This is a list of formal impeachments, impeachment attempts or impeachment inquiries of presidents, or holders of other offices equivalent to a head of state.

Successful impeachments

Successful removal from office by legislature is indicated in bold:

NameCountryTitleDateCharge(s)Result
Pedro Castillo (2nd time)  Peru President December 7, 2022 Moral Incapacity Impeached and removed from office by the Congress of Peru with 101 votes in favor (with 87 required) on December 7, 2022, following Castillo's attempted dissolution of the Congress of Peru and formation of an emergency government, and call for a constitutional convention to write a new constitution.[1]
Pedro Castillo (1st time)  Peru President March 14, 2022 Moral Incapacity Impeached by the Congress of Peru on March 14, 2022.[2] Acquitted on March 28, 2022.[3]
Sebastián Piñera Chile President November 9, 2021 Openly infringing the Constitution and seriously compromising the honour of the nation[4] The Chamber of Deputies impeached Piñera by a razor-thin majority of 78 votes (out of 155).[5] Acquitted by the Senate on November 16, 2021.[6]
Ilir Meta  Albania President June 9, 2021 Failing to guarantee national unity by backing the opposition in elections[7] Impeached by the Parliament; overturned by the Constitutional Court on 16 February 2022, ruling that the accusations against him did not violate the constitution.[8][9][10]
Donald Trump (2nd time)  United States President January 13, 2021 Incitement of insurrection Impeached by the United States House of Representatives;[11] acquitted by the United States Senate on February 13, 2021.[12] The impeachment article was passed a week before Trump's planned departure from office and his term expired before the Article of Impeachment was delivered to the Senate to allow his trial to begin.
Martín Vizcarra (2nd time)  Peru President November 2, 2020 Moral Incapacity Impeached by the Congress of Peru on November 2, 2020. Convicted and removed from the presidency on November 9, 2020, by a supermajority vote. Succeeded in office by the President of Congress, Manuel Merino, through constitutional succession.[13][14] Merino would only serve six days, leaving office amidst mass public outcry and the killing of protesters.
Martín Vizcarra (1st time)  Peru President September 11, 2020 Moral Incapacity Impeached by the Congress of Peru on September 11, 2020. Acquitted on September 18, 2020.
Donald Trump (1st time)  United States President December 18, 2019 Abuse of power, obstruction of Congress Impeached by the United States House of Representatives;[15] acquitted by the United States Senate on February 5, 2020.[16]
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2nd time)  Peru President March 15, 2018 Moral Incapacity[17] Impeached by the Congress of Peru on March 15, 2018. Resigned from the presidency on March 21, 2018. Resignation accepted by Congress on March 23, 2018.
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (1st time)  Peru President December 15, 2017 Moral Incapacity[18] Impeached by the Congress of Peru on December 15, 2017. Acquitted on December 21, 2017.
Park Geun-hye  South Korea PresidentDecember 9, 2016Abuse of powerImpeached by the National Assembly; removed by the Constitutional Court on March 10, 2017. Hwang Kyo-ahn served as acting president during the impeachment.[19]
Dilma Rousseff  Brazil PresidentApril 17, 2016Violation of budgetary lawsSuspended from presidential powers and duties on May 12, 2016; removed from office by the Federal Senate on August 31, 2016. First female president to be impeached. Succeeded in office by vice president Michel Temer.[20]
Viktor Yanukovych Ukraine PresidentFebruary 21, 2014TreasonThe impeachment procedure stipulated by the Constitution of Ukraine was not followed. Fled the country following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution. Succeeded in office by parliament speaker Oleksandr Turchynov as acting president.[21]
Václav Klaus  Czech Republic President March 4, 2013 Treason Impeached by the Senate, but rejected as moot by the Constitutional Court as his term in office had expired.[22]
Fernando Lugo  Paraguay PresidentJune 21, 2012Nepotism, insecurity, improper land purchaseRemoved from office by the Senate on June 22, 2012; succeeded in office by vice president Federico Franco.[23]
Rolandas Paksas  Lithuania PresidentMarch 31, 2004Interfering in a privatization transaction, leaking classified informationRemoved by the Seimas on April 6, 2004. Succeeded in office by parliament speaker Artūras Paulauskas as acting president.[24]
Roh Moo-hyun South Korea PresidentMarch 12, 2004Election law violationsImpeached by the National Assembly; reinstated by the Constitutional Court on May 14, 2004.[25] Goh Kun served as acting president during the impeachment.
Abdurrahman Wahid  Indonesia PresidentJuly 23, 2001Attempting to dissolve ParliamentRemoved by the People's Consultative Assembly. Succeeded in office by vice president Megawati Sukarnoputri.[26]
Alberto Fujimori Peru PresidentNovember 22, 2000Murder, bodily harm, two counts of kidnappingFujimori announced his resignation on November 17, 2000. The resignation was rejected by the Congress of Peru, who voted to remove him from office four days later. Succeeded in office by Congress President Valentín Paniagua as constitutional president.[27] Was arrested in 2005 after years in exile, then pardoned by Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 but the pardon was overturned by the Supreme Court in 2018.
Joseph Estrada Philippines PresidentNovember 13, 2000CorruptionImpeached by the House of Representatives of the Philippines; case went to impeachment trial at the Senate but the trial was aborted. Declared his resignation on January 20, 2001. Succeeded in office by vice president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.[28]
Bill Clinton  United States President December 19, 1998 Perjury, obstruction of justice Impeached by the United States House of Representatives; acquitted by the United States Senate on February 12, 1999.[29]
Boris Yeltsin Russia PresidentSeptember 22, 1993Violation of the ConstitutionRetained post after an armed standoff with the Supreme Council.[30]
Carlos Andrés Pérez  Venezuela PresidentMarch 20, 1993EmbezzlementFound guilty by the Supreme Court of Venezuela on May 21, 1993; removed by Venezuelan National Congress on August 31, 1993. Succeeded in office by congress president Octavio Lepage as provisional president.[31]
Abolhassan Banisadr  Iran PresidentJune 20, 1981Anti-revolutionary conduct, ties to political-militant organisations such as MEKRemoved by Ayatollah Khomeini. Succeeded in office by the Provisional Presidential Council.[32]
Sukarno Indonesia PresidentMarch 12, 1967Allegation of masterminding the 30 September Movement coup against himselfRemoved by MPRS. Succeeded in office by chairman of cabinet presidium General Suharto as acting president and later full president.[33]
Café Filho  Brazil President November 19, 1955 Coup d'état attempt to prevent Juscelino Kubitschek from taking office, leaving the presidency to Carlos Luz purposefully Barred from resuming the powers of presidency, after a self-declared incapacity on 8 November 1955, by the Federal Senate on November 22, 1955. The process occurred during the government of Nereu Ramos.[34][35][36]
Carlos Luz  Brazil President November 11, 1955 Coup d'état attempt to prevent Juscelino Kubtschek from taking office Removed from office by the Federal Senate on November 11, 1955. The impeachment process occurred in one day. Succeeded by president of Federal Senate Nereu Ramos.[37][38]
Andrew Johnson  United States President February 24, 1868 Violating the Tenure of Office Act Impeached by the United States House of Representatives; acquitted by the United States Senate on May 26, 1868.[39][38]

Resigned during the impeachment attempt

NameCountryTitleDateResult
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2nd time)  Peru President March 21, 2018 Impeachment proceedings passed by congress. President resigned before scheduled trial vote.[18]
Robert Mugabe  Zimbabwe President November 21, 2017 Resigned before formal vote.[40][41]
Pervez Musharraf  Pakistan President August 18, 2008 Resigned before formal vote.[42] Was convicted in absentia in 2019 and sentenced to death.[43]
Fernando Collor de Mello  Brazil President September 1, 1992 Resigned from office on December 29, 1992. Succeeded in office by vice president Itamar Franco.[44]
Giovanni Leone  Italy President June 15, 1978 Resigned before formal vote.[45]
Richard Nixon  United States President August 9, 1974 Resigned before formal vote.[46] Was later pardoned by Gerald Ford.[47]

Fled the country during the impeachment attempt

NameCountryTitleDateResult
Viktor Yanukovych  Ukraine President February 21, 2014 The impeachment procedure stipulated by the Constitution of Ukraine was not followed. Fled the country following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution. Succeeded in office by parliament speaker Oleksandr Turchynov as acting president.[48]

Failed impeachment attempts

NameCountryTitleDateResult
Pedro Castillo  Peru President December 7, 2021 Vote for impeachment proceedings failed with Congress of Peru voting 46 for impeachment proceedings out of 52 votes needed. Exactly a year later, on December 7, 2022, Castillo was successfully impeached and removed following Castillo's 2022 self-coup attempt.[49]
Ilir Meta  Albania President July 27, 2020 The Albanian Parliament voted against Meta's impeachment over his unsuccessful attempt to cancel the 2019 local elections.[50]
Sebastián Piñera Chile PresidentDecember 12, 2019The National Congress rejected a motion to impeach Piñera for failure to protect human rights, finding that it did not meet the constitutional threshold for impeachment.[51]
Martín Vizcarra  Peru President October 1, 2019 The Congress of Peru attempted to impeach and remove Vizcarra after the Peruvian president ordered the dissolution of congress as part of the 2019 Peruvian constitutional crisis. The vote was deemed illegitimate.[52]
Miloš Zeman Czech Republic PresidentSeptember 26, 2019Not passed[53]
Michel Temer  Brazil President June 9, 2017 Dismissed by the Superior Electoral Court.[54]
Rodrigo Duterte  Philippines President March 16, 2017 The House Justice Committee threw out the charge by unanimous vote.[55]
Jacob Zuma South Africa PresidentApril 5, 2016Not passed[56]
Benigno Aquino III  Philippines President July 21, 2014 The House Justice Committee threw out the charges by a vote of 54–4.[57][58]
Giorgio Napolitano  Italy President February 11, 2014 Not passed[45][59]
Traian Băsescu Romania PresidentJuly 29, 2012Not passed[60]
Barack Obama  United States President March 7, 2012 Resolution referred to committee, no further action taken[61]
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo  Philippines President November 26, 2008 The House Justice Committee threw out the charges by a vote of 42–8.[62]
George W. Bush  United States President June 11, 2008 Resolution referred to committee, no further action taken[63]
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo  Philippines President November 26, 2007 Rejected by the House of Representatives of the Philippines through a vote of 184–1.[62][64]
Traian Băsescu Romania PresidentApril 19, 2007Not passed[65]
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo  Philippines President August 24, 2006 Rejected by the House of Representatives of the Philippines through a vote of 173–32.[62][66]
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo  Philippines President August 30, 2005 The House Justice Committee threw out the charges.[62][67]
Roh Moo-hyun  South Korea PresidentMay 14, 2004Not passed in assembly[30]
Boris Yeltsin Russia PresidentMay 15, 1999Not passed[30]
Boris Yeltsin Russia PresidentMarch 28, 1993Not passed[30]
Francesco Cossiga  Italy President December 7, 1991 Not passed[45]
Getúlio Vargas  Brazil President June 16, 1954 Rejected by the Chamber of Deputies through a vote of 136–35.[68][69][70]
Andrew Johnson  United States President December 7, 1867 Impeachment resolution rejected by the United States House of Representatives 57–108.[71][72] Johnson later separately impeached in February 1868, but acquitted in impeachment trial.
James Buchanan  United States President June 16, 1860 Committee found that nothing had been done to warrant impeachment.[73]
John Tyler  United States President January 10, 1843 Impeachment resolution rejected by the United States House of Representatives 127–83.[74]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Peru lawmakers impeach President Castillo after he attempts to dissolve Congress". CNN. December 7, 2022.
  2. ↑ PERÚ, NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO (March 14, 2022). "Pedro Castillo hoy | Congreso admitió moción de vacancia presidencial | VIDEO | Cuántos votos se necesitan para vacancia presidencial | Bruno Pacheco | Karelim López | Canal Congreso TV en directo | Maricarmen Alva | lbposting | POLITICA". El Comercio Perú (in Spanish). Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  3. ↑ "Peru's president avoids impeachment after marathon debate". Al Jazeera. March 28, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
  4. ↑ "Chile's Sebastián Piñera faces impeachment bid after Pandora Papers". BBC News. October 13, 2021.
  5. ↑ "Después de casi 22 horas de debate, Cámara aprueba acusación constitucional en contra del Presidente". emol.com (in Spanish). November 9, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  6. ↑ "Senadores rechazan acusación constitucional en contra del Presidente Piñera al no alcanzar el quórum necesario". emol.com (in Spanish). November 16, 2021.
  7. ↑ "Albanian MPs have just voted to impeach their president. Here's why". euronews. June 9, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  8. ↑ "Albania parliament impeaches president for violating constitution". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  9. ↑ "Albanian Parliament impeaches president for vote comments". KWKT - FOX 44. June 9, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  10. ↑ "Constitutional court overturns impeachment of Albania's president". euronews. February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  11. ↑ Fandos, Nicholas (January 13, 2021). "Live Updates: A Majority of the House Votes to Impeach Trump a Historic Second Time". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
  12. ↑ Reston, Maeve (February 12, 2021). "Republicans acquitted Trump again, but this time is different". CNN. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  13. ↑ PERÚ, NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO (November 9, 2020). "EN VIVO | Martín Vizcarra | Vacancia presidencial | Congreso reanuda debate de pedido de destitución | POLITICA". El Comercio Perú (in Spanish). Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  14. ↑ "Peru's President Warns of Unrest if He's Impeached Today". Bloomberg.com. November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  15. ↑ "Trump becomes third president to be impeached". BBC News. December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
  16. ↑ Wilkie, Christina (February 5, 2020). "Trump acquitted of both charges in Senate impeachment trial". CNBC. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
  17. ↑ CNN Español (March 15, 2018). "Congreso de Perú aprueba debatir moción de vacancia del presidente Pedro Pablo Kuczynski". CNN Español (in Spanish). Retrieved October 19, 2022. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  18. 1 2 Collyns, Dan (March 22, 2018). "Peru president Pedro Pablo Kuczynski resigns amid corruption scandal". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on April 20, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  19. ↑ Sang-Hun, Choe (April 6, 2018). "Park Geun-hye, South Korea's Ousted President, Gets 24 Years in Prison". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  20. ↑ Prengaman, Peter; Savarese, Mauricio (August 31, 2016). "Brazil's President Rousseff ousted from office by Senate". Associated Press. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  21. ↑ Kramer, Andrew E. (January 24, 2019). "Ukraine's Ex-President Is Convicted of Treason". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  22. ↑ "Klaus za velezradu souzený nebude, Ústavní soud řízení zastavil". iDNES.cz. March 27, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
  23. ↑ "Paraguay's president Fernando Lugo ousted from office". The Guardian. Associated Press. June 22, 2012. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on September 18, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  24. ↑ Myers, Steven Lee (April 7, 2004). "Lithuanian Parliament Removes Country's President After Casting Votes on Three Charges". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  25. ↑ Brooke, James (May 14, 2004). "Constitutional Court Reinstates South Korea's Impeached President". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 5, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  26. ↑ Mydans, Seth (July 23, 2001). "Wahid Removed as Sukarnoputri Becomes Indonesia's President". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  27. ↑ Faiola, Anthony (November 22, 2000). "Peruvian Lawmakers Kick Fujimori Out of Office". Washington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  28. ↑ Fuller, Thomas; Tribune, International Herald (November 14, 2000). "The Impeachment of Estrada : Day of Political Tumult in Manila". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 6, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  29. ↑ Mitchell, Alison (December 20, 1998). "Impeachment: The Overview -- Clinton Impeached; He Faces a Senate Trial, 2d in History; Vows to Do Job Till Term's 'Last Hour'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 4, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Sokolov, Mikhail; Kirilenko, Anastasia (October 4, 2013). "20 Years Ago, Russia Had Its Biggest Political Crisis Since the Bolshevik Revolution". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  31. ↑ Robberson, Tod (May 22, 1993). "Venezuelan Senate Impeaches Perez". Washington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  32. ↑ "Iran Parliament Finds Bani-Sadr Unfit for Office". The New York Times. June 22, 1981. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 25, 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  33. ↑ McDonald, Hamish (1980). Suharto's Indonesia. Fontana Books. p. 60. ISBN 0-00-635721-0.
  34. ↑ "Congresso utilizou a Lei 1.079 para afastar Carlos Luz e Café Filho em 1955". Correio da Paraíba. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  35. ↑ "Dois presidentes do Brasil sofreram impeachment em 1955". Senado Federal (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  36. ↑ "Governo Café Filho (1954-1955): Os 14 meses do vice de Vargas". educacao.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  37. ↑ "Dois presidentes do Brasil sofreram impeachment em 1955". Senado Federal (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  38. 1 2 "Governo Café Filho e o golpe de Estado. O governo Café Filho". Alunos Online (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  39. ↑ "U.S. Senate: The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States". www.senate.gov. Archived from the original on October 4, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  40. ↑ "Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe resigns, ending 37-year rule". BBC News. November 21, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  41. ↑ "Robert Mugabe impeachment: Zimbabwe parliament begins process to remove President after decades in power". The Independent. November 21, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  42. ↑ "Pervez Musharraf resigns as president of Pakistan". The Guardian. August 18, 2008. Archived from the original on October 6, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  43. ↑ "Pervez Musharraf, Pakistan's fugitive ex-leader: Profile". aljazeera.com. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
  44. ↑ Atwood, Roger (September 30, 1992). "Brazil's MPs vote to impeach Collor". The Independent. Reuters. Archived from the original on September 7, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  45. 1 2 3 "Factbox - Impeachment of a President: How it works in Italy". Reuters. May 28, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  46. ↑ Kilpatrick, Carroll (August 9, 1974). "Nixon Resigns". Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 5, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  47. ↑ "Gerald Ford's Proclamation Granting a Pardon to Richard Nixon". Ford.utexas.edu. Archived from the original on June 6, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
  48. ↑ Kramer, Andrew E. (January 24, 2019). "Ukraine's Ex-President Is Convicted of Treason". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  49. ↑ "Peru lawmakers impeach President Castillo after he attempts to dissolve Congress". CNN. December 7, 2022.
  50. ↑ "Albanian Parliament Votes Against President's Impeachment". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. July 27, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  51. ↑ "Chile's Congress rejects move to impeach President Pinera over rights abuses". reuters.com. December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
  52. ↑ Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Zarate, Andrea (September 30, 2019). "Peru's President Dissolves Congress, and Lawmakers Suspend Him". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  53. ↑ "Ústavní žaloba proti Zemanovi neprošla. Odmítly ji ANO, ČSSD, KSČM i SPD". iDNES.cz. September 26, 2019. Archived from the original on October 2, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
  54. ↑ "Brazilian court dismisses corruption case against President Michel Temer". The Guardian. June 10, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  55. ↑ "House committee effectively dismisses impeachment complaint vs. Duterte". CNN Philippines. May 15, 2017.
  56. ↑ Burke, Jason (February 14, 2018). "Jacob Zuma resigns as South Africa's president on eve of no-confidence vote". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on September 2, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  57. ↑ "Filed: First valid impeach complaint vs Aquino". Rappler. July 21, 2014.
  58. ↑ "Impeachment raps vs Aquino dead". Rappler. September 2, 2014.
  59. ↑ "Italy parliament rejects bid to impeach President Napolitano". Reuters. February 11, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  60. ↑ Bilefsky, Dan (July 30, 2012). "Romania's President Survives Referendum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 2, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  61. ↑ "All Actions H.Con.Res.107 – 112th Congress (2011-2012)". congress.gov. Library of Congress and USA.gov. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
  62. 1 2 3 4 "Arroyo survives impeachment attempt". CNN. November 26, 2008.
  63. ↑ "Kucinich introduces Bush impeachment resolution". CNN. June 11, 2008. Archived from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  64. ↑ "Arroyo allies throw out Philippines impeachment bid". Reuters. November 26, 2007.
  65. ↑ "Romania's Basescu wins referendum: official". Reuters. May 20, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  66. ↑ "Bid to Impeach Philippine Leader Voted Down". The New York Times. August 24, 2006.
  67. ↑ "Votes short for impeaching Arroyo". The New York Times. August 30, 2005.
  68. ↑ "1954 – Câmara derrota tentativa de impeachment de Getúlio Vargas". Vermelho (in Brazilian Portuguese). April 13, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  69. ↑ "Impeachment de Getúlio Vargas foi barrado na Câmara em 1954 - 18/10/2015 - Poder". Folha de S.Paulo. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  70. ↑ "História: em 1954, Câmara derrotou pedido de impeachment de Getulio Vargas". UOL Notícias. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  71. ↑ "The Case for Impeachment, December 1867 | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. United States House of Representatives. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  72. ↑ "TO PASS THE IMPEACHMENT OF PRESIDENT RESOLUTION. -- House Vote #119 -- Dec 7, 1867". GovTrack.us.
  73. ↑ Zeitz, Joshua (December 18, 2019). "What Democrats Can Learn From the Forgotten Impeachment of James Buchanan". Politico. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  74. ↑ Shafer, Ronald G. (September 23, 2019). "'He lies like a dog': The first effort to impeach a president was led by his own party". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 27, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
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