Even before the launch of Sputnik 1, there were various types of launch vehicle designs. The launch vehicle designs described below are either canceled or never left the drawing board.

20th century

Name Designer Proposed Canceled
Von Braun Ferry Rocket Wernher von Braun 1950s
North American X-15B USAF and NACA 1958
Mercury-Jupiter NASA 1959
Saturn C-2 1959 1962
Saturn C-3
Saturn C-4
Nova
BAC Mustard BAC 1960s 1967
NEXUS General Dynamics
Saturn C-5N NASA 1972
Saturn INT-20
UR-700 Vladimir Chelomei
Saenger (spacecraft) Eugen Sänger, Junkers, MBB, DLR 1995
Saturn C-8 NASA 1962 1962
Sea Dragon Robert Truax
Douglas SASSTO Philip Bono 1967
Martin Marietta Spacemaster Martin Marietta
Saturn V-A NASA 1968
Saturn V-C
Saturn V-Centaur
Saturn V-D
Saturn INT-21 1970s
Chrysler SERV Chrysler 1971
Saturn-Shuttle NASA 1972
Hermes CNES and ESA 1975 1992
Rockwell X-30 Rockwell International 1980 1993
British Aerospace HOTOL British Aerospace and Rolls-Royce 1982 1989
Trans Atmospheric Vehicle Lockheed Martin ~1985
Shuttle-C NASA 1984 1995
VentureStar Lockheed Martin 1990s 2001
National Launch System NASA 1991 1992
Black Horse Mitchell Burnside Clapp 1993 1996
Kankoh-maru Japanese Rocket Society
K-1 Rocketplane Kistler 1994 2007
Roton Rotary Rocket 1996 2001
Magnum NASA 2004

21st century

Name Designer Proposed Canceled
Ares IV NASA 2000s 2010
Ares V Lite
Jupiter DIRECT 2010
Falcon 1e SpaceX 2011
Haas ARCAspace
Orbital Space Plane Program NASA 2002 2004
Falcon 5 SpaceX 2003 2005
Galaxy Express Galaxy Express Corporation 2009
Ares I NASA 2005 2010
Ares V
Rocketplane XP Rocketplane Kistler 2011
Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle NASA 2009 2010
Liberty ATK and Astrium 2011 2012
Falcon 9 Air SpaceX
Mars Colonial Transporter 2012 2016
Interplanetary Transport System 2016 2017
Big Falcon Rocket 2017 2018
OmegA Northrop Grumman 2016 2020

See also

Further reading

  • SP-4221 The Space Shuttle Decision Chapter 8 (NASA)
  • Dr. Wernher Von Braun (July 1970). The Spaceplane that can put you in orbit. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • T.A. Heppenheimer - SP-4221 The Space Shuttle Decision (NASA, 1998)
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