The Maphrian, originally known as the Grand Metropolitan of the East and also known as the Catholicos, was the head of the Maphrianate of the East and was the second highest-ranking prelate within the Syriac Orthodox Church, after the Patriarch of Antioch.[1] The maphrianate originated in the formation of a distinct miaphysite ecclesiastical organisation in the Sasanian Empire after the ordination of Ahudemmeh as Grand Metropolitan of the East by Jacob Baradaeus in 559.[2] However, it claimed to be the legitimate continuation of the Church of the East and counted patriarchs prior to the church's adoption of dyophysitism as its own.[3][4][5] Sources disagree on the first to use the title of maphrian as Michael the Syrian's Chronicle gives John IV Saliba,[6] who is believed to have adopted it in c. 1100,[1] whereas Bar Hebraeus' Ecclesiastical History names Marutha of Tikrit as the first.[7]

A separate maphrianate of Tur Abdin under the authority of the Patriarch of Tur Abdin was established in c. 1479 and endured until 1844.[8] Eventually, the Maphrianate of the East was abolished in 1860.[1] A maphrianate in India was established in 1912, thereby creating the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, but was not recognised by the Syriac Orthodox Church until 1958.[7] In 1975, Patriarch Ignatius Jacob III withdrew recognition of the maphrian Baselios Augen I, and appointed Baselios Paulose II as his successor.[7] The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church thus split from the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, which remained part of the Syriac Orthodox Church.[7]

List of maphrians

Grand Metropolitans of the East before 559

Grand Metropolitans of the East from 559 to 1075

Unless otherwise stated, all information is from the list provided in The Syriac World, as noted in the bibliography below. According to church tradition, numeration includes incumbents deemed legitimate by the Syriac Orthodox Church prior to 559.[9]

  1. Ahudemmeh (559–575)
    2. vacant (575–578)
  2. Qamishoʿ (578–609)
    vacant (609–614)
  3. Samuel (614–624)
    vacant (624–628/629)
  4. Marutha of Tikrit (628/629–649)[nb 1]
  5. Denha I (649–659)[nb 2]
    vacant (659–669)
  6. Barishoʿ (669–683)
  7. Abraham I (c. 684)[nb 3]
  8. David (c. 684–c. 686)
  9. John I Saba (686–688)
  10. Denha II (688–727)
  11. Paul I (728–757)
  12. John II Kionoyo (759–785)
  13. Joseph I (785–c. 790)
    vacant (c. 790–793)
  14. Sharbil (793–ca. 800)
  15. Simon (c. 800–c. 815)[nb 4]
  16. Basil I (c. 815–829)
  17. Daniel (829–834)
  18. Thomas (834–847)
  19. Basil II Lazarus I (848–858)[14]
  20. Melchisedec (858–868)
    vacant (869–872)
  21. Sergius (872–883)
    vacant (883–887)
  22. Athanasius I (887–903)
    vacant (904–c. 910)
  23. Thomas (910–911)
  24. Denha III (913–933)
    vacant (933–937)
  25. Basil III (937–961)
  26. Cyriacus (962–980)
  27. John III (981–988)
    vacant (988–991)
  28. Ignatius I bar Qiqi (991–1016)
    vacant (1016–1027)
  29. Athanasius II (1027–1041)
    vacant (1041–1046)
  30. Basil IV (1046–1069)
    vacant (1069–1075)

Maphrians of the East from 1075 to 1859

  1. John IV Saliba (1075–1106)
    2. vacant (1106–1112)
  2. Dionysius I Moses (1112–1142)
  3. Ignatius II Lazarus II (1142–1164)
  4. John V Sarugoyo (1164–1188)
  5. Gregory I Jacob (1189–1214)
    Dionysius bar Masih (1189–1190)[nb 5]
  6. Ignatius III David (1215–1222)
  7. Dionysius II Saliba I (1222–1231)[16]
  8. John VI bar Maʿdani (1232–1252)
  9. Ignatius IV Saliba (1253–1258)
    vacant (1258–1263)
  10. Gregory II bar Hebraeus (1264–1286)
    vacant (1286–1288)
  11. Gregory III Barsawmo (1288–1308)[nb 6]
    vacant (1308–1317)
  12. Gregory IV Matthew (1317–1345)[nb 7]
    vacant (1345–1360)
    Gregory V Dioscorus (1360–1361)[nb 8]
    vacant (1361–1364)
  13. Athanasius III Abraham (1364–1379)[nb 9]
    vacant (1379–1404)
  14. Basil Behnam I (1404–1412)
    vacant (1412–1415)
  15. Dioscorus II Behnam (1415–1417)[nb 10]
    vacant (1417–1422)
  16. Basil Barsawmo II (1422–1455)[21]
    vacant (1455–1458)
    Cyril Joseph II (1458–c. 1470)
  17. Basil ʿAziz (1471–1487)
    vacant (1487–1490)
  18. Basil Noah (1490–1494)
    vacant (1494–1496)
  19. Basil Abraham III (1496–1507)[22]
    vacant (1507–1509)
  20. Basil Solomon (1509–1518)
  21. Basil Athanasius Habib (1518–1533)
  22. Basil Elias I (1533–c. 1554)
  23. Basil Ni'matallah (1555–1557)
  24. Basil ʿAbd al-Ghani I al-Mansuri (1557–1575)[23]
  25. Basil Pilate (1575–1591)
    Elias II (c. 1590)
  26. Basil ʿAbd al-Ghani II (1591–1597)
  27. Basil Peter Hadaya (1597–1598)
    vacant (c. 1598–c. 1624)
  28. Basil Isaiah (c. 1624–1635/c. 1646)[nb 11]
  29. Basil Simon (1635–1639)
  30. Basil Shukrallah (1639–1652)
  31. Basil Behnam III (1653–1655)[26]
  32. Basil Abdulmasih (1655–c. 1658)
  33. Basil Habib (c. 1658–c. 1671)
  34. Basil Yeldo (c. 1671–1683)
  35. Basil George (1683–1686)
  36. Basil Isaac (1687–1709)
  37. Basil Lazarus III (1709–1713)
  38. Basil Matthew II (1713–1727)
  39. Basil Simon (c. 1727–c. 1729)
  40. Basil Lazarus IV (1730–1759)[27]
    Basil Shukrallah (1748–1764)[nb 12]
  41. Basil George (1760–1768)
    vacant (1768–1783)
  42. Basil Sliba (1783–1790)
  43. Basil Bishara (1790–1817)
  44. Basil Yunan (c. 1803–c. 1809)
  45. Basil Cyril (c. 1803–c. 1811)
  46. Basil ʿAbd al-ʿAziz (c. 1803)
  47. Basil Matthew (1820–c. 1825)
  48. Basil Elias III Karmeh (1825–1827)[29]
  49. Basil Elias IV ʿAnkaz (1827–1839)[30]
  50. Basil Behnam IV (1839–1859)

Maphrians of Tur Abdin from c. 1479 to 1844

  • Basil (c. 1479)
vacant (c. 1479–1495)
  • Basil Malke (1495–1510)
vacant (1510–1537)
  • Basil Abraham (1537–1543)
vacant (1543–1555)
  • Basil Simon I (1549–1555)
vacant (1555–1561)
  • Basil Behnam (1561–1562)
vacant (1562–1650)
  • Basil Habib Haddad (1650–1674)
vacant (1674–c. 1688)
  • Basil Lazarus (c. 1688–c. 1701)
vacant (c. 1701–1710)
  • Basil Simon II (1710–1740)
  • Basil Denha Baltaji (1740–1779)
  • Basil ʿAbdallah Yahya (1779–1784)
  • Simon (1786)
  • Sliba al-ʿAttar (1779–1815)
  • Basil Barsawmo (1815–1830)
  • Basil ʿAbd al-Ahad Kindo (1821–1844)

Catholicoi of India from 1964 to present

vacant (1996–2002)

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Marutha of Tikrit is named as the first maphrian, as per Bar Hebraeus' Ecclesiastical History, and this is supported by a number of scholars, such as George Kiraz,[7] whereas Michael the Syrian's Chronicle gives John IV Saliba as the first maphrian, which is supported by scholars David Wilmshurst and Hidemi Takahashi.[1][8][10]
  2. ↑ The French orientalist Rubens Duval asserts that Denha I was the first maphrian.[11]
  3. ↑ Abraham is counted as either Abraham I, as the first Syriac Orthodox Grand Metropolitan of the East by that name, or Abraham II, after Abraham I (r. 148–171).[12]
  4. ↑ Barsoum places Simon's reign in 806–c. 813.[13]
  5. ↑ Dionysius is considered an illegitimate maphrian.[15]
  6. ↑ Gregory is also counted as Barsawmo I.[17]
  7. ↑ Gregory is also counted as Matthew I.[18]
  8. ↑ Gregory is considered an illegitimate maphrian.[19] He is also counted as Dioscorus I.
  9. ↑ Athanasius is also counted as Abraham II.[20]
  10. ↑ Dioscorus is also counted as Behnam II.
  11. ↑ The end of Basil Isaiah's reign is placed either in 1635 by Barsoum,[24] or in c. 1646 by Wilmshurst.[25]
  12. ↑ Basil Shukrallah was maphrian of Malabar.[28]

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 Takahashi (2018), p. 957.
  2. ↑ Barsoum (2003), p. 299.
  3. ↑ Weltecke (2016), p. 308: "Bar ʻEbroyo also claimed the maphrians to be the legitimate heirs of the See of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, the original residence of the catholicos of the ancient autocephalous Church of the East in the Persian Empire".
  4. ↑ Wood (2013), pp. 67–68: Bar Hebraeus' Ecclesiastical History "presents the early catholicoi as precursors to the late sixth-century Miaphysite maphrians".
  5. ↑ Wood (2021), p. 3: "Narratives of the bishops of Takrit represent them as successors to the fifth-century catholicoi of the Church of the East before the latter’s turn towards Dyophysite ‘Nestorianism’".
  6. ↑ Ignatius Jacob III (2008), p. 51.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Kiraz (2011).
  8. 1 2 Wilmshurst (2019), pp. 812–813.
  9. ↑ Barsoum (2009), p. 43: "From the time of the Apostle Thomas until Basilius Behnam IV (1859), there were 102 Maphryonos"
  10. ↑ Ignatius Jacob III (2008), pp. 50–52.
  11. ↑ Duval (2013), p. 326.
  12. ↑ Barsoum (2003), p. 333.
  13. ↑ Barsoum (2003), p. 372.
  14. ↑ Ignatius Jacob III (2008), p. 60.
  15. ↑ Ignatius Jacob III (2008), pp. 86–87.
  16. ↑ Barsoum (2003), p. 70.
  17. ↑ Barsoum (2003), p. 487.
  18. ↑ Barsoum (2003), p. 491.
  19. ↑ Ignatius Jacob III (2008), pp. 87–88.
  20. ↑ Ignatius Jacob III (2008), p. 83.
  21. ↑ Barsoum (2003), p. 499.
  22. ↑ Ignatius Jacob III (2008), p. 115.
  23. ↑ Barsoum (2003), p. 67.
  24. ↑ Barsoum (2003), p. 21.
  25. ↑ Wilmshurst (2019), p. 812.
  26. ↑ Barsoum (2003), p. 514.
  27. ↑ Ignatius Jacob III (2008), p. 226.
  28. ↑ Barsoum (2003), p. 519.
  29. ↑ Ignatius Jacob III (2008), p. 130.
  30. ↑ Ignatius Jacob III (2008), p. 122.

Bibliography

  • Barsoum, Aphrem (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  • Barsoum, Aphrem (2009). The Collected Historical Essays of Aphram I Barsoum. Vol. 1. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  • Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). The Church of the East: A Concise History. Translated by Miranda G. Henry. RoutledgeCurzon.
  • Duval, Rubens (2013). Syriac Literature. Translated by Olivier Holmey. Gorgias Press.
  • Ignatius Jacob III (2008). History of the Monastery of Saint Matthew in Mosul. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  • Kiraz, George A. (2011). "Maphrian". In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  • Takahashi, Hidemi (2018). "Maphrian". In Oliver Nicholson (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 957.
  • Weltecke, Dorothea (2016). "Bar ʻEbroyo on Identity: Remarks on his Historical Writing". Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies: 303–332.
  • Wilmshurst, David (2019). "West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians". In Daniel King (ed.). The Syriac World. Routledge. pp. 806–813.
  • Wood, Philip (2013). The Chronicle of Seert: Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq. Oxford University Press.
  • Wood, Phillip John (2021). "Miaphysites in Iraq during the Last Great War of Antiquity (c. 604–28) and its Aftermath". The Journal of Ecclesiastical History: 1–18.
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