Tracks of all retired Pacific hurricanes

Within the Pacific Ocean, the name of any significant tropical cyclone can be retired from the tropical cyclone naming lists by the World Meteorological Organization if it is felt that a storm is so deadly or damaging that the future use of its name would be inappropriate. Storm names can also be retired for other reasons, such as being very similar to another retired name or because it might suggest an undesirable meaning in another language. Within the Eastern and Central Pacific basins, a total of eighteen names have been removed from the official lists. The deadliest system to have its name retired was Hurricane Pauline, which caused over 230 fatalities when it struck Mexico during October 1997, while the costliest hurricane was Hurricane Manuel which caused an economic impact of over $4.2 billion in damage in September 2013. Patricia was the most recent Pacific tropical cyclone to have its name retired, due to its exceptional intensity.

Background

Hurricane Kenna near its peak intensity

In 1950 a tropical cyclone that affected Hawaii was named Able, after a tropical cyclone had not affected Hawaii for a number of years. The system subsequently became widely known as Hurricane Hiki, since Hiki is Hawaiian for Able.[1][2] Typhoons Olive and Della of 1952 and 1957, respectively, developed within the Central Pacific, but were not named until they had crossed the International Dateline and moved into the Western Pacific basin.[1][3] During 1957, two other tropical cyclones developed in the Central Pacific and were named Kanoa and Nina by the Hawaiian military meteorological offices.[3] It was subsequently decided that future tropical cyclones would be named by borrowing names from the Western Pacific naming lists.[4]

Within the Eastern Pacific basin the naming of tropical cyclones started in 1960, with four sets of female names initially designed to be used consecutively before being repeated.[5][6] In 1965 after two lists of names had been used, it was decided to return to the top of the second list and to start recycling the sets of names on an annual basis.[6][7] In 1977 after protests by various women's rights groups, NOAA made the decision to relinquish control over the name selection by allowing a regional committee of the WMO to select new sets of names.[8] The WMO selected six lists of names which contained male names and rotated every six years.[8] They also decided that the new lists of hurricane name would start to be used in 1978 which was a year earlier than the Atlantic.[9] Since 1978 the same lists of names have been used, with names of significant tropical cyclones removed from the lists and replaced with new names.[6]

During 1979, after ten names had been borrowed from the Western Pacific naming lists, Hawaiian names were reinstated for tropical cyclones developing into tropical storms forming in the Central Pacific.[7] Five sets of Hawaiian names, using only the 12 letters of the Hawaiian alphabet, were drafted with the intent being to use the sets of names on an annual rotation basis.[7] However, after no storms had developed in this region between 1979 and 1981, the annual lists were scrapped and replaced with four sets of names and designed to be used consecutively.[7][10] Ahead of the 2007 hurricane season, the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) and the Hawaii State Civil Defense requested that the hurricane committee retire eleven names from the Eastern Pacific naming lists.[11] However, the committee declined the request and noted that its criteria for the retirement of names was "well defined and very strict."[12] It was felt that while the systems may have had a significant impact on the Hawaiian Islands, none of the impacts were major enough to warrant the retirement of the names.[12] It was also noted that the Committee had previously not retired names for systems that had a greater impact than those that had been submitted.[12] The CPHC also introduced a revised set of Hawaiian names for the Central Pacific, after they had worked with the University of Hawaii Hawaiian Studies Department to ensure the correct meaning and appropriate historical and cultural use of the names.[11][13]

The practice of retiring significant names was started during 1955 by the United States Weather Bureau in the Atlantic basin, after hurricanes Carol, Edna, and Hazel struck the Northeastern United States and caused a significant amount of damage in the previous year.[14] Initially the names were only designed to be retired for ten years after which they might be reintroduced, however, it was decided at the 1969 Interdepartmental hurricane conference that any significant hurricane in the future would have its name permanently retired.[14][15] Several names have been removed from the Pacific naming lists for various reasons other than for causing a significant amount of death/destruction, which include being pronounced in a very similar way to other names and for political reasons.[16][17][18]

Names retired in the Eastern Pacific basin

Debris on beach in Acapulco, Mexico from Hurricane Manuel

Within the Eastern Pacific basin – between the western coasts of the Americas and 140°W – fifteen names have been retired since naming started in the region in 1960.[16] Prior to the start of the modern naming lists in 1978, the names Hazel and Adele were retired from the list of names for reasons that are not clear.[16] The name Fico was subsequently retired after the system had affected Hawaii in 1978, while the name Knut was removed after being used in 1987 for unknown reasons having barely reaching tropical storm strength.[16] In 1989 the name Iva was removed as it was pronounced very similarly to Iwa, which was retired from the Central Pacific lists of names in 1982 after affecting Hawaii.[18] In the early 1990s the names Fefa and Ismael were both retired after they affected Hawaii and Northern Mexico, respectively.[16] Hurricane Pauline became the deadliest Eastern Pacific hurricane, and its name was retired after it affected Mexico in 1997.[16]

Political considerations prompted retirement of the name Adolph and removal of the name Israel[nb 1] at the start of the 2001 season, after controversy arose over their use.[17][19][20] The name Kenna was retired in 2003 after it became one of the most intense Pacific hurricanes ever recorded. The name Alma was retired in 2009 after it had become the first Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone on record to make landfall along the Pacific Coast of Central America.[21] The name Manuel was retired in 2013, after it became the first Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone on record to make landfall in mainland Mexico, redevelop over water, and become a hurricane.[22] At the 2015 hurricane committee meeting the name Odile was retired from the list of names after it became the first major hurricane to affect Baja California in 25 years.[23][24] At that same meeting, the name Isis—last used during the 2004 season—was preemptively removed from the list of names for 2016; it was deemed inappropriate to be used because of the Islamic extremist militant group which was then called by the same name.[23]

Name Dates active Peak classification Sustained
wind speeds		 Pressure Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
HazelSeptember 24 – 26, 1965Tropical storm60 mph (95 km/h)986 hPa (29.12 inHg)Mexico$10 million6[25]
AdeleMay 30 – June 7, 1970Category 1 hurricane85 mph (140 km/h)≤992 hPa (29.29 inHg)NoneNoneNone[26]
FicoJuly 9 – 28, 1978Category 4 hurricane145 mph (220 km/h)955 hPa (28.20 inHg)Hawaii$200,000None[27]
KnutAugust 28 – 30, 1987Tropical storm40 mph (65 km/h)Not SpecifiedNoneNoneNone[28]
IvaAugust 5 – 13, 1988Category 2 hurricane105 mph (165 km/h)968 hPa (28.59 inHg)NoneNoneNone[29]
FefaJuly 29 – August 8, 1991Category 3 hurricane120 mph (195 km/h)959 hPa (28.32 inHg)HawaiiNoneNone
IsmaelSeptember 12 – 16, 1995Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)983 hPa (29.03 inHg)Northern Mexico$26 million116
PaulineOctober 5 – 10, 1997Category 4 hurricane130 mph (215 km/h)948 hPa (27.99 inHg)Oaxaca, Guerrero$448 million230-400
AdolphMay 25 – June 1, 2001Category 4 hurricane145 mph (230 km/h)940 hPa (27.76 inHg)Western MexicoNoneNone[30]
KennaOctober 22 – 26, 2002Category 5 hurricane165 mph (270 km/h)913 hPa (26.96 inHg)Western Mexico
Southwestern United States		$101 million4[31][32]
Isis[nb 2]September 8 – 16, 2004Category 1 hurricane75 mph (120 km/h)987 hPa (29.15 inHg)NoneNoneNone[33]
AlmaMay 29 – 30, 2008Tropical storm65 mph (100 km/h)994 hPa (29.35 inHg)Nicaragua$33 million9[34]
ManuelSeptember 13 – 19, 2013Category 1 hurricane75 mph (120 km/h)983 hPa (29.03 inHg)Western Mexico$4.2 billion123[35]
OdileSeptember 10 – 18, 2014Category 4 hurricane140 mph (220 km/h)918 hPa (27.11 inHg)Baja California Peninsula$1.22 billion15[24]
PatriciaOctober 20 – 24, 2015Category 5 hurricane215 mph (345 km/h)872 hPa (25.75 inHg)Central America, Mexico, Texas$460 million13[36]
15 namesReferences:[nb 3][nb 4]$6.5 billion564

Names retired in the Central Pacific basin

Within the Central Pacific basin—between 140°W and the International Date Line at 180°—four names have been retired since the introduction of the modern naming list for the basin in 1979.[7] Hurricanes Iwa and Iniki were retired after impacting Hawaii, while Paka and Ioke were retired after affecting various islands in Micronesia.[nb 5]

Name Dates active Peak classification Sustained
wind speeds		 Pressure Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
IwaNovember 19 – 25, 1982Category 1 hurricane150 km/h (90 mph)968 hPa (28.59 inHg)Hawaii$312 million4[38][39][40]
InikiSeptember 5 – 13, 1992Category 4 hurricane230 km/h (145 mph)938 hPa (27.70 inHg)Hawaii$3.1 billion6[41][42]
PakaNovember 28 – December 23, 1997Category 5 super typhoon295 km/h (185 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg)Marshall Islands, Guam,
Mariana Islands		$584 millionNone[nb 6][43]
IokeAugust 20 – September 9, 2006Category 5 hurricane260 km/h (160 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg)Johnston Atoll, Wake Island$88 millionNone[44]
4 namesReferences:[nb 5][nb 4]$4.08 billion10

Names retired by letter

The table below lists the storm names that have been retired since the practice began. As of 2023, six storms with names beginning with the letter 'I' have been retired while no names beginning with 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'G', 'J', 'L', 'N', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', and 'Z' have been retired (or 'Q' and 'U', which are not used in the eastern Pacific). The names in each row of the "Storm names" column are displayed in chronological order.

Letter Total Storm names Earliest Latest
A3Adele, Adolph, Alma19702008
B0———
C0———
D0———
E0———
F2Fico, Fefa19781991
G0———
H1Hazel19651965
I6Iwa, Iva, Iniki, Ismael, Isis, Ioke19822006
J0———
K2Knut, Kenna19872002
L0———
M1Manuel20132013
N0———
O1Odile20142014
P3Pauline, Paka, Patricia19972015
R0———
S0———
T0———
V0———
W0———
X0———
Y0———
Z0———

Names retired by month

The table below lists the storm names that have been retired since the practice began. As of 2023, six storms that have formed in the month of September have had their names retired, the most of any month in the season. The month of June has had no retired names, the least of any month in the season. The earliest forming storm to have had its name retired is Adolph in 2001 which formed on May 25, and the latest forming storm to be retired is Paka in 1997, which formed on November 28. The names in each row of the "Storm names" column are displayed in chronological order.

Month Total Storm names Earliest Latest
May3Adele, Adolph, Alma19702008
June0–——
July2Fico, Fefa19781991
August3Knut, Iva, Ioke19872006
September6Hazel, Iniki, Ismael, Isis, Manuel, Odile19652014
October3Pauline, Kenna, Patricia19972015
November2Iwa, Paka19821997

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Israel was the designated replacement name for Ismael going into the 2001 season, but was supplanted by Ivo, and so was never used.
  2. ↑ Although Isis did not result in significant damage or casualties, and was not retired during the WMO's annual meeting in 2005, the organization determined in 2015 that it would retire the name, deeming its usage inappropriate in light of the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (commonly referred to as ISIS).[23] The name was not used in 2010, making the 2004 storm the last incarnation of the name.
  3. ↑ References for the Eastern Pacific retired names.[16][17]
  4. 1 2 Reference for dates, season, wind speeds and pressure.[37]
  5. 1 2 References for the Central Pacific retired names.[17]
  6. ↑ Paka reached its peak intensity in the western Pacific basin, and hence its classification is considered to be a Category 5 super typhoon, not a Category 5 hurricane. In the central Pacific, Paka peaked as a tropical storm.

References

  1. 1 2 Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Tropical Cyclones During the Years 1900-1952 (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
  2. ↑ Simpson, Robert H (December 1950). "Hiki—Hawaii's First Hurricane of Record". Weatherwise. 3 (7): 127–128. doi:10.1080/00431672.1950.9927066. ISSN 0043-1672.
  3. 1 2 "The 1957 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. April 12, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
  4. ↑ Landsea, Christopher W; Dorst, Neal; Hurricane Research Division (June 1, 2014). "Subject: B1) How are tropical cyclones named?". Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Questions. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 7, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  5. ↑ Kohler, Joseph P, ed. (July 1960). "On The Editors Desk: Names for North Pacific Tropical Cyclones". Mariners Weather Log (Mariners Weather Log). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Oceanographic Data Service. 4 (4): 107. hdl:2027/uc1.b3876059. ISSN 0025-3367. OCLC 648466886.
  6. 1 2 3 Blake, Eric S; Gibney, Ethan J; Brown, Daniel P; Mainelli, Michelle; Franklin, James L; Kimberlain, Todd B; Hammer, Gregory R (2009). Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Basin, 1949-2006 (PDF). Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Padgett, Gary (July 13, 2008). November 2007 First Installment (Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary). Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
  8. 1 2 Gary Padgett (January 1, 2008). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone summary: August 2007". Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
  9. ↑ Staff Writer (May 12, 1978). "Big Blows to get his and her names". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
  10. ↑ National Hurricane Operations Plan: 1980 (PDF) (FCM 80-2). Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology and Supporting Research. May 1980. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  11. 1 2 61st IHC action items (PDF) (Report). Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology. November 29, 2007. pp. 5–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2004. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  12. 1 2 3 RA IV Hurricane Committee (February 1, 2008). RA IV Hurricane Committee 29th Session (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 7–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  13. ↑ Central Pacific Hurricane Center (May 21, 2007). "NOAA announces Central Pacific hurricane season outlook" (Press release). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on November 6, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  14. 1 2 Dorst, Neal (October 23, 2012). "They Called the Wind Mahina: The History of Naming Cyclones". United States Hurricane Research Division. p. Slides 8–72.
  15. ↑ "It's time (June) to match for Anna...". The Daily Gleaner. Kingston, Jamaica. Reuters. June 1, 1969. p. 2. – via The Newspaper Archive (subscription required)
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RA IV Hurricane Committee (May 9, 2023). Hurricane Operational Plan for North America, Central America and the Caribbean 2023 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Landsea, Christopher W; Dorst, Neal; Free, James Lewis; Delgado, Sandy (June 20, 2014). "Subject: B3) What storm names have been retired?". Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Questions. United States Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on 2019-01-06. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  18. 1 2 Minutes of the 43rd Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference. The Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. p. 23.
  19. ↑ Wohlhelernter, Elli (May 21, 2001). "Storm brewing over hurricane named Israel". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
  20. ↑ "Storm blows over as 'Hurricane Israel' is retired". The Jerusalem Post. June 6, 2001. Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
  21. ↑ "Four Hurricane Names Retired From List of Storms" (Press release). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 1, 2009. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  22. ↑ "WMO retires Ingrid and Manuel for Atlantic and eastern North Pacific basins" (Press release). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 10, 2014. Archived from the original on April 24, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  23. 1 2 3 "'Isis' among names retired from UN list of hurricane names". Reuters. April 17, 2015. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  24. 1 2 Cangialosi, John P; Kimberlain, Todd P (March 4, 2015). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Odile: September 10 - 18, 2014 (PDF) (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  25. ↑ Hughes, Patrick E, ed. (March 1966). Eastern North Pacific Hurricanes, 1965 (Mariners Weather Log). Vol. 10. United States Environmental Science Services Administration's National Oceanographic Data Service. p. 43. hdl:2027/mdp.39015012688092. ISSN 0025-3367. OCLC 648466886.
  26. ↑ Hughes, Patrick E, ed. (March 1971). Eastern North Pacific Hurricanes, 1970 (Mariners Weather Log). Vol. 15. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Oceanographic Data Service. p. 43. hdl:2027/uc1.b3876046. ISSN 0025-3367. OCLC 648466886.
  27. ↑ State of Hawaii, Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (2012). "Geography and Environment" (PDF). The State of Hawaii Data Book. p. 276. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ↑ Cross R.L (October 1988). "Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1987". Monthly Weather Review. 116 (10): 2106–2117. Bibcode:1988MWRv..116.2106C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493.116.10.2106.1.
  29. ↑ Gerrish, Harold P; Mayfield, Britt Max (1989). "Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1988". Monthly Weather Review. 117 (10): 2266. Bibcode:1989MWRv..117.2266G. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2266:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2.
  30. ↑ Avila, Lixion A; Pasch, Richard J; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Lawrence, Miles B; Stewart, Stacy R; Jiing, Jiann-Gwo (January 2003). "Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 2001". Monthly Weather Review. 131 (1): 249–262. Bibcode:2003MWRv..131..249A. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0249:ASNPHS>2.0.CO;2.
  31. ↑ Franklin, James L (December 26, 2002). Hurricane Kenna - 22 - 26 October 2002 (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  32. ↑ Carpenter, Guy (January 30, 2003). 2002 Tropical Cyclone Review (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2014. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
  33. ↑ James L. Franklin; David P. Roberts (November 17, 2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Isis (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  34. ↑ Brown, Daniel P (July 7, 2008). Tropical Storm Alma - 29-30 May 2008 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  35. ↑ Pasch, Richard J; Zelinsky, David A (January 6, 2014). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Manuel: September 13 - 19, 2013 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
  36. ↑ Kimberlain, Todd B; Blake, Eric S; Cangialosi, John P (February 1, 2016). Hurricane Patricia (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  37. ↑ National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (April 4, 2023). "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2022". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. A guide on how to read the database is available here. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  38. ↑ Blake, Eric S; Landsea, Christopher W; Gibney, Ethan J; National Hurricane Center (August 2011). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-6). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. p. 29. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  39. ↑ Central Pacific Hurricane Center. The 1982 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-29). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  40. ↑ Tsai, Michael (July 2, 2006). "Hurricane Iwa". Honolulu Advertiser. Archived from the original on July 11, 2007. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
  41. ↑ Central Pacific Hurricane Center. The 1992 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
  42. ↑ Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables update (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. January 12, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
  43. ↑ National Climatic Data Center (1997). Del Greco, Stephen; Hinson, Stuart (eds.). "Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena" (PDF). Storm Data: 66. ISSN 0039-1972. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 16, 2014. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  44. ↑ Advisory Council for Historic Preservation (May 7, 2007). Spring 2007 Case Digest — Protecting Historic Properties section 106 in action (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2014.

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