, Marilyn (2021-11-05). The Career and Communities of Zaynab Fawwaz: Feminist Thinking in Fin-de-siècle Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-266133-3.
  8. ↑ Islam, Aminul (1 February 2007). "Iffat Ara: Writing from the Margins". Archived from the original on 10 February 2007.
  9. ↑ "Margot Badran". Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  10. ↑ Nupur Chaudhuri; Margaret Strobel (1 January 1992). Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20705-3.
  11. ↑ Curtiss, Richard H. "Women's Rights an Affair of State for Tunisia." Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. September/October 1993, Page 50. Retrieved on January 17, 2009.
  12. ↑
    • Noorani, Asif (21 May 1997). "Zaib-un-Nisa Hamidullah: Mirror to the past". The Review. Dawn Group. pp. 20–22.
  13. ↑ Fakeh, Shamsiah (2004). Memoir Shamsiah Fakeh: Dari AWAS ke Rejimen Ke-10. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Press. ISBN 967-942-659-9.
  14. ↑ "Hameeda Hossain". South Asia Citizens Web. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  15. ↑ Douglas Martin (28 November 1999). "Sufia Kamal, Poet and Advocate, Dies at 88". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  16. ↑ Hussain Abdul Hussain (16 April 2013). "Why Lebanon Matters". Now Lebanon. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  17. ↑ Joseph A. Kechichian (12 March 2009). "Lebanon's lady of mettle". Gulf News. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  18. ↑ AKM Saifuzzaman. "Mahmud, Shamsunnahar". Banglapedia. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
  19. ↑ Ahmed, Leila (1992). Women and gender in Islam: historical roots of a modern debate. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300055832.
  20. ↑ "Nizar Qabbani". PoemHunter.com. Retrieved 23 June 2007.
  21. ↑ Nkealah, N. (2008). Reconciling Arabo-Islamic culture and feminist consciousness in North African women's writing: silence and voice in the short stories of Alifa Rifaat and Assia Djebar Tydskrif vir Letterkunde, 45(1), 19-41.
  22. ↑ "Rokeya's unrealised Dream". The Daily Star. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
  23. ↑ Rubaiyat, Hossain. "Begum Rokeya : The Pioneer Feminist of Bangladesh". The Daily Star. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
  24. ↑ "Begum Rokeya Day on 9 December". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
  25. ↑ Shaʻrāwī, Hudá, and Margot Badran. Harem years: the memoirs of an Egyptian feminist (1879-1924). New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 1987.
  26. ↑ "Magazine owner assassinated". Irish Times. March 21, 2001.
  27. ↑ "Arab secularism and its discontents". Foreign Policy. July 2012.
  28. ↑ Tim Gabung Ilmu, Pahlawan Indonesia & profilnya: edisi terlengkap [Profiles of Indonesian heroes; complete edition], Gedung Ilmu, Jakarta, ISBN 978 602 9080 30 8.
  29. ↑ Chaudhry, Ayesha S. women, in Bulliet, Richard, David Cook, Roxanne L. Euben, Khaled Fahmy, Frank Griffel, Bernard Haykel, Robert W. Hefner, Timur Kuran, Jane McAuliffe, and Ebrahim Moosa. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press, 2012. p 598, via Wikipedia:Project MUSE. (Subscription required)
  30. ↑ Hameeda Hossain (2012). "Sobhan, Salma". In Sirajul Islam; Ahmed A. Jamal (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  31. ↑ MacLeod, Calum; Mayhew, Bradley (2004). Ouzbékistan: Samarcande, Boukhara, Khiva {fr}. Olizane. ISBN 9782880863135. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
  32. ↑ Keddie, Nikki R. (2012-08-09). Women in the Middle East: Past and Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4505-7.
  33. ↑ Goodstein, Laurie (2004), "Muslim Women Seeking a Place in the Mosque", The New York Times. Retrieved on 5 December 2008.
  34. ↑ Afghanistan.gc.ca; Afghanistan.gc.ca (26 June 2013). "Afghanistan.gc.ca". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  35. ↑ "Jamila Afghani". N-Peace Awards. N-Peace Network. Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  36. ↑ Weingarten, Elizabeth (3 June 2015). "How to Promote Women's Rights, in Afghanistan and Around the World". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  37. ↑ Hill, Mary Ann (April 5, 2005). "International Women's Rights Advocate Mahnaz Afkhami to Speak at Wellesley College April 6". Wellesley College Office for Public Affairs. Retrieved April 22, 2010.
  38. ↑ Latham, Judith (June 11, 2008). "Women's Learning Partnership's Goal Is to Empower Women, Says President of the Organization". VOA News. Retrieved April 22, 2010.
  39. ↑ "Kaberry Lecture: peace and reconstruction in the Middle East: Where are the women?". forced migration online, University of Oxford. 27 May 2009. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  40. ↑ Bennhold, Katrin (27 September 2013). "A Muslim Prosecutor in Britain, Fighting Forced Marriages and Honor Crimes". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  41. ↑ "Ahmed's analysis of increased 'veiling' wins religion prize". The Grawemeyer Awards. 2013. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  42. ↑ Gunmen Kill Afghan Women’s Advocate - NY Times (registration required)
  43. ↑ Ziad, Homayra Liberation Theology, in Bulliet, Richard, David Cook, Roxanne L. Euben, Khaled Fahmy, Frank Griffel, Bernard Haykel, Robert W. Hefner, Timur Kuran, Jane McAuliffe, and Ebrahim Moosa. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press, 2012. p 317, via Wikipedia:Project MUSE. (Subscription required)
  44. ↑ Pade Badru, Brigid M. Sackey (May 23, 2013). Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform. Amazon.com: Scarecrow Press. p. 428. ISBN 9780810884700.
  45. ↑ "Interview with Ms. Amat Al Aleem Ali Alsoswa on the 2005 Arab Human Development Report". Women's Learning Partnership. 21 March 2007. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  46. ↑ Acting on The Outrage. Bruce Crumley
  47. ↑ Muslim Women Demand End to Oppressive Laws
  48. ↑ "Islam needs a sexual revolution," interview in Der Spiegel, October 13, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2010
  49. ↑ "Seyran Ates: Tolerance for the tolerant (08/09/2005) - signandsight". www.signandsight.com. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
  50. ↑ "Women in Power in Central Asia Roundtable" Radio Free Europe 29 December 2005
  51. ↑ Pakistan Liberation Movement interview with Dr. Farzana Bari. Vimeo. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  52. ↑ "INTERVIEW: 'This has gone on for a long, long time' –Dr Farzana Bari". Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  53. ↑ Homepage of Asma Barlas
  54. ↑ Bhatia, Shyam (2008). Goodbye Shahzadi: A Political Biography of Benazir Bhutto. Lotus Collection. p. 2. ISBN 9788174366580.
  55. ↑ "Panellist:Susan Carland". Q&A (ABC Television). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 December 2018.
  56. ↑ "Kamala Chandrakirana". Yale worldfellows.yale.edu. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  57. ↑ "Profile: Shirin Ebadi". BBC News. 27 November 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  58. ↑ "Interview - Sineb El Masrar: "Islam and women's rights are not incompatible"". Deutsche Welle. 2018-11-26. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  59. ↑ "Mona Eltahawy with Yasmine El Rashidi". Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  60. ↑ "Khomeini's granddaughter fights for women's rights". The Washington Times. Tehran. 18 June 2005. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  61. ↑ Freeman, Colin (19 June 2005). "If I want to breathe I must have permission from my husband". The Telegraph. Tehran. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  62. ↑ Femmes du Maroc, N°63, Mars 2001
  63. ↑ Ziba Mir-Hosseini (Winter 2004). "Fatemeh Haqiqatjoo and the Sixth Majles: A Woman in Her Own Right". Middle East Report. Middle East Research and Information Project (233).
  64. ↑ James F. Smith (13 July 2009), "In exile, an Iranian 'lion' keeps fighting", The Boston Globe, retrieved 11 July 2017
  65. ↑ Cahill, Susan N. (1996). Wise Women: Over Two Thousand Years of Spiritual Writing by Women. W.W. Norton and Company. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-393-03946-7. riffat hassan.
  66. ↑ "Saudi female poet whose verse inflames and inspires". BBC. March 25, 2010.
  67. ↑ Copnall, James (2 August 2009). "Lubna Hussein: "I'm not afraid of being flogged. It doesn't hurt. But it is insulting"". The Observer. London. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  68. ↑ Abdel-Rahman Hussein in Cairo (March 13, 2012). "'The future of Egyptian women is in danger' - Samira Ibrahim speaks out". Guardian. London. Retrieved 2013-05-19.
  69. ↑ al-Wadhaf, Yahya Hassan (2013)(?) "A Critical Reading to a Short Story by Ramizia Al-Eryani Journal of Social Studies. Vol. 20 (?) No. 3 (?) (2014?). pp 7-26. retrieved 12 May 2016
  70. ↑ al-Wadhaf, Yahya Hassan (2013)(?) op.cit. retrieved 12 May 2016
  71. ↑ Na'eem Jeenah
  72. ↑ "پیام زن، نشریه جمعیت انقلابی زنان افغانستان - راوا". Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  73. ↑ Melody Ermachild Chavis (30 September 2011). Meena: Heroine Of Afghanistan. Transworld. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-1-4464-8846-1.
  74. ↑ Gioseffi, Daniela (2003). Women on War: An International Anthology of Women's Writings from Antiquity to the Present. Feminist Press at CUNY. p. 283. ISBN 978-1-55861-409-3.
  75. ↑ TIME Magazine | 60 Years of Asian Heroes: Meena Archived January 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  76. ↑ "Members of Ain o Salish Kendra (ASK)". ASK Official site. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  77. ↑ Ahmad, Sayeed (2012). "Ain o Salish Kendra". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  78. ↑ Hill, Dave (16 August 2016). "Sadiq Khan's first 100 days as London mayor: how is he doing?". The Guardian.
  79. ↑ Malbrunot, Georges (2011-02-25). "Fawzia, un défi aux talibans". Le Figaro (in French). p. 18.
  80. ↑ "It's official: Konca Kuris murdered by the Hizbullah terrorists". Hurriyet Daily News. 23 January 2000.
  81. ↑ "Qui Sommes Nous?" Archived 2014-11-11 at the Wayback Machine GIERFI. Groupe International D'Etude Et De Reflexion Sur Les Femmes D'Islam.
  82. ↑ Award ceremony of the North-South Prize of the Council of Europe (speech)
  83. ↑ "Women Rising IV: Women as Religious Activists (encore) - Making Contact Radio: Media that helps build movements | Making Contact Radio: Media that helps build movements". Radioproject.org. 8 April 2009. Retrieved 2017-07-22.
  84. ↑ "Iranian Women's Day July 2005". UNICEF. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
  85. ↑ "Mernissi, Fatima". Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  86. ↑ Shen, Ted (January 1, 1999). "ZIBA MIR-HOSSEINI". Chicago Tribune. p. 3. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  87. ↑ Tavernise, Sabrina (February 15, 2009). "Islamic women seek recognition of their rights". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  88. ↑ Mohammadighalehtaki, Ariabarzan (2012). Organisational Change in Political Parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. With Special Reference to the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) and the Islamic Iran Participation Front Party (Mosharekat) (Ph.D. thesis). Durham University. p. 204.
  89. ↑ Wolfreys, Jim (March 2010). "Ilham Moussaid: A proud tribune of the oppressed". Socialist Review.
  90. ↑ Davies, Lizzy (10 February 2010). "Election candidate in headscarf causes uproar in France". The Guardian.
  91. ↑ Holzwarth, Hans W. (2009). 100 Contemporary Artists A-Z (Taschen's 25th anniversary special ed.). Köln: Taschen. pp. 416–421. ISBN 978-3-8365-1490-3.
  92. ↑ Müller, Katrin Bettina. "Away overseas". Shirin Neshat artist portrait. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  93. ↑ Teresa Watanabe (2005). "Muslim women take bold steps for role in Islam: Not content with being pushed aside in mosques, some defy the religion's age-old traditions". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-06-25.
  94. ↑ Ziba Mir-Hosseini, “FEMINIST MOVEMENTS iv. IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC,” Encyclopaedia Iranica, IX/5, pp. 498-503, available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/feminist-movements-iv (accessed on 30 December 2012).
  95. ↑ McGregor, Charles (February 19, 2008). "Speaker looks to be No. 1 on world hate list". DurhamRegion.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
  96. ↑ "Three faiths in conversation". Orangeville Citizen. March 29, 2007. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
  97. ↑ "Afghan Fashion Designer Creates Dresses, Jobs". 9 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
  98. ↑ "Architects of Peace. Zainab Salbi. Biography". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
  99. ↑ Sherr, Lynn (March 12, 2010). "One Woman's Formula for Change". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  100. ↑ Hajela, Deepti (January 26, 2017). "Attacks target Muslim-American activist after DC march". The Associated Press.
  101. ↑ Chute, Hillary L. (2010). Graphic Women: Life Narrative and Contemporary Comics. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231150637.
  102. ↑ Shamima Shaikh (1998). "Death of a Muslim Joan of Arc". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-25.
  103. ↑ Azadeh Davachi (15 September 2010). "IMPRISONED -- Nasrin Sotoudeh: A Mother, A Lawyer, An Activist". Payvand. Archived from the original on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  104. ↑ Haynes, Jeffrey (2008). Development Studies. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. pp. 183–184. ISBN 978-0-7456-3848-5.
  105. ↑ Devika Bhat and Zahid Hussain: Female Pakistani minister shot dead for 'breaking Islamic dress code', The Times, February 20, 2007
  106. ↑ Wadud, Amina (2006). "Aishah's Legacy: The Struggle for Women's Rights within Islam". In Kamrava, Mehran (ed.). The New Voices of Islam: Rethinking Politics and Modernity: A Reader. University of California Press. p. 201. ISBN 0520250990.
  107. ↑ "Conservative black women bring fresh perspectives to feminism" (Press release). The Giro. October 22, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2013.
  108. ↑ Euben, Roxanne L. Fundamentalism, in Bulliet, Richard, David Cook, Roxanne L. Euben, Khaled Fahmy, Frank Griffel, Bernard Haykel, Robert W. Hefner, Timur Kuran, Jane McAuliffe, and Ebrahim Moosa. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press, 2012. p 186, via Wikipedia:Project MUSE. (Subscription required)
  109. ↑ "Malala tells Emma Watson she identifies as a feminist, thanks to her". Women in the World in Association with The New York Times - WITW. Archived from the original on 2015-11-07. Retrieved 2017-09-22.
  110. ↑ "Lost in the Hajj stampede was a pioneering journalist who united Christians and Muslims". Public Radio International.
  111. ↑ "Islam in Europe: Kadra Yusuf". Islam in Europe. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  112. ↑ Sharif, Manal (2017-06-13). Daring to Drive: A Saudi Woman's Awakening. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-9302-3.
  113. 1 2 "Saudi Arabia releases two prominent women's rights activists". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
  114. ↑ man (2015-04-25). "Antisipasi Kematian Ibu dan Bayi Bidan Desa Harus Tingkatkan Koordinasi". Haluan Riau (in Indonesian). p. 28.
  115. ↑ Segran, Elizabeth (4 December 2013). "The Rise of the Islamic Feminists". The Nation thenation.com. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  116. ↑ "Schott's Vocab: Musawah". The New York Times. 24 February 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  117. ↑ Victoria Craw (6 June 2016). "Emmy-award winning filmmaker Deeyah Khan launches online magazine Sister-hood aimed at giving Muslim women a voice". www.news.com.au. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  118. ↑ Sisters in Islam official website
  119. ↑ Murabit, Alaa (14 March 2013). "In Libya, Islam – and a Purple Hijab – Help Spurn Domestic Violence Against Women". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  120. ↑ Ali-Karamali, Sumbul (18 March 2010). "WISE Muslim Women Standing Up". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  121. ↑ Moore, Kathleen (2015). "American Muslim Associational Life From 1950 to the Present". In Tottoli, Roberto (ed.). Routledge Handbook of Islam in the West. New York: Routledge. p. 149. ISBN 9780415691321.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.