Mother Lü
呂母
Bornunknown
Died18 AD
NationalityXin China
Known forfirst female rebel leader in Chinese history
ChildrenLü Yu

Mother Lü (Chinese: 呂母; pinyin: Lǚ Mǔ; died 18 AD) was a rebel leader against the Xin dynasty of China. She started a peasant uprising after her son was executed by the government for a minor offence, and became the first female rebel leader in Chinese history. After she died of an illness, her followers became a major force of the Red Eyebrows rebellion which played a significant role in the downfall of the Xin dynasty and the restoration of the Han dynasty by Liu Xiu.

Background

Mother Lü was born during the Western Han dynasty of China. In 9 AD, the chief minister Wang Mang usurped the imperial throne and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Xin dynasty. Wang implemented a number of policies which were opposed by the wealthy landowning class. Economic stress caused by the flooding of the Yellow River further weakened the legitimacy of his rule.[1]

Mother Lü lived in Haiqu County (海曲縣), Langya Commandery (琅邪郡), in present-day Rizhao, Shandong province. Her family was very wealthy, worth millions of coins according to the Book of the Later Han.[2][3]

Rebellion

In 14 AD, her son Lü Yu (呂育), who had served in the government of Haiqu County, was executed by the county magistrate for a minor offence.[2] To avenge his death, Mother Lü plotted a rebellion, using her wealth to recruit poor peasants and purchase weapons and supplies.[2] She soon raised an army of several thousand people from a populace that had already been dissatisfied with the government.[4] Mother Lü assumed the title of general and led her rebel force to storm the capital of Haiqu County. After capturing the county magistrate, she beheaded him[2][4] and sacrificed his head on her son's tomb.[3]

Death and legacy

Mother Lü's success inspired numerous people all over the country to rebel against Wang Mang's rule, and her own force grew rapidly to tens of thousands of soldiers, but she soon died of an illness in 18 AD.[2]

After her death, most of Lü's followers joined forces with Fan Chong, another native of Langya who had rebelled in Ju County in 18.[2] The joint army became known as the Red Eyebrows, which was one of the two leading rebel forces that would overthrow Wang Mang's regime.[2][4]

Historians credit Mother Lü with starting the wave of uprisings that led to the downfall of the Xin dynasty and the restoration of the Han dynasty by Liu Xiu (Emperor Guangwu), the first emperor of Eastern Han.[2][4] She is the first female rebel leader recorded in Chinese history.[2][5]

References

  1. ↑ Rodriguez, Junius P. (2007). Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 420. ISBN 978-0-313-33273-9.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Lin, Jianming (2003). History of Qin and Han (in Chinese). Shanghai People's Publishing House. p. 681. ISBN 978-7-208-04226-1.
  3. 1 2 Fan Ye. 劉玄劉盆子列傳 [Biographies of Liu Xuan and Liu Penzi]. Book of the Later Han (in Chinese). Retrieved 5 May 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Hinsch, Bret (16 August 2010). Women in Early Imperial China. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-7425-6824-2.
  5. ↑ 中国古代十大巾帼英雄—吕母 [Ten ancient Chinese heroines—Mother Lü] (in Chinese). Guangming Daily. 2013-06-25. Archived from the original on 2014-05-08. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
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