Tracie McBride
Born
Tracie Joy McBride

(1975-05-27)May 27, 1975
Centerville, Minnesota, U.S.
DiedFebruary 18, 1995(1995-02-18) (aged 19)
Coke County, Texas, U.S.
Cause of deathMurder (blunt force trauma)
Resting placeFort Snelling National Cemetery
Fort Snelling, Minnesota, U.S.
EducationCentennial High School (Circle Pines, Minnesota)
OccupationUnited States Army soldier
Louis Jones Jr.
Born(1950-03-04)March 4, 1950
Shelby County, Tennessee, U.S.
DiedMarch 18, 2003(2003-03-18) (aged 53)
USP Terre Haute, Terre Haute, Indiana, U.S.
Cause of deathExecution by lethal injection
OccupationU.S. Army soldier
Criminal statusExecuted
Spouse
Sandra Lane
​
(m. 1992⁠–⁠1994)​
Children1
Conviction(s)Kidnapping resulting in death (18 U.S.C. § 1201)
Criminal penaltyDeath

United States Army soldier Tracie Joy McBride was kidnapped, raped, and murdered on February 18, 1995. Louis Jones Jr., a former soldier and Gulf War veteran, was tried and convicted in the U.S. federal court system for kidnapping resulting in death. The crime was a federal case since it started on a military base, and the rape was the prime aspect to the murder which made it a capital offense. Jones, who was sentenced to death, argued that he should be spared execution due to the traumatic effects of Gulf War syndrome. His appeals were unsuccessful and he was executed by lethal injection in 2003.

Mark Miller of Newsweek characterized the Jones case as unusual due to the Gulf War syndrome defense strategy.[1]

Crime

On February 18, 1995, 44-year old Louis Jones drove onto Goodfellow Air Force Base in San Angelo, Texas, and kidnapped Private Tracie Joy McBride,[2] a 19-year old from Centerville, Minnesota.[3] Jones was looking for his ex-wife, but instead decided to kidnap McBride.[1] McBride was on the telephone with a friend,[4] and in a laundry facility when she was abducted. Two privates attempted to rescue McBride, but Jones rendered one, Private Michael Peacock, unconscious by hitting him.[5][6]

Jones took McBride to his house, raped her, and held her in a closet.[4] He forced McBride to use hydrogen peroxide on herself, washed McBride's clothes,[7] and forced McBride to walk on towels; these efforts were part of an attempt to conceal the crime by hiding any fibers and other possible evidence. He then drove McBride to a remote area and beat her to death with a tire iron.[1] McBride died under a bridge,[5] off Texas State Highway 277 in Coke County, Texas, about 27 miles (43 km) north of San Angelo.[8] McBride had been hit in the head at least nine times.[4] Dr. Jan Garavaglia, who was at the time of the murder an associate medical examiner in Bexar County, examined McBride's body at a local morgue. Garavaglia stated that the trauma to her head was "worse than most high-impact car wrecks."[9] Jones likely forced McBride to walk to the point where she was killed; only mud was found on her boots, and no scuff marks were present.[10] McBride's body was found clothed in her U.S. Army battle uniform, itself in excellent condition;[11] the clothing had no forensic evidence of rape.[12] The undergarments were not present.[13]

Jones was arrested on March 1[5] by the San Angelo Police Department for sexually assaulting his ex-wife, Staff Sergeant Sandra Lane, after she filed a complaint with the Air Force's Office of Special Investigations (OSI).[14] OSI agents made an inquiry to Jones on whether he was involved in McBride's abduction,[6] and Jones confessed to killing her;[1] he then led authorities to McBride's body.[15] Initially, Jones stated that he did not rape McBride.[16] McBride's body was autopsied by Garavaglia at the Bexar County Forensic Science Center in San Antonio, Texas.[17] Due to the unusually cool weather and the placement of the body under a bridge, the body was well preserved.[18] Despite Jones' efforts to conceal the rape, Garavaglia was able to determine that Jones had raped McBride, and this fact allowed federal prosecutors to ask for the death penalty. Jones later confessed to a psychiatrist to raping McBride.[19]

Background

Louis Jones Jr.

Jones, born on March 4, 1950, was a native of Shelby County, Tennessee,[5] and grew up in Chicago.[20] According to testimony presented at his criminal trial, Jones experienced sexual and physical abuse.[21]

He served in the Army for 22 years.[20] Richard A. Serrano of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "It was in the Army where he excelled."[21] Jones, a member of the U.S. Army Rangers, participated in the Invasion of Grenada and the Gulf War of 1991. He was the leader of a platoon in Grenada, and he received a Commendation Medal due to his actions during a ground attack in Iraq.[1] He became a master sergeant and on his retirement in 1993 was honorably discharged from the Rangers.[22][20] At the time of the crime, he worked on base as a bus driver.[23]

Jones was married three times,[21] and he had a daughter, Barbara;[15] he raised her as a single parent.[24] One of his wives, Sandra Lane, was an Army staff sergeant.[21] He became estranged from her;[1] she noted changes in his behavior after he returned from Iraq.[21] Jones had no previous criminal record.[25] Before the killing, he worked low-paying jobs and received low grades in university courses.[21] Lane filed an official complaint with the OSI on March 1, 1995, stating that, on February 16 of that year,[6] Jones had kidnapped her, made her take money out of her bank account, and committed sexual assault against her while at his residence.[13]

Tracie McBride

Tracie Joy McBride (May 27, 1975 – February 19, 1995[26]), a graduate of Centennial High School in Circle Pines, Minnesota,[27][28] was at the base for advanced intelligence training for a two-week period.[29] McBride aspired to become a music teacher.[27] McBride joined the United States Army after her high school graduation,[30] intending to fund her university education; she hoped to have her degree completed prior to the end of her tour of duty.[31] At the end of her life, McBride was in a romantic relationship with a member of the U.S. Marines.[32] She was assigned to Goodfellow in early February 1995 after completion of training,[33] at the Defense Language Institute at the Presidio of Monterey in Monterey, California. McBride was kidnapped 10 days after her arrival.[34]

Trial, appeals, and penalty

Ellis Unit, where Jones was initially confined by Texas authorities
United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute, where Jones was held on federal death row and executed

Jones, indicted in March 1995,[35] was tried in federal court in Lubbock, Texas, since he had kidnapped McBride from a military base.[3] His specific charge was "kidnapping within special maritime/territorial jurisdiction resulting in death".[36] U.S. Attorney Tanya K. Pierce was the prosecutor.[1] McBride's family supported the prosecutor's decision to seek the death penalty for Jones.[37] The trial was moved from San Angelo to Lubbock due to the news coverage in the former city.[23]

The trial began on October 16, 1995.[6] Nine members of the twelve-person jury were female and the rest were male.[13] Jones stated that he committed the crime due to trauma he received during his military duties,[25] indicative of Gulf War syndrome.[1] Evidence showing brain damage to Jones was presented.[3] Jones was convicted on October 23,[6] after two days of testimony and 65 minutes of deliberation from the jury.[4] After finding that Jones had intentionally killed McBride, the jury proceeded to sentencing.[6]

The sentencing phase involved the jury deliberating for 6.5 hours.[13] The prosecution alleged four statutory aggravating circumstances and three non-statutory aggravating circumstances. The jury unanimously found two statutory aggravating circumstances: Jones killed McBride during the commission of a kidnapping and the murder involved torture or serious physical abuse to McBride, referring to the rape. The finding of statutory aggravating circumstances officially made the McBride's murder a capital offense. The jury rejected two other alleged statutory aggravating circumstances: Jones had knowingly put lives other than that of McBride at risk and the murder was premeditated. As for non-statutory aggravating circumstances, the jury unanimously found that McBride's family had suffered from her death and that McBride was vulnerable due to her young age and other characteristics, but rejected the argument that Jones would present a future danger.

The defense presented 11 mitigating circumstances, which a varying number of jurors agreed upon:

  1. Jones did not have a significant prior criminal record (6)
  2. Jones's capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his actions were significantly impaired, regardless of whether the capacity was so impaired as to constitute a defense to the charge (2)
  3. Jones committed the murder under severe mental or emotional disturbance (1)
  4. Jones suffered physical, sexual, and emotional abuse as a child (4)
  5. Jones's military service (8)
  6. Jones would not be a problematic inmate (3)
  7. Jones is remorseful (4)
  8. Jones's daughter (9)
  9. Jones was under a great deal of duress and/or stress at the time of the murder (3)
  10. Jones suffered from numerous neurological or psychological disorders (1)
  11. Other factors in the Jones's background or character mitigate against a verdict of death (0)

In addition, seven jurors found that the testimony of Jones's ex-wife, Sandra Lane, was a mitigating factor. Although Lane testified that Jones raped her in his apartment two days before he killed McBride, she also said that he seemed "very crazed" and was "spinning out of control, bouncing from thought to thought."[6]

On November 3, 1995, the jury came back with a unanimous recommendation for death.[6][25] On June 11, 1996, Jones was entered into the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) as prisoner #999195 under an agreement with federal authorities.[5] The State of Texas housed its male death-row inmates at the Ellis Unit near Huntsville, Texas.[38] On July 13, 1999, he was moved into federal custody,[39] to the newly opened men's death row at U.S. Penitentiary, Terre Haute.[40] He was Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) prisoner #27265-077.[41]

Throughout the appeals process, Jones' lawyer, Tim Floyd, continued to argue that he should be spared the death penalty and have his sentence commuted to life imprisonment because nerve gas from Iraq had damaged Jones' brain. Floyd contacted University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center epidemiology department head, Dr. Robert Haley, who published the first major studies related to Gulf War syndrome, and asked him to review his client's medical records; Haley argued that Jones had sustained brain damage and that it "was responsible for the personality changes that contributed significantly to the tragic events of his crime."[1] U.S. senator Kay Bailey Hutchison argued that Jones should have his brain scanned to check for any damage before any death sentence would be carried out.[42] Ross Perot also called for a commutation of the sentence to life without parole.[43] Throughout the appeal process, McBride's family advocated for Jones' execution.[20]

In 1998, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit found that two of the non-statutory aggravating circumstances appeared to be redundant. However, they upheld the death sentence since they found that the aggravation still outweighed the mitigation.[6]

In 1999, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to overturn Jones' death sentence.[44] Jones' final appeal for clemency from then-president of the United States George W. Bush and his final appeal at the U.S. Supreme Court failed on March 17, 2003. On March 18, 2003,[15] Jones was executed at USP Terre Haute, making him the third federal prisoner executed since federal executions resumed in 2001.[22] McBride's family and a friend attended the execution.[15]

After Jones's execution, his attorney read a written statement from him: "I accept full responsibility for the pain, anguish and the suffering I caused the McBrides for having taken Tracie from them." He said he would not ask "for forgiveness for the awful things done to Tracie. They continue to feel anguish and pain that will always be felt by them, and I felt forgiveness from the McBrides is something I had no right to ask for."[45]

Jones remained the last person executed by the United States federal government[13] until July 14, 2020, when Daniel Lewis Lee was executed by lethal injection.[46]

Legacy

McBride was buried at Fort Snelling National Cemetery in Minnesota.[29] The Tracie Joy McBride Scholarship Fund and its associated event, Tracie's Night, were named after her; the fund is primarily managed by her sister, Stacie McBride-Cox.[27]

The episode "Life Interrupted" of the television show Dr. G: Medical Examiner, first aired in 2007, describes this case.[47]

In Human Behavior in the Social Environment: A Macro, National, and International Perspective, author Rudolph Alexander Jr. wrote that experiences of soldiers during the 2000s Iraq War, in which over 3,700 coming back from the war in 2005 stated that they had fears that they may lose control of themselves or harm another person and that 1,700 reported believing that they were better off dead and considered hurting themselves, "provide support for Jones' claims."[48] 450,000 Americans served in the Gulf War.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Miller, Mark. "Should Louis Jones Die?" Newsweek. March 12, 2003. Retrieved on July 17, 2016. "Prisoners seeking clemency from the White House are hardly unusual. But the Jones case is."
  2. ↑ "Court upholds death penalty in Jones' murder conviction." Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. Wednesday, June 23, 1999. Retrieved on July 17, 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 Serrano, Richard A. "Gulf War Veteran Executed for 1995 Murder." Los Angeles Times. March 19, 2003. Retrieved on July 17, 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Former Army Ranger Found Guilty Of Soldier's Murder". Chicago Tribune. October 23, 1995. Retrieved on July 19, 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Louis Jones." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on July 18, 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Louis Jones, Defendant-appellant, 132 F.3d 232 (5th Cir. 1998)." Justia. January 5, 1998. Retrieved on March 1, 2019.
  7. ↑ "Life Interrupted" (2007), Dr. G: Medical Examiner, about 30:05 to 30:20.
  8. ↑ "Suspect charged in soldier's abduction". United Press International. 1995-03-02. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
  9. ↑ "Life Interrupted" (2007), Dr. G: Medical Examiner, about 15:25-15:30 of 44:34.
  10. ↑ "Life Interrupted" (2007), Dr. G: Medical Examiner, about 13:55-14:26.
  11. ↑ "Life Interrupted" (2007), Dr. G: Medical Examiner, about 11:50-12:10 of 44:34.
  12. ↑ "Life Interrupted" (2007), Dr. G: Medical Examiner, about 13:25 to 13:35.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Tufts, John; Alana Edgin (2019-07-26). "U.S. to resume executions: its last was for the murder of Tracie McBride of Goodfellow AFB". San Angelo Standard-Times. Gannett Publishing. Retrieved 2019-08-03.
  14. ↑ Cutler, Christopher Q. "Death Resurrected: The Reimplementation of the Federal Death Penalty". Seattle University Law Review. 23 (1189): 1224 (PDF p. 36/42).
  15. 1 2 3 4 "Echoes of an earlier execution Eight months before Alfonso Rodriguez Jr. killed Dru Sjodin, Louis Jones Jr. was put to death for killing Minnesotan Tracie McBride." Minneapolis Star Tribune. September 24, 2006. Section Twin Cities + Region p. B1. Available at Pressreader, Available at the archives of the Star-Tribune.
  16. ↑ "Life Interrupted" (2007), Dr. G: Medical Examiner, about 19:10 to 19:25.
  17. ↑ "Life Interrupted" (2007), Dr. G: Medical Examiner, about 6:45-6:55 of 44:34.
  18. ↑ "Life Interrupted" (2007), Dr. G: Medical Examiner, about 21:30-22:05 of 44:34.
  19. ↑ "Life Interrupted" (2007), Dr. G: Medical Examiner, about 32:45 to 33:15.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Collins, Dan. "Gulf War Vet Asks Bush For Clemency." Associated Press at CBS News. March 17, 2003. Retrieved on July 18, 2016.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Serrano, Richard A. "A War Hero, a Condemned Killer." Los Angeles Times. January 14, 2003. p. 2. Retrieved on July 17, 2016.
  22. 1 2 Collins, Dan. "Gulf War Vet Executed." CBS. February 19, 2003. Retrieved on July 17, 2016.
  23. 1 2 "Ex-Army Ranger's trial starts." Houston Chronicle. October 16, 1995. Section A News, p. 13. Available on NewsBank, Record# HSC10161302363. Accessible from the Houston Public Library website with a library card.
  24. ↑ "Life Interrupted" (2007), Dr. G: Medical Examiner, about 15:55 to 16:05 of 44:34.
  25. 1 2 3 Serrano, Richard A. "A War Hero, a Condemned Killer." Los Angeles Times. January 14, 2003. p. 1. Retrieved on July 17, 2016.
  26. ↑ Image of her grave Archived 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Machine from Find a Grave. Retrieved on August 6, 2016.
  27. 1 2 3 Backus, Nick. "Nonprofit hosts ‘Tracie’s Night’." Quad Community Press. Tuesday February 12, 2013. Retrieved on July 18, 2016.
  28. ↑ "Pvt Tracie Joy McBride (1975-1995) - Find A Grave..." www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
  29. 1 2 "TO PRIVATE TRACIE JOY MCBRIDE (Senate - March 08, 1995) Archived February 10, 2020, at the Wayback Machine." U.S. Congressional Record, Library of Congress. Retrieved on July 18, 2016.
  30. ↑ "Life Interrupted" (2007), Dr. G: Medical Examiner, about 3:16-3:19/44:34.
  31. ↑ "Life Interrupted" (2007), Dr. G: Medical Examiner, about 3:24-3:30/44:34.
  32. ↑ "Life Interrupted" (2007), Dr. G: Medical Examiner, about 12:45 to 12:55 of 44:34.
  33. ↑ "Life Interrupted" (2007), Dr. G: Medical Examiner, about 4:00-4:06/44:34.
  34. ↑ "Life Interrupted" (2007), Dr. G: Medical Examiner, about 4:20-4:25/44:34.
  35. ↑ "Former Ranger indicted." Associated Press at the Houston Chronicle. March 9, 1995. Section A News, p. 29. Available on NewsBank, Record# HSC03091261018, Accessible from the Houston Public Library website with a library card.
  36. ↑ "Capital Punishment." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on July 19, 2016.
  37. ↑ "A death wish for Tracie's killer A Minnesota family wants the kind of justice they couldn't get at home." Minneapolis Star-Tribune. January 27, 2003. Retrieved on July 18, 2016.
  38. ↑ "Death Row Facts." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on July 18, 2016.
  39. ↑ "Offenders no longer on death row." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on July 18, 2016.
  40. ↑ Ward, Mike (July 19, 1999). "Texas death row empties 3 cells in a single day". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved August 22, 2010. Killers as Louis Jones 49 Juan Raul Garza 42 and Orlando Cordia Hall 28.
  41. ↑ "Find an inmate." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on July 18, 2016. Look for inmate#27265-077. Jones is listed as "Deceased 03/18/2003"
  42. ↑ "Death Row Inmate Blames Gulf War." ABC News. March 1, Year Unspecified. Retrieved on July 17, 2016.
  43. ↑ "Gulf War veteran is executed." Indianapolis Star. March 18, 2003. Retrieved on July 18, 2016.
  44. ↑ Liptak, Adam. "Condemned Killer Exposed to Nerve Gas Seeks Mercy." The New York Times. March 16, 2003. Retrieved on July 18, 2016.
  45. ↑ "Forgiveness". Abilene Reporter-News. 2003-03-19. p. 45. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  46. ↑ "US executes first federal prisoner in 17 years". BBC. July 14, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  47. ↑ "Life Interrupted Archived 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Machine." TV.com. Retrieved on July 18, 2016.
  48. ↑ Alexander, Rudolph Jr. Human Behavior in the Social Environment: A Macro, National, and International Perspective. SAGE Publications, December 2, 2009. ISBN 1412950805, 9781412950800. p. 70.

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