Lucretia Mott
Lucretia Mott, at 49 years old (1842), at the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C.
Born
Lucretia Coffin

(1793-01-03)January 3, 1793
Nantucket, Massachusetts, U.S.
DiedNovember 11, 1880(1880-11-11) (aged 87)
La Mott, Cheltenham, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Occupations
SpouseJames Mott (m.1811, died 1868)
Children6
RelativesMartha Coffin Wright (sister)
Eliza Wright Osborne (niece)
Mayhew Folger (maternal uncle)
Levi Coffin (cousin)

Lucretia Mott (née Coffin; January 3, 1793 – November 11, 1880) was an American Quaker, abolitionist, women's rights activist, and social reformer. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention held in London in 1840. In 1848, she was invited by Jane Hunt to a meeting that led to the first public gathering about women's rights, the Seneca Falls Convention, during which the Declaration of Sentiments was written.

Her speaking abilities made her an important abolitionist, feminist, and reformer; she had been a Quaker preacher early in her adulthood. She advocated giving black people, both male and female, the right to vote (suffrage). Her home with James was a stop on the Underground Railroad. Mott helped found the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania and Swarthmore College and raised funds for the Philadelphia School of Design for Women. She remained a central figure in reform movements until her death in 1880. The area around her long-time residence in Cheltenham Township is now known as La Mott, in her honor.

Early life and education

Lucretia Coffin was born January 3, 1793,[1] in Nantucket, Massachusetts, the second child of Anna Folger and Thomas Coffin.[2] Her father, Capt. Thomas Coffin was a descendant of one of the original purchasers of Nantucket Island[3] and carried on his forefather's occupation as a whale-fisherman.[4] Her mother ran the family mercantile business and traded in Boston for goods in exchange for oils and candles from the island.[4] Through her mother, she was a descendant of Peter Folger, a missionary on Nantucket in the mid-1600s.[5] Her cousin was Benjamin Franklin, one of the Framers of the Constitution, while other Folger relatives were Tories, those who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution.[6]

She was sent at the age of 13 to the Nine Partners School, located in Dutchess County, New York, which was run by the Society of Friends (Quakers).[7] James Mott, who would become her husband, was her teacher there.[3] At the age of 15, she became a teacher there after graduation[3][8] and learned that male teachers at the school were paid significantly more than female staff, which ignited her interest in women's rights.[8] She was also interested in fighting slavery as a child.[3] After her family moved to Philadelphia, she and James Mott followed[9] in 1810.[10] James became a merchant in the city.[10]

Personal life

Daguerreotype portrait of Lucretia and James Mott sitting together
James and Lucretia Mott, 1842

On April 10, 1811, Lucretia Coffin married James Mott at Pine Street Meeting in Philadelphia.[11] James was a Quaker businessman[12] who shared her anti-slavery interests, supported women's rights, and helped found Swarthmore College.[10] They raised six children,[12] five of whom made it to adulthood.[13]

Mott died on November 11, 1880, of pneumonia at her home, Roadside,[14][15] in the district now known as La Mott, Cheltenham, Pennsylvania.[16] She was buried at Fair Hill Burial Ground, a Quaker cemetery in North Philadelphia.[17]

Ministry

In 1821, at age 28, Mott was recognized by her Friends Meeting ("recorded") as a minister.[18] By then she had been preaching for at least three years.[lower-alpha 1]. She summarized her perspective by stating: "I always loved the good, in childhood desired to do the right, and had no faith in the generally received idea of human depravity."[4] Mott traveled throughout the United States — New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, Ohio, and Indiana — and to England.[3][19] Rare for the time, Mott was among a group of single and married women, including Jane Fenn Hoskens and Elizabeth Fry, who traveled as part of their Quaker ministry.[19] She was described as a woman of "gentle and refined manners and of great force of character."[3] Her sermons emphasized the Quaker inward light or the presence of the Divine within every individual, as preached by Elias Hicks. Mott and her husband followed Hicks' theology, which became the focus of a schism among Quakers who divided into either Hicksite or Orthodox.[20] The Hicksites, the liberal branch, were sometimes considered to be Unitarian Quakers.[4] The Hicksites were more prone to be part of social reform moments, including abolitionism and the fight for women's rights. Other Hicksite Friends were Susan B. Anthony and Alice Paul.[20] Mott's sermons included her free produce and other anti-slavery sentiments.[21]

Mott's theology was influenced by Unitarians including Theodore Parker and William Ellery Channing as well as early Quakers including William Penn. She believed that "the kingdom of God is within man" (1749). Mott was among the religious liberals who formed the Free Religious Association in 1867, with Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise,[22] Ralph Waldo Emerson and Thomas Wentworth Higginson.[23]

Abolitionist

Early anti-slavery efforts

Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, N 5th & Arch Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Mott, the "foremost white female abolitionist in the United States", called for the immediate and unconditional emancipation of enslaved people,[4][24] after she visited Virginia in 1818.[10] Like most Quakers, Mott considered slavery to be evil. Inspired in part by minister Elias Hicks, she and other Quakers refused to use cotton cloth, cane sugar, and other slavery-produced goods.[25] In 1833, she and her husband helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society.[26] It was an organization for men, but she was invited to their first convention as a guest. She formed and was a leader of the Female Anti-Slavery Society, which merged with the male-centric organization in 1839.[10] Mott, a founding member of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society,[27] and other white and black women founded the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society. Integrated from its founding, the organization opposed both slavery and racism and developed close ties to Philadelphia's Black community.[28] Mott and other female activists also organized anti-slavery fairs to raise awareness and revenue, providing much of the funding for the movement.[29]

Philadelphia abolitionists, Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, 1851. Standing left to right are Mary Grew, Edward M. Davis, Haworth Wetherald, Abigail Kimber, Miller McKim, and Sarah Pugh. Seated left to right are Oliver Johnson, Margaret Jones Burleigh, Benjamin C. Bacon, Robert Purvis, Mott, and James Mott.

Mott attended all three national Anti-Slavery Conventions of American Women (1837, 1838, 1839). During the 1838 convention in Philadelphia, a mob destroyed Pennsylvania Hall, a newly opened meeting place built by abolitionists. Mott and the white and black women delegates linked arms to exit the building safely through the crowd. Afterward, the mob targeted her home and Black institutions and neighborhoods in Philadelphia. As a friend redirected the mob, Mott waited in her parlor, willing to face her violent opponents.[30]

Amidst social persecution by abolition opponents and pain from dyspepsia, Mott continued her work for the abolitionist cause. She managed their household budget to extend hospitality to guests, including fugitive slaves, and donated to charities. Mott was praised for her ability to maintain her household while contributing to the cause. In the words of one editor, "She is proof that it is possible for a woman to widen her sphere without deserting it."[31]

World's Anti-Slavery Convention

1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention.[32] Move your cursor to identify delegates or click the icon to enlarge.

In June 1840, Mott attended the General Anti-Slavery Convention, better known as the World's Anti-Slavery Convention, in London, England. Despite Mott's status as one of six women delegates, before the conference began, the men voted to exclude the American women from participating, and the female delegates were required to sit in a segregated area. Anti-slavery leaders did not want the women's rights issue to become associated with the cause of ending slavery worldwide and dilute the focus on abolition.[33] In addition, the social mores of the time denied women's full participation in public political life.[34] Even so, Mott "made many telling addresses" at the convention.[3] Several of the American men attending the convention, including William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips, protested the women's exclusion.[34] Garrison, Nathaniel Peabody Rogers, William Adam, and African American activist Charles Lenox Remond sat with the women in the segregated area.[35] Activists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her husband Henry Brewster Stanton attended the convention while on their honeymoon. Stanton admired Mott, and the two women became united as friends and allies.[36]

One Irish reporter deemed her the "Lioness of the Convention".[37] Mott was among the women included in the commemorative painting of the convention, which also featured female British activists: Elizabeth Pease, Mary Anne Rawson, Anne Knight, Elizabeth Tredgold and Mary Clarkson, daughter of Thomas Clarkson.[38] Benjamin Haydon, the painting's creator, had intended to give Mott a prominent place in the painting. However, during a sitting on June 29, 1840, to capture her likeness, he took a dislike to her views and decided to not use her portrait prominently.[39]

Underground Railroad and other activities

Encouraged by active debates in England and Scotland,[40] and the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850,[13] Mott also returned with new energy for the anti-slavery cause in the United States. She and her husband allowed their Philadelphia-area home, called Roadside, in the district now known as La Mott, to be used as a stop on the Underground Railroad.[40] She continued an active public lecture schedule, with destinations including the major Northern cities of New York City and Boston, as well as travel over several weeks to slave-owning states, with speeches in Baltimore, Maryland and other cities in Virginia. She arranged to meet with slave owners to discuss the morality of slavery. In the District of Columbia, Mott timed her lecture to coincide with the return of Congress from Christmas recess; more than 40 Congressmen attended. She had a personal audience with President John Tyler who, impressed with her speech, said, "I would like to hand Mr. Calhoun over to you", referring to the senator and abolition opponent.[41][42] In 1855, with several other female abolitionists, Mott participated in the transportation of Jane Johnson, an enslaved woman, to Boston after Johnson, with the aid of William Still, Passmore Williamson and others, had emancipated herself, while passing through Philadelphia on a trip from North Carolina to New York with her master, in accordance with Pennsylvania law.[43]

Women's rights

Overview

Sculptor Lloyd Lillie's "The First Wave" statues in the Women's Rights National Historical Park Visitor Center. On the far left are Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Frederick Douglass (with Lucretia Mott and James Mott not visible behind them); of the two women in the front, the one on the right is Martha Coffin Wright; the man and woman standing together in the rear are Thomas M'Clintock and Mary Ann M'Clintock. The others are unidentified.

Women's rights activists advocated a range of issues, including equality in marriage, such as women's property rights and rights to their earnings. At that time, it was very difficult to obtain a divorce, and fathers were almost always granted custody of children. Cady Stanton sought to make divorce easier to obtain and to safeguard women's access to and control of their children. Though some early feminists disagreed, and viewed Cady Stanton's proposal as scandalous, Mott stated "her great faith in Elizabeth Stanton's quick instinct & clear insight in all appertaining to women's rights."[44]

Mott was a founder and president of the Northern Association for the Relief and Employment of Poor Women in Philadelphia (founded in 1846).[45] In 1850, Mott published her speech Discourse on Woman, a pamphlet about restrictions on women in the United States.[46]

Seneca Falls Convention

In 1848, Mott and Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention, at Seneca Falls, New York.[47][48] Stanton's resolution that it was "the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves the sacred right to the elective franchise" was passed despite Mott's opposition. Mott viewed politics as corrupted by slavery and moral compromises, but she soon concluded that women's "right to the elective franchise however, is the same, and should be yielded to her, whether she exercises that right or not."[49] Noted abolitionist and human rights activist Frederick Douglass was in attendance and played a key role in persuading the other attendees to agree to a resolution calling for women's suffrage.[50] Mott signed the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments.[51]

Despite Mott's opposition to electoral politics, her fame had reached into the political arena. During the June 1848 National Convention of the Liberty Party, 5 voting delegates cast their ballots for Lucretia Mott to be their party's candidate for the Office of U.S. Vice President,[52] making her the first woman to run for that position.[47]

Sermon to the Medical Students

The biological justifications of race as a biologically provable basis for difference gave rise to the stigma of innate, naturally determined inferiority in the 19th century. In 1849, Mott's "Sermon to the Medical Students" was published:[53][54]

"May you be faithful, and enter into a consideration as to how far you are partakers in this evil, even in other men's sins. How far, by permission, by apology, or otherwise, you are found lending your sanction to a system which degrades and brutalizes three million of our fellow beings."

American Equal Rights Association

Photograph of Lucretia Mott wearing a pale bonnet and shawl and facing the camera.
Lucretia Mott, c. 1859–1870, Carte de Visite Collection, Boston Public Library.

In 1866, after the Civil War, the American Equal Rights Association was founded, with Mott serving as the first president of the integrated organization.[44] The following year, Mott and Stanton became active in Kansas where black suffrage and woman suffrage were to be decided by popular vote. The Equal Rights Association, with male and female members, favored male suffrage. Stanton and Anthony formed the National Woman's Suffrage Association for women only.[55]

Educational institutions

Intending to create educational opportunities for women, Mott helped found the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania and Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania (near Philadelphia). She was a fund-raiser for the Philadelphia School of Design for Women.[56]

Pacifism

Mott was a pacifist, and in the 1830s, she attended meetings of the New England Non-Resistance Society.[57] For several years, she was president of the Pennsylvania Peace Society.[3] She opposed the War with Mexico (1846–1848). After the Civil War, Mott increased her efforts to end war and violence, and she was a leading voice in the Universal Peace Union, founded in 1866.[57]

Legacy

Designations
Official nameLucretia C. Mott
TypeRoadside
CriteriaCivil Rights, Government & Politics, Government & Politics 19th Century, Religion, Underground Railroad, Women
DesignatedMay 1, 1974
LocationPennsylvania Route 611 at Latham Pkwy., N of Cheltenham Ave., Elkins Park
Marker TextNearby stood "Roadside," the home of the ardent Quakeress, Lucretia C. Mott (1793–1880). Her most notable work was in connection with antislavery, women's rights, temperance, and peace.

Susan Jacoby writes, "When Mott died in 1880, she was widely judged by her contemporaries... as the greatest American woman of the nineteenth century." She was a mentor to Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who continued her work.[58]

A version of the Equal Rights Amendment from 1923, which differs from the current text, was named the Lucretia Mott Amendment.[59] That draft read, "Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."[60]

The Camp Town section of Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania, which was the site of Camp William Penn, and of Mott's home, Roadside, was renamed La Mott in her honor in 1885.[16]

U.S.commemorative stamp of 1948, Seneca Falls Convention titled 100 Years of Progress of Women: 1848–1948. From left to right, Stanton, Carrie Chapman Catt, Lucretia Mott.

The United States Post Office issued a stamp titled 100 Years of Progress of Women: 1848–1948 in 1948 on the centennial of the Seneca Falls Convention, featuring Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Carrie Chapman Catt, and Lucretia Mott. (Elizabeth Cady Stanton on left, Carrie Chapman Catt in middle, Lucretia Mott on right.)[61]

In 1983, Mott was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[62]

The Portrait Monument in the U.S. Capitol rotunda, by Adelaide Johnson (1921), features (left to right) suffrage leaders Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Mott.

Mott is commemorated along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in Portrait Monument, a 1921 sculpture by Adelaide Johnson at the United States Capitol. Originally kept on display in the crypt of the US Capitol, the sculpture was moved to its current location and more prominently displayed in the rotunda in 1997.[63]

The Lucretia Mott School in Washington D.C. was named for her,[64] as was P.S. 215 Lucretia Mott, in Queens, New York City; the latter closed in 2015.[65] The Lucretia Mott room at Friends House, London is named after her.[66]

The U.S. Treasury Department announced in 2016 that an image of Mott will appear on the back of a newly designed $10 bill along with Sojourner Truth, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Alice Paul and the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession. Designs for new $5, $10 and $20 bills will be unveiled in 2020 in conjunction with the 100th anniversary of American women winning the right to vote via the Nineteenth Amendment.[67][68]

In 2005 Mott was inducted into the National Abolition Hall of Fame, in Peterboro, New York.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Women of the Century (1893) states that she became a minister in 1818.[3]

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 3, 2019". United Press International. January 3, 2019. Archived from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2019. feminist/abolitionist Lucretia Mott in 1793
  2. ↑ Faulkner 2011, pp. 8, 14.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Willard, Frances E.; Livermore, Mary A., eds. (1893). "Lucretia Mott" . Women of the Century. Charles Wells Moulton – via Wikisource.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Death, Near Philadelphia, of Lucretia Mott, the Abolitionist". Chicago Tribune. November 12, 1880. p. 8. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  5. ↑ Faulkner 2011, p. 12.
  6. ↑ Faulkner 2011, p. 14.
  7. ↑ Faulkner 2011, pp. 24–27.
  8. 1 2 Faulkner 2011, p. 33, 34.
  9. ↑ Faulkner 2011, pp. 34, 36.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Colby, Frank Moore; Williams, Talcott (1922). The New International Encyclopædia: James Mott and Lucretia Mott. Dodd, Mead. p. 351.
  11. ↑ Faulkner 2011, p. 37.
  12. 1 2 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Anthony, Susan Brownell (1997). The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813523187.
  13. 1 2 Garrison, William Lloyd (1971). The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison, Volume II: a House Dividing Against Itself: 1836–1840. Harvard University Press. pp. xxvii. ISBN 978-0674526617.
  14. ↑ Faulkner 2011, pp. 211–212.
  15. ↑ "Lucretia Mott". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  16. 1 2 "Cheltenham Township: La Mott Historic District". Retrieved October 17, 2020.
  17. ↑ Faulkner 2011, p. 212.
  18. ↑ Faulkner 2011, pp. 21, 38.
  19. 1 2 Bacon 1989, pp. 34–35.
  20. 1 2 Bacon 1989, pp. 92–93.
  21. ↑ Faulkner 2011, pp. 6–7, 110.
  22. ↑ The Free Religious Association 1907, pp. 30–31.
  23. ↑ Mace, Emily. "Emerson and Religion". Harvard Square Library. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  24. ↑ Faulkner 2011, p. 4.
  25. ↑ Blackmore, Willy (August 14, 2019). "The Boycott's Abolitionist Roots". ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  26. ↑ Faulkner 2011, pp. 4, 64.
  27. ↑ Faulkner 2011, p. 71.
  28. ↑ Faulkner 2011, pp. 1, 4, 66–75.
  29. ↑ Faulkner 2011, p. 169.
  30. ↑ Faulkner 2011, p. 79.
  31. ↑ Bacon 1999, p. 68.
  32. ↑ Haydon 1841.
  33. ↑ Rodriguez 2011, pp. 585–596.
  34. 1 2 Winifred, Conkling (2018). Votes for women! : American suffragists and the battle for the ballot. Chapel Hill, NC. p. 27. ISBN 978-1616207342. OCLC 1021069176.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  35. ↑ Faulkner 2011, p. 97.
  36. ↑ McMillen 2008, pp. 72–75.
  37. ↑ Bacon 1999, p. 92.
  38. ↑ Haydon 1840.
  39. ↑ "NPG 599; The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840 – Portrait Extended – National Portrait Gallery". www.npg.org.uk. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
  40. 1 2 Still, William (1872). ""Lucretia Mott"". The Underground Railroad (Pressbooks ed.). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Ryerson University. Retrieved April 18, 2022. Of all the women who served the Anti-slavery cause in its darkest days, there is not one whose labors were more effective, whose character is nobler, and who is more universally respected and beloved, than Lucretia Mott. You cannot speak of the slave without remembering her, who did so much to make Slavery impossible.
  41. ↑ Bacon 1999, p. 105.
  42. ↑ Faulkner 2011, p. 112.
  43. ↑ Carol Faulkner, Lucretia Mott's Heresy: Abolition and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-century America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), 165-167.
  44. 1 2 Faulkner 2011, p. 160.
  45. ↑ Faulkner 2011, p. 117.
  46. ↑ Mott 1849.
  47. 1 2 Terrell, Cynthia Richie (January 20, 2021). "172 Years After the First Woman Ran, Kamala Harris Breaks the Executive Branch's Glass Ceiling". MS Magazine.
  48. ↑ McMillen 2008, pp. 2–3.
  49. ↑ Faulkner 2011, p. 147.
  50. ↑ National Portrait Gallery, The Seneca Falls Convention.
  51. ↑ "Declaration of Sentiments – Women's Rights National Historical Park". National Park Service. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  52. ↑ Faulkner 2011, p. 138.
  53. ↑ Soriso 2002.
  54. ↑ Lockard.
  55. ↑ Bacon 1989, p. 127.
  56. ↑ Bacon 1989, p. 151.
  57. 1 2 "Universal Peace Union Records, Collection: DG 038 – Swarthmore College Peace Collection". swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
  58. ↑ Jacoby 2005, p. 95.
  59. ↑ ""Lucretia Mott" National Park Service". National Park Service. United States Government. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  60. ↑ "Who was Alice Paul". Alice Paul Institute. Archived from the original on September 9, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  61. ↑ Postage Stamps of the United States: An Illustrated Description of All United States Postage and Special Service Stamps Issued by the Post Office Department from July 1, 1847 to December 31, 1965. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1966. pp. 120–121.
  62. ↑ "Mott, Lucretia". National Women’s Hall of Fame.
  63. ↑ Architect of the Capitol.
  64. ↑ The Washington Post Staff 1909.
  65. ↑ "P.S. 215 Lucretia Mott – District 27 – InsideSchools". insideschools.org.
  66. ↑ "Meeting Rooms". Friends House. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  67. ↑ US Department of the Treasury.
  68. ↑ Korte 2016.

General and cited references

Further reading

  • Cromwell, Otelia (1958). Lucretia Mott. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. OCLC 757626.
  • Mott, Lucretia (1980). Greene, Dana (ed.). Lucretia Mott, her complete speeches and sermons. New York: The Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0889469686.
  • Mott, Lucretia (1884). Hallowell, Anna Davis (ed.). James and Lucretia Mott. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. life and letters.
  • Hare, Lloyd C. M. (1937). The Greatest American Woman, Lucretia Mott. New York: The American Historical Society. OCLC 1811544.
  • Mott, Lucretia; Palmer, Beverly Wilson (2002). Selected letters of Lucretia Coffin Mott. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0252026744.
  • Unger, Nancy C. (February 2000). "Mott, Lucretia Coffin". American National Biography Online.
  • Lucretia Coffin Mott, Discourse on Woman, 1849 (From a book, Chapter 6, without pagination, continuous text), via Google Books
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