Luxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest
Luxembourg
Participating broadcasterRTL Luxembourg
Participation summary
Appearances37
First appearance1956
Last appearance1993
Highest placement1st: 1961, 1965, 1972, 1973, 1983
Host1962, 1966, 1973, 1984
External links
RTL website
Luxembourg's page at Eurovision.tv Edit this at Wikidata

Luxembourg has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 37 times since its debut at the first contest in 1956. The nation participated in all but one event between 1956 and 1993, only missing the 1959 contest. After finishing among the bottom seven countries in 1993, Luxembourg was relegated and prevented from competing in 1994. The nation did not return to the contest in 1995, and would make no further appearances over the next three decades. The country is set to return to the event for the first time in 31 years in 2024.

With five wins, Luxembourg is one of the contest's most successful nations, and between 1983 and 1994 the nation jointly held the record for most contest wins by a single country. Luxembourg won the contest in 1961, with the song "Nous les amoureux" performed by Jean-Claude Pascal, in 1965, with the song "Poupée de cire, poupée de son" performed by France Gall, recorded back-to-back wins in 1972 and 1973, when the nation was represented by "Après toi" by Vicky Leandros and "Tu te reconnaîtras" by Anne-Marie David, and most recently in 1983, with the song "Si la vie est cadeau" performed by Corinne Hermès. The contest has been held in Luxembourg four times, in 1962, 1966, 1973 and 1984, all of which took place in Luxembourg City. In addition to its five wins, Luxembourg recorded two third-place finishes in 1962 and 1986, and in total has placed within the top five 13 times and within the top ten 20 times. Luxembourg's fortunes in the contest changed in later years, with the nation's last seven appearances resulting in four placements in the bottom five.

The Luxembourgish national broadcaster, RTL Luxembourg, is responsible for organising the country's participation in the contest. It will organise the Luxembourg Song Contest in January 2024 to determine the Luxembourgish entry for the 2024 event.

Contest history

Participation in the Eurovision Song Contest is open to members of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU),[1][2] of which Luxembourg is presently a member through RTL Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: RTL Lëtzebuerg), a division of the RTL Group.[3][4][5] Luxembourg was one of seven countries to take part in the inaugural edition of the Eurovision Song Contest in 1956, and has competed in the contest on 37 occasions since its debut entry. The nation participated in all but one event between 1956 and 1993, with no Luxembourgish entry having participated in the 1959 contest.[6][7] On each occasion that Luxembourg participated in the contest the country was represented by one song, with the exception of the first contest when each nation was represented by two songs.[8][9]

France Gall, winner of the 1965 contest, presenting the winner's medal to Austria's Udo Jürgens at the 1966 contest held in Luxembourg City.

Luxembourg has won the contest on five occasions, marking it as one of the contest's most successful nations.[6][7][10] The country's first win was recorded in 1961 with the song "Nous les amoureux" performed by Jean-Claude Pascal. Four years later the nation were awarded a second victory, with the song "Poupée de cire, poupée de son" performed by France Gall winning the contest in 1965. Luxembourg recorded back-to-back victories in 1972 and 1973 – becoming the second country to win the event in two consecutive events[11] – when the nation was represented by Vicky Leandros and the song "Après toi", and Anne-Marie David and the song "Tu te reconnaîtras" respectively. The nation achieved its most recent victory in 1983, with the song "Si la vie est cadeau" performed by Corinne Hermès.[6][7] With its fifth win Luxembourg became the joint-most successful Eurovision nation at that time, equalling the record for the most number of victories by a single country previously set by France – a record which would remain until Ireland recorded their sixth win in 1994.[6][12] All of Luxembourg's winners, however, were not of Luxembourgish descent, with four of the five artists being French and one, Leandros, being Greek.[13][14]

During its original participation run between 1956 and 1993 the rules of the contest for the majority of those editions stated that each country was required to perform in one of the national languages of that country.[15][16] The large majority of Luxembourgish entries were performed in French, which is one of the official languages of Luxembourg and the main language of communication in the country, while Luxembourgish, the country's national language, has featured in only three of the country's entries, in 1960, 1992 and 1993.[17][18][19][20]

Including its five wins, Luxembourg has placed within the top five on 13 occasions and within the top ten on 20 occasions, including two third-place finishes in 1962 and 1986.[7][21] The majority of the country's top placings, however, were recorded prior to its fifth contest win, and in the decade following its most recent victory Luxembourg's fortunes in the contest began to shift, leading to four appearances in the bottom five between 1987 and 1993.[6]

Relegation, absence and return

After finishing among the bottom seven countries at the 1993 event, Luxembourg was relegated under a new system to accommodate entries from new nations wishing to compete for the first time, and was thus prevented from participating in the 1994 contest.[6][22] Luxembourg subsequently declined to participate in the 1995 event and continued to be absent from the contest for several decades, with the increased costs of participating in the event cited as a main contributing factor for the country's absence.[6] Ahead of the 2004 event Luxembourg was featured within a preliminary participants list for that edition, however, RTL subsequently reconsidered due to the scale of the participation fee, with Luxembourg ultimately absent from the final list of participating countries.[23][24][25] RTL had been approached on several occasions in subsequent years about the possibility of Luxembourg returning to the contest, and participation in the contest was the subject of discussion within the Luxembourgish parliament in the years following Luxembourg's last entry, as well as the subject of fan-led petitions run both in Luxembourg and in other countries.[13] The organisation however varyingly identified high participation costs, organisational difficulties, the cost and logistical issues of staging the event should Luxembourg win, format incompatibilities at the broadcaster, disinterest among the Luxembourgish viewing public, and poor results towards the end of Luxembourg's participation among the reasons future participation was consistently ruled out.[13][26][27][28]

On 15 December 2022, it was reported that Xavier Bettel, the Luxembourgish prime minister and minister for communications and media, had instigated discussions with RTL regarding the return of Luxembourg to the Eurovision Song Contest in 2024, with a team within the Luxembourgish government formed to facilitate the country's return to the event.[29][30][31] On 12 May 2023, ahead of the final of the 2023 contest, the 30th anniversary of Luxembourg's last entry and the 40th anniversary of Luxembourg's last win, RTL and the EBU announced that Luxembourg would return to the contest in 2024.[3][32][33] As part of the announcement RTL and the Luxembourgish government highlighted the promotion of Luxembourgish culture, the development of the cultural section of Luxembourgish society, as well as economic and touristic benefits which participation in the event could bring.[13][21][34]

We are delighted that Luxembourg is returning to the Eurovision Song Contest – and even more excited that RTL Luxembourg will take on the exhilarating task of selecting the 2024 delegation. As a media company that is dedicated to the people of Luxembourg, we are looking forward to broadcasting the starstudded live shows. Viewers will be able to experience the Eurovision Song Contest in its full glory.[35]

— Christophe Goossens, CEO of RTL Luxembourg

In July 2023, RTL launched its national selection process, with a televised final scheduled to be held on 27 January 2024 at the Rockhal in Esch-sur-Alzette. Interested artists were able to apply to compete in the event, with applicants required to be Luxembourgish citizens, long-term residents, or those with a proven connection to the Luxembourgish music scene and strong involvement with Luxembourgish culture.[36][37] This marked a change from the majority of previous Luxembourgish Eurovision selections, which were predominantly held internally and were often led by the main RTL organisation in Paris rather than by the local Luxembourgish broadcaster.[13] As a result, a large number of the artists which represented Luxembourg at Eurovision were not of Luxembourgish descent, including all five of the nation's winning artists.[13][38][39] The Luxembourg Song Contest was officially launched on 1 December, with RTL highlighting the event as a showcase for Luxembourgish talent and a platform for established and emerging artists within the Luxembourgish music scene.[40][41]

Participation overview

Table key
1 First place
3 Third place
◁ Last place
† Upcoming event
Participation history[42][43]
Year Artist Song Language Final Points Semi Points
1956 Michèle Arnaud "Ne crois pas" French —[lower-alpha 1] —[lower-alpha 1] No semi-finals
"Les Amants de minuit" French
1957 Danièle Dupré "Tant de peine" French 4 8
1958 Solange Berry "Un grand amour" French 9 ◁ 1
1960 Camillo Felgen "So laang we's du do bast" Luxembourgish 13 ◁ 1
1961 Jean-Claude Pascal "Nous les amoureux" French 1 31
1962 Camillo Felgen "Petit bonhomme" French 3 11
1963 Nana Mouskouri "À force de prier" French 8 13
1964 Hugues Aufray "Dès que le printemps revient" French 4 14
1965 France Gall "Poupée de cire, poupée de son" French 1 32
1966 Michèle Torr "Ce soir je t'attendais" French 10 7
1967 Vicky "L'amour est bleu" French 4 17
1968 Chris Baldo and Sophie Garel "Nous vivrons d'amour" French 11 5
1969 Romuald "Catherine" French 11 7
1970 David Alexandre Winter "Je suis tombé du ciel" French 12 ◁ 0
1971 Monique Melsen "Pomme, pomme, pomme" French 13 70
1972 Vicky Leandros "Après toi" French 1 128
1973 Anne-Marie David "Tu te reconnaîtras" French 1 129
1974 Ireen Sheer "Bye Bye I Love You" French[lower-alpha 2] 4 14
1975 Géraldine "Toi" French 5 84
1976 Jürgen Marcus "Chansons pour ceux qui s'aiment" French 14 17
1977 Anne-Marie B "Frère Jacques" French 16 17
1978 Baccara "Parlez-vous français ?" French 7 73
1979 Jeane Manson "J'ai déjà vu ça dans tes yeux" French 13 44
1980 Sophie and Magaly "Papa Pingouin" French 9 56
1981 Jean-Claude Pascal "C'est peut-être pas l'Amérique" French 11 41
1982 Svetlana "Cours après le temps" French 6 78
1983 Corinne Hermès "Si la vie est cadeau" French 1 142
1984 Sophie Carle "100% d'amour" French 10 39
1985 Margo, Franck Olivier, Chris Roberts, Malcolm Roberts, Ireen Sheer and Diane Solomon "Children, Kinder, Enfants" French[lower-alpha 3] 13 37
1986 Sherisse Laurence "L'Amour de ma vie" French 3 117
1987 Plastic Bertrand "Amour amour" French 21 4
1988 Lara Fabian "Croire" French 4 90
1989 Park Café "Monsieur" French 20 8
1990 Céline Carzo "Quand je te rêve" French 13 38
1991 Sarah Bray "Un baiser volé" French 14 29
1992 Marion Welter and Kontinent "Sou fräi" Luxembourgish 21 10
1993 Modern Times "Donne-moi une chance" French, Luxembourgish 20 11 Kvalifikacija za Millstreet
2024 TBD 27 January 2024 †[44] Upcoming †

Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest

A special competition was held in October 2005 to celebrate the contest's fiftieth anniversary, with fourteen songs from Eurovision history competing to determine the most popular song from the contest's first 50 years, with the winner determined through the combined votes of the viewing public and juries over two rounds.[45][46] The contest was not relayed by a Luxembourgish broadcaster, however Luxembourg's winning song from 1966, "Poupée de cire, poupée de son" performed by France Gall, was featured among the fourteen selected songs.[47][48]

Participation history at Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest[7][45]
Artist Song Language At Congratulations At Eurovision
Final Points Semi Points Year Place Points
France Gall "Poupée de cire, poupée de son" French Failed to qualify 14 ◁ 37 1965 1 32

Hostings

Luxembourgish actress and television presenter Désirée Nosbusch (pictured in 2018) was nineteen years old when she hosted the 1984 contest, becoming the youngest presenter in the contest's history.[49][50]

As is customary the winning broadcaster is offered the opportunity to organise the following year's event,[2] which has resulted in Luxembourg hosting the contest on four occasions.[7][21] On each occasion the contest was held in Luxembourg City, and coincided with one of Luxembourg's victories. The 1962 and 1966 events were held in the Grand Auditorium of Villa Louvigny and presented by Mireille Delannoy and Josiane Shen respectively.[51][52] The 1973 and 1984 contests were held in the Grand Théâtre de Luxembourg (also known at the time as the Nouveau Théâtre and Théâtre Municipal) and presented by Helga Guitton and Désirée Nosbusch respectively.[53][49][54] Although Luxembourg won the contest in 1973 and were offered the opportunity to stage the 1974 event, RTL declined the offer due to the financial strain of hosting two consecutive events, leading to the United Kingdom's BBC to step in as organiser and staging the event in Brighton.[55][56]

Year Location Venue Executive producer Director Musical director Presenter Ref.
1962 Luxembourg Grand Auditorium de RTL, Villa Louvigny — Jos Pauly and René Steichen Jean Roderes Mireille Delannoy [51][57]
1966 Josiane Shen [52][57]
1973 Nouveau Théâtre René Steichen Pierre Cao Helga Guitton [53][58]
1984 Théâtre Municipal Ray van Cant Désirée Nosbusch [49][59]

Heads of delegation

The public broadcaster of each participating country in the Eurovision Song Contest assigns a head of delegation as the EBU's contact person and the leader of their delegation at the event. The delegation, whose size can greatly vary, includes a head of press, the contestants, songwriters, composers and backing vocalists, among others.[60]

Heads of delegation
Year Head of delegation Ref.
2024 Eric Lehmann [61]

Conductors

In contests where an orchestra was provided, a conductor was required to lead the musicians during each country's performance. Broadcasters were able to provide their own conductors, or could call upon the services of the conductor appointed by the host broadcaster.[62] The conductors which led the orchestra during the Luxembourgish entries each year are listed below.

Conductors
Year Conductor Ref.
1956 Jacques Lasry [57]
1957 Willy Berking[lower-alpha 4]
1958 Dolf van der Linden[lower-alpha 4]
1960 Eric Robinson[lower-alpha 4]
1961 Léo Chauliac
1962 Jean Roderes
1963 Eric Robinson
1964 Jacques Denjean
1965 Alain Goraguer
1966 Jean Roderes
1967 Claude Denjean
1968 André Borly
1969 Augusto Algueró[lower-alpha 4]
1970 Raymond Lefèvre [58]
1971 Jean Claudric
1972 Klaus Munro
1973 Pierre Cao
1974 Charles Blackwell
1975 Phil Coulter
1976 Jo Plée
1977 Johnny Arthey
1978 Rolf Soja
1979 Hervé Roy
1980 Norbert Daum [59]
1981 Joël Rocher
1982 Jean Claudric
1983 Michel Bernholc
1984 Pascal Stive
1985 Norbert Daum
1986 Rolf Soja
1987 Alec Mansion
1988 Régis Dupré
1989 Benoît Kaufman[lower-alpha 4]
1990 Thierry Durbet [63]
1991 Francis Goya
1992 Christian Jacob
1993 Francis Goya

Commentators and spokespersons

RTL has broadcast the contest on various television and radio channels during its participation history, and has provided commentary in different languages for the local audiences. On occasion commentary has been relayed from the broadcast feed of other participating countries.[64] Between 1956 and 1988 the contest was broadcast on the French-language television channel of RTL (presently known as RTL9), and was also broadcast on the German-language television channel (previously known as RTL plus, now titled RTL) from the channel's formation in 1984 to 1988. The contest is also known to have been broadcast on RTL's radio stations in 1966, 1973 and 1979.[65]

Commentators and spokespersons
Year Channel(s) Commentator(s) Spokesperson Ref.
1956 Télé-Luxembourg No spokesperson [66]
1957 [67]
1958 [68]
1959 Did not participate [69]
1960 [70]
1961 [71]
1962 [72]
1963 Pierre Tchernia[lower-alpha 5] [73][74]
1964 Robert Beauvais[lower-alpha 5] [75][76]
1965 [77]
1966 Télé-Luxembourg
Radio Luxembourg		 [78][79]
1967 Télé-Luxembourg [80]
1968 [81]
1969 [82]
1970 [83]
1971 No spokesperson [84]
1972 Jacques Navadic [85][86]
1973 RTL Télé-Luxembourg
RTL
Radio Luxembourg		 [87][88][89]
1974 RTL Télé-Luxembourg [90]
1975 [91]
1976 [92]
1977 [93]
1978 Jacques Navadic and André Torrent [94][95]
1979 RTL Télé-Luxembourg
RTL Radio		 [96][97]
1980 RTL Télé-Luxembourg Jacques Navadic [98]
1981 [99]
1982 Marylène Bergmann [100][101]
1983 RTL Télévision [102]
1984 RTL Télévision
RTL plus		 [103][104]
1985 Unknown (RTL Télévision)
Oliver Spiecker (RTL plus)		 [105][106]
1986 [107][108]
1987 [109][110]
1988 [111][112]
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994–2023 No broadcastDid not participate N/A
2024 RTL TBA [113]

Notes and references

Notes

  1. 1 2 The 1956 contest had secret voting and, apart from the winner, no results were released.
  2. ↑ Contains some words in English
  3. ↑ Contains several phrases in German and English
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Entry conducted by the host country's musical director
  5. 1 2 Commentary provided by France's RTF

References

  1. ↑ "Which countries can take part?". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  2. 1 2 "How the Eurovision Song Contest works". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  3. 1 2 "Luxembourg to return to the Eurovision Song Contest in 2024". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 12 May 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  4. ↑ "Our Members". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 17 February 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  5. ↑ "RTL Luxembourg". RTL Group. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "A history of Luxembourg at the Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 12 May 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Luxembourg". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  8. ↑ "Happy Birthday Eurovision Song Contest!". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 24 May 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  9. ↑ "Looking back to just like it was in 1957". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 3 March 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  10. ↑ "Réckbléck vun 1956 bis elo: Lëtzebuerg huet den ESC scho 5 Mol gewonnen" [Looking back from 1956 to now: Luxembourg has already won the ESC 5 times] (in Luxembourgish). RTL Lëtzebuerg. 12 May 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  11. ↑ "39 years ago today – Luxembourg complete back to back wins". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 7 April 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  12. ↑ "Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chrillesen, Neel (11 July 2023). "Luxembourg selection for Eurovision comeback creates great expectations". Delano. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  14. ↑ Bessell, Hayley (22 June 2023). "Luxembourg's success at the Eurovision Song Contest". Aussievision. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  15. ↑ "Welcome back Luxembourg! Here's what you've missed..." European Broadcasting Union (EBU00. 7 September 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  16. ↑ "Only songs performed in English do well?". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 3 December 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  17. ↑ "What languages do people speak in Luxembourg?". luxembourg.public.lu. 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  18. ↑ "An intro to 'Lëtzebuergesch'". luxembourg.public.lu. 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  19. ↑ "50+ Facts About Languages In The Eurovision Song Contest That You Need To Know". Languages and You. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  20. ↑ "Five Things We Missed from Luxembourg While They Were Away". Eurovision Fam. 1 September 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  21. 1 2 3 "#Luxembourg12Points: RTL Luxembourg confirms 2024 Eurovision Song Contest participation". RTL Today. 12 May 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  22. ↑ "Milestone Moments: 1993/4 – The Eurovision Family expands". EBU. 18 September 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  23. ↑ Bakker, Sietse (15 October 2003). "38 countries participate in Eurovision 2004". ESCToday. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  24. ↑ Bakker, Sietse (3 November 2003). "Luxembourg won't participate in 2004". ESCToday. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  25. ↑ "2004 Eurovision Song Contest: breaking records with 36 countries for the 49th edition" (Press release). Geneva, Switzerland: European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 5 December 2003. Archived from the original on 23 December 2003. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  26. ↑ Jiandani, Sergio (13 September 2012). "Luxembourg won't be in Malmo!". ESCToday. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  27. ↑ Chrillesen, Neel (April 2013). "Luxembourg and Eurovision: A Comeback Waiting to Happen". Delano. Luxembourg-Bonnevoie: Maison Moderne. Retrieved 27 December 2023 – via Issuu.
  28. ↑ Jiandani, Sergio (30 July 2014). "Luxembourg: RTL will not return to Eurovision in 2015". ESCToday. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  29. ↑ Granger, Anthony (15 December 2022). "Luxembourg: RTL & Government Discussing Return to Eurovision in 2024". Eurovoix. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  30. ↑ "Eurovision mat Lëtzebuerger Bedeelegung? RTL gouf vu Regierung kontaktéiert, Diskussioune fir Participatioun 2024 lafen" [Eurovision with Luxembourgish participation? RTL has been contacted by the government, discussions are ongoing for participation in 2024] (in Luxembourgish). RTL Lëtzebuerg. 15 December 2022.
  31. ↑ "Will Luxembourg participate? The 2024 Eurovision Song Contest might feature the Grand Duchy". RTL Today. 16 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  32. ↑ Sturm, Jean-Marc (12 May 2023). "Lëtzebuerg beim ESC 2024" [Luxembourg at ESC 2024] (in Luxembourgish). RTL Lëtzebuerg.
  33. ↑ Chrillesen, Neel (12 May 2023). "Luxembourg finally back in Eurovision, starting in 2024". Delano. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  34. ↑ "RTL iwwerdréit a sicht d'Kandidatin oder de Kandidat: And the winner is: Luxembourg 12 Points" [RTL broadcasts and is looking for the candidate: And the winner is: Luxembourg 12 Points] (in Luxembourgish). RTL Lëtzebuerg. 12 May 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  35. ↑ "Luxembourg to return to the Eurovision Song Contest in 2024" (Press release). European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 12 May 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  36. ↑ "Luxembourg sets January date for televised national final". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 3 July 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  37. ↑ "Eurovision Song Contest 2024: We're looking for YOU! The preselection process has started". RTL Today. 3 July 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  38. ↑ "Beyond Borders: The singers who have represented multiple countries". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 31 August 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  39. ↑ Escudero, Victor M. (19 November 2017). "Luxembourg: Small in size, big in Eurovision". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  40. ↑ "It's the 'Luxembourg Song Contest' for Eurovision 2024". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 1 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  41. ↑ "National Final: January 27, 2024, at Rockhal: Luxembourg Song Contest". RTL Luxembourg. 1 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  42. ↑ "Luxembourg". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  43. ↑ "Luxembourg". diggiloo.net. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  44. ↑ "Luxembourg sets January date for televised national final". Eurovision.tv. EBU. 3 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  45. 1 2 "Congratulations Show – Eurovision History". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  46. ↑ "Congratulations info". congratulations-info.com. DR. Archived from the original on 13 October 2005. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  47. ↑ "Participating broadcasters in the 50th anniversary show". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 13 October 2005. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  48. ↑ "Profile of the show". congratulations-info.com. DR. Archived from the original on 28 October 2005. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  49. 1 2 3 "Luxembourg 1984". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  50. ↑ Petit, Mélissa (23 April 1983). "This day in History: 40th anniversary of Luxembourg's fifth and last victory in the Eurovision Song Contest". RTL Today. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  51. 1 2 "Luxembourg 1962". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  52. 1 2 "Luxembourg 1966". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  53. 1 2 "Luxembourg 1973". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  54. ↑ "Grand théâtre de la ville de Luxembourg" (in French). Paul Wagner et Fils. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  55. ↑ "Brighton 1974". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  56. ↑ "37 years ago today – ABBA take the title with Waterloo". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 6 April 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  57. 1 2 3 Roxburgh, Gordon (2012). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. One: The 1950s and 1960s. Prestatyn, United Kingdom: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-065-6.
  58. 1 2 Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Two: The 1970s. Prestatyn, United Kingdom: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-093-9.
  59. 1 2 Roxburgh, Gordon (2016). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Three: The 1980s. Prestatyn, United Kingdom: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-118-9.
  60. ↑ "Heads of Delegation". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  61. ↑ Weimerskirch, Pierre (27 November 2023). "Luxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest: 'We're not just there, to be there'". RTL Today. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  62. ↑ "Rules of the 43rd Eurovision Song Contest, 1998" (PDF). European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  63. ↑ Roxburgh, Gordon (2020). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Four: The 1990s. Prestatyn, United Kingdom: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-163-9.
  64. ↑ Brincourt, André (23 March 1964). "La Télévision par Andŕe Brincourt: Le Grand Prix Eurovision de la chanson à Gigliola Cinquetti (Italie)". Le Figaro (in French). p. 21. ISSN 0182-5852. OCLC 1367314267.
  65. ↑ See individual references embedded within the "Commentators and spokespersons" table.
  66. ↑ "Télé-Luxembourg". Luxemburger Wort (in German and French). 24 May 1956. p. 8. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  67. ↑ "Télé-Luxembourg". Luxemburger Wort (in German and French). 2 March 1957. p. 6. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  68. ↑ "Télé-Luxembourg". Luxemburger Wort (in German and French). 11 March 1958. p. 4. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  69. ↑ "Télé-Luxembourg". Luxemburger Wort (in German and French). 10 March 1959. p. 4. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  70. ↑ "Télé-Luxembourg". Luxemburger Wort (in German and French). 28 March 1960. p. 6. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  71. ↑ "Télé-Luxembourg". Luxemburger Wort (in German and French). 18 March 1961. p. 19. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  72. ↑ "Radio-Télévision". Luxemburger Wort (in German and French). 17 March 1962. p. 21. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  73. ↑ "Radio-Télévision". Luxemburger Wort (in German and French). 22 March 1963. p. 5. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  74. ↑ Roxburgh 2012, pp. 322–327.
  75. ↑ Brincourt, André (23 March 1964). "La Télévision par Andŕe Brincourt: Le Grand Prix Eurovision de la chanson à Gigliola Cinquetti (Italie)". Le Figaro (in French). p. 21. ISSN 0182-5852. OCLC 1367314267.
  76. ↑ "Radio-Télévision". Luxemburger Wort (in German and French). 21 March 1964. p. 18. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
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  78. ↑ "Radio-Télévision". Luxemburger Wort (in German and French). 5 March 1966. p. 22. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
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