Institute Professors Emeriti and Nobel Laureates (from left to right) Franco Modigliani, Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow, pictured in 2000

This list of Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty includes current, emeritus, former, and deceased professors, lecturers, and researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Faculty members who have become Institute Professors, Nobel Laureates, MacArthur Fellows, National Medal of Science recipients, or have earned other significant awards and made significant contributions are listed below.

Institute Professors

A few distinguished members of the faculty have held the title of Institute Professor in recognition of their extraordinary records of achievement and dedication to the MIT community.

Nobel Laureates

Current faculty

Name Department Year Award Citation Notes
Peter Diamond Economics 2010 Economics "for their analysis of markets with search frictions"
H. Robert Horvitz Biology 2002 Medicine/Physiology "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
Wolfgang Ketterle Physics 2001 Physics "for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
Richard R. Schrock Chemistry 2005 Chemistry "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
Phillip A. Sharp Biology 1993 Medicine/Physiology "for their discoveries of split genes" [1]
Samuel Ting Physics 1976 Physics "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
Susumu Tonegawa Brain and Cognitive Sciences 1987 Medicine/Physiology "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"
Frank Wilczek Physics 2004 Physics "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction" [2]
Robert C. Merton Economics 1997 Economics "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives" [1]

Emeritus faculty

Name Department Year Award Citation Notes
Jerome I. Friedman Physics 1990 Physics "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
Mario Molina Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Science 1995 Chemistry "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
Robert M. Solow Economics 1987 Economics "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth" [1]
Rainer Weiss Physics 2017 Physics "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves."

Deceased faculty

Name Department Year Award Citation Notes
Henry W. Kendall Physics 1990 Physics "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
Nir Shavit Engineering 2021 Physics "For his advances in algorithms research and his unfailing love of spreading engineering knowledge"
H. Gobind Khorana Biology 1968 Medicine/Physiology "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis" [1]
Salvador E. Luria Biology 1969 Medicine/Physiology "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses" [1]
Franco Modigliani Economics 1985 Economics "for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"
Paul A. Samuelson Economics 1970 Economics "for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science" [1]
Clifford G. Shull Physics 1994 Physics "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique"

Former faculty

Name Department Year Award Citation Notes
David Baltimore Biology 1975 Medicine/Physiology "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell" [1]
Robert Engle Economics 2003 Economics "for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)"
Daniel L. McFadden Economics 2000 Economics "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice"
John Forbes Nash, Jr. Economics 1994 Economics "for [his] pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"
Myron S. Scholes Economics 1997 Economics "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"
K. Barry Sharpless Chemistry 2001 Chemistry "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
Charles H. Townes Physics 1964 Physics "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle" [1]
Steven Weinberg Physics 1979 Physics "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"

Former and/or retired research staff

Name Laboratory Year Award Citation Notes
Thomas R. Cech Post-doc, Department of Biology (1975–1978) 1989 Chemistry "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" [1]
Aaron Ciechanover 2004 Chemistry "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
Horst L. Störmer Researcher, Francis Bitter High Magnetic Field Lab 1998 Physics "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
E. Donnall Thomas Post-doc (1949–1950) 1990 Medicine/Physiology "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease" [1]
Daniel C. Tsui Researcher, Francis Bitter High Magnetic Field Lab 1998 Physics "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
Geoffrey Wilkinson Research Associate, Department of Chemistry (1950–1951) 1973 Chemistry "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"

MacArthur Fellows

Current faculty

Name Department Year Citation Notes
Regina Barzilay Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab 2017 "developing machine learning methods that enable computers to process and analyze vast amounts of human language data."
Angela Belcher Materials Science and Engineering 2004 "developing new techniques for manipulating systems that straddle the boundary of organic and inorganic chemistry at the molecular scale."
Junot Díaz Comparative Media Studies/Writing 2012 "using raw, vernacular dialogue and spare, unsentimental prose to draw readers into the various and distinct worlds that immigrants must straddle."
Erik Demaine Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 2003
Esther Duflo Economics 2009 "exploring the social and economic forces perpetuating the cycle of poverty for the poorest peoples in South Asia and Africa."
Linda G. Griffith Biological Engineering 2006 "extending the limits of biomedical engineering and its applications for diagnosing disease and regenerating damaged organs."
John Harbison Music and Theater Arts 1989
Evelyn Fox Keller History & Science, Technology, and Society 1992
Eric Lander Biology 1987
Heather Lechtman Material Science and Engineering 1984
Nergis Mavalvala Physics 2010
David C. Page Biology 1986
Michael J. Piore Economics 1984
Daniela L. Rus Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 2002
Sara Seager Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences & Physics 2013
Peter Shor Mathematics 1999
Marin Soljacic Physics 2008
Alar Toomre Mathematics 1984
Frank Wilczek Physics 1982 [3]
Jack Wisdom Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences 1994

Research staff

Name Laboratory Year Citation Notes
Amy Smith Edgerton Center 2004 "designing life-enhancing solutions and labor-saving technologies for people at the far end of dirt roads in the world's most remote societies"
Tim Berners-Lee Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab 1998 [4]
Harlan Lane Research Laboratory of Electronics 1991
Richard M. Stallman Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab 1990
George Zweig Research Laboratory of Electronics 1981
Vamsi Mootha Broad Institute 2004 "creating powerful, adaptable computational strategies for mining data collected in laboratories throughout the world, providing an efficient means to hunt down gene interactions that lead to a wide variety of diseases."

Former faculty

Name Department Year Citation Notes
Jed Z. Buchwald History 1995
Michael Kremer Economics 1997
Sendhil Mullainathan Economics 2002
Richard C. Mulligan Biology 1981
Charles Sabel Science, Technology, Society 1982
Charles Steidel Physics 2002
Mark S. Wrighton Chemistry 1983

National Medal of Science

Current faculty

Name Department Year Citation Notes
Ann M. Graybiel Biology 2001 Biological Sciences - "For her pioneering contributions to the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the brain, including the structure, chemistry, and function of the pathways subserving thought and movement." [5]
Stephen J. Lippard Chemistry 2004 Chemistry - "For pioneering research in bioinorganic chemistry, which enriched our understanding of how metal compounds interact with DNA, provided important synthetic models for the active sites of metalloproteins, and elucidated key structural and mechanistic features of methane monooxygenase." [6]
Alexander Rich Biology 1995 Biological Sciences - "For his numerous fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the structure and function of DNA and RNA, the central information carriers in living systems." [7]
Philip A. Sharp Biology 2004 Biological Sciences - "For his contributions to understanding the biochemical pathway of RNA interference phenomena and for his use of RNA interference techniques to perform genetic analyses in mammalian cells." ,[3][8][9]
Isadore M. Singer Mathematics 1983 Mathematics & Computer Science - "For his inspired revival of differential geometry and its connections to analysis; for his contribution to the discovery and applications of the index theorem for differential operators; and for his leadership in using geometric and topological methods in connection with theoretical physics." ,[8][10]
Kenneth N. Stevens EECS 1999 Engineering - "For his leadership and pioneering contributions to the theory of acoustics of speech production and perception, development of mathematical methods of analysis and modeling to study the acoustics of speech production, and establishing the contemporary foundations of speech science." [11]
Robert A. Weinberg Biology 1997 Biological Sciences - "For his contribution to the identification of cellular oncogenes and their role in cancer, which led to a better understanding of the molecular basis for cancer and its diagnosis and therapy." [12]

Emeritus faculty

Name Department Year Citation Notes
Daniel Kleppner Physics 2006 for his pioneering scientific studies of the interaction of atoms and light including Rydberg atoms, cavity quantum electrodynamics, quantum chaos; for developing techniques that opened the way to Bose Einstein Condensation in a gas; and for lucid explanations of physics to nonspecialists and exemplary service to the scientific community.
H. Gobind Khorana Biology 1987 Biological Sciences - "For his innovative contributions that significantly contributed to our understanding of gene structure, membrane function and vision and for the work stimulated by his research which has had a major impact on the biological and chemical sciences." ,[3][13]
Robert M. Solow Economics 1999 Behavioral & Social Science - "For his creation of the modern framework for analyzing the effects of investment and technological progress on economic growth, greatly influencing economics and economic policy worldwide." ,[3][8][14]

Deceased faculty

Name Department Year Citation Notes
Manson Benedict Nuclear Engineering 1975 Engineering - "For inspired and ingenious leadership in the development of gaseous diffision plants for uranium isotope separation, and for his role in creating the discipline of nuclear engineering." ,[8][15]
Vannevar Bush "Electrical Engineering" 1963 Engineering - "For his distinguished achievements in electrical engineering, in the technology of computing machines, in the effective coupling of the physical and life sciences; and in his mobilizing science, engineering and education in enduring ways in the service of the Nation." [16]
Morris Cohen "Metallurgy" 1976 Engineering - "For original research and advancement of knowledge of the physical and mechanical metallurgy of iron and steel, and especially for his work on the martensitic transformation in the hardening of steel." ,[8][17]
Charles Stark Draper Aeronautics and Astronautics 1964 Behavioral & Social Science - "For [his] innumerable imaginative engineering achievements which met urgent National needs of instrumentation, control, and guidance in aeronautics and astronautics." [18]
Harold E. Edgerton "Electrical Engineering" 1973 Engineering - "For his vision and creativity in pioneering the field of stroboscopic photography and for his many inventions of instruments for exploring the great depths of the oceans." ,[8][19]
Herman Feshbach Physics 1986 Physical Sciences - "For his distinguished contributions to science as a nationally acclaimed leader in physics education by virtue of his extraordinary interest in teaching and his total commitment to scientific excellence." ,[8][20]
Hermann A. Haus EECS 1995 Engineering - "For his fundamental and seminal research contributions to the field of quantum electronics, noise and ultra-fast optics; and for his service to the engineering profession through teaching." ,[8][21]
Edwin H. Land 1967 Engineering - "For many discoveries and inventions in the field of polarized light, rapid photography, including quick processing of the final photograph, for the development of a unique theory of color vision, and for contributions to national defense." [22]
Warren K. Lewis Chemical Engineering 1965 Engineering - "For contributions as a scientist, teacher, and inventor who as the leader of modern chemical engineering has made the American chemical industry preeminent in the world." [23]
Salvador E. Luria Biology 1991 Biological Sciences - "For a lifetime devoted to applying genetics to viruses and bacteria, and for guiding the development of generations of students who have helped create the modern power of molecular biology." ,[3][24]
Bruno B. Rossi Physics 1983 Physical Sciences - "For fundamental contributions to physics and astronomy through his investigations into the nature and origin of cosmic rays and his initiatives that led to the direct detection of the solar wind and to the discovery of extrasolar x-ray sources." [25]
Paul A. Samuelson Economics 1996 Behavioral & Social Science - "For fundamental contributions to economic science, specifically general equilibrium theory and macroeconomics, and to economic education and policy over a period of nearly 60 years." ,[3][8][26]
Claude E. Shannon EECS 1966 Engineering - "For brilliant contributions to the mathematical theories of communications and information processing and for his early and continuing impact on the development of these disciplines." ,[3][27]
John G. Trump Nuclear Engineering 1983 Engineering - "For his introduction of new machines and methods for the widespread beneficial application of ionizing radiation to medicine, industry and atomic physics." [28]
Victor F. Weisskopf Physics 1979 Physical Sciences - "For important contributions to our understanding of nuclear matter and nuclear reactions, and early fundamental contributions to our understanding of elementary particles." [29]
Norbert Wiener Mathematics & EECS 1963 Mathematics & Computer Science - "For his marvellously versatile contributions, profoundly original, ranging within pure and applied mathematics, and penetrating boldly into the engineering and biological sciences." [30]
Mildred S. Dresselhaus Physics & EECS 1990 Engineering - "For her studies of the electronic properties of metals and semimetals, and for her service to the Nation in establishing a prominent place for women in physics and engineering." [8][31]

Former faculty

Name Department Year Citation Notes
David Baltimore Biology 1999 Biological Sciences - "For his fundamental discoveries in virology, tumor biology and immunology, notably the discovery of how tumor-causing viruses multiply; for his devotion to building excellence in scientific institutions; and for his statesmanship in fostering communication between scientists and the general public." ,[3][32]
John W. Cahn Chemistry 1998 Chemistry - "For his pioneering work on thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transitions and diffusion, on interfacial phenomena, and for his contributions to the understanding of periodic and quasi-periodic structures." [33]
Charles H. Townes Physics 1982 Physical Sciences - "For fundamental contributions to the understanding of matter through its interaction with electromagnetic radiations and the application of this knowledge to the service of mankind, most notably in the invention of the maser and laser." ,[3][34]
Steven Weinberg Physics 1991 Physical Sciences - "For his contributions to the discovery of the structure of the fundamental forces of nature; the development of the standard model, and the unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces." [35]
George A. Miller Psychology 1991 Behavioral and Social Sciences - "For his innovative leadership in the scientific study of language and cognition, and for his commitment to improved education for literacy." [36]
George M. Whitesides Chemistry 1998 Chemistry - "For innovative and far-ranging research in chemistry, biology, biochemistry and material science, pioneering work of technological interest and his extensive involvement with teaching, government and industry." [37]

Former and/or retired research staff

Name Department Year Citation Notes
Thomas R. Cech Chemistry 1995 Chemistry - "For his discoveries regarding RNA catalysis that have added new dimensions to the understanding of the role of RNA in living systems." [38]
E. Donnall Thomas Biology 1990 Biological Sciences - "For his pioneering work in the science and application of transplantation biology to successful bone marrow transplantation in man for the treatment of cancer and related conditions." [39]

Other prominent faculty and researchers

Name Department Description Notes
Hal Abelson Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Leo Beranek Electrical Engineering and Computer Science co-founder of the pioneering telecommunications and Internet company Bolt, Beranek and Newman
Adam J. Berinsky Political Science professor and author
Richard P. Binzel Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Science inventor of the Torino Scale
Brice Brenneman Electrical Engineering and Computer Science co-founder of the pioneering telecommunications and Internet company Bolt, Beranek and Newman
Rodney Brooks Electrical Engineering and Computer Science behavioral roboticist
Richard Bolt Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
George Boolos Mathematician philosopher and mathematical logician
Amar G. Bose Electrical Engineering and Computer Science audio entrepreneur, founder of Bose Corporation
James D. Bruce Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vice President for Information Systems, Professor of Electrical Engineering
Thomas Ringgold Camp Sanitary Engineering Department head of Sanitary Engineering; founder of Camp, Dresser & McKee[40]
Iain Cheeseman Biology Assistant Professor of Biology
Noam Chomsky Linguistics Institute Professor and professor emeritus; notable linguist, philosopher and political activist
B.D. Colen journalist, photographer, shared 1984 Pulitzer Prize for General Local Reporting
John Ernest Cook Institute Organist composer and organist
David D. Clark Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Catherine D’Ignazio Urban Studies and Planning director of the Data + Feminism lab
Brison D. Gooch History (1950s) specialist in history of France, Belgium, Napoleon III, Revolutions of 1848, and the Crimean War [41]
J.P. Den Hartog Mechanical Engineering winner of a Timoshenko Medal
John J. Donovan Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, and Management Professor of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, and Management; founder of Cambridge Technology Partners
John W. Dower History historian of Japan, winner of a Pulitzer Prize
James L. Elliot Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences planetary occultations
Kerry Emanuel Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences hurricanes
Jay W. Forrester Management system dynamics
Ivan Getting Electrical Engineering and Computer Science co-inventor with Bradford Parkinson of the Global Positioning System
Eric Grimson Electrical Engineering and Computer Science computer vision and its applications in medical image analysis, Chancellor of MIT [42]
Alan Grodzinsky Electrical, Mechanical, and Biological Engineering cartilage biomechanics, electromechanics, and tissue engineering applied to osteoarthritis research
Jonathan Gruber Economics consultant to Health and Human Services Department; helped develop the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare") to reform health insurance
Alan Guth Physics proposed the idea of cosmic inflation
Paula T. Hammond Chemical Engineering nanotechnology
John R. Hauser Management
Daniel Harlow Physics winner of the New Horizons in Physics Prize in 2019
Eric von Hippel Economics behavioral theorist
Jim Hines Management system dynamics
Thomas H. Jordan Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences former department head of EAPS; director of the Southern California Earthquake Center
Leslie Kolodziejski Electrical engineer Inventor and academic. Graduate Officer of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT
Yael Tauman Kalai Electrical Engineering and Computer Science cryptographer
Thomas Levenson Writing and Humanistic Studies Science writer and filmmaker
Walter Lewin Physics star of popular Walter Lewin Lectures on Physics
J. C. R. Licklider leader of the IPTO
Alan Lightman Physics writer, physicist
Andrew B. Lippman Media Lab Media Lab pioneer
Edward Lorenz Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences developed the butterfly effect theory
John Maeda Media Lab artist, graphic designer, computer scientist
Thomas H. D. Mahoney History and Political Science Massachusetts Secretary of Elder Affairs from 1979 to 1983
Allan McCollum Visual Arts Program artist, writer, creator of The Shapes Project
David Miller Space Systems Laboratory space systems engineering; NASA's Chief Technologist
William J. Mitchell Media Laboratory architect, writer, media guru
Marvin Minsky Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Media Laboratory artificial intelligence
Ernest Moniz MIT Energy Initiative group (MITEI) energy policy advisor, national security policy
Philip M. Morse Physics operations research, physics, acoustics
Arthur Mutambara robotics and mechatronics; politician
Nicholas Negroponte Media Lab OLPC project leader
Donna Nelson Biology with Nancy Hopkins, 2003 Nelson Diversity Surveys; President of the American Chemical Society
Donna Nelson Chemical Engineering with Michael Strano, 2010 functionalization and characterization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes; President of the American Chemical Society
Seymour Papert Media Lab education and computers
Cecil Peabody mechanical engineering and writer
Alex (Sandy) Pentland Media Laboratory human-computer interaction and social networks
Ruth Perry Literature Co-founder and Founding Director of the Program in Women's Studies (now Women and Gender Studies) at MIT
Theodore Postol Science, Technology, and Society nuclear weapons expert; prominent critic of current ballistic missile defense systems
Nelson Repenning Management System Dynamics
Alex K. Shalek Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science single-cell genomics key opinion leader
Susan Solomon Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Climate scientist, discovered the ozone hole
Ellen Swallow Richards Chemistry first woman in America accepted to any school of science and technology; first female instructor at MIT; first American woman to earn a degree in chemistry; foremost female industrial and environmental chemist in the United States in the 1800s
Gian-Carlo Rota Mathematics mathematician and philosopher
Ron Rivest Electrical Engineering and Computer Science cryptographer; co-inventor of RSA; inventor of RC5, MD5 and several other cryptographic algorithms; Turing Award winner; Institute Professor
Douglas T. Ross Electrical Engineering and Computer Science CAD pioneer
Frederick P. Salvucci Civil and Environmental Engineering civil engineer, former Massachusetts Secretary of Transportation, and principal planner of the Big Dig
Edgar Schein Brain and Cognitive Sciences organizational psychologist
George P. Shultz Management United States Secretary of State, Treasury, and Labor; former professor at both the MIT Department of Economics and the MIT Sloan School of Management; earned Ph.D. in economics from MIT in 1949
Peter Senge Management learning organizations
David Simchi-Levi Systems Engineering supply chain management
Peter Shor Mathematics mathematician, inventor of Shor's algorithm
Robert Stalnaker philosopher, linguist
John Sterman system dynamics
Dirk Jan Struik Mathematics mathematician and historian of mathematics
Gerald Sussman Electrical Engineering and Computer Science co-inventor of Scheme; research in artificial intelligence, computer languages, and orbital mechanics
Sherry Turkle Science, Technology, and Society clinical psychologist and sociologist
Kay Tye Brain and Cognitive Sciences neuroscientist
Brian Wardle Aeronautics and Astronautics Boeing Assistant Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Christopher Weaver Comparative Media Studies and Microphotonics Center founder of Bethesda Softworks, visiting scientist and lecturer in engineering
Evan Ziporyn Music and Theater Arts composer, clarinetist, Bang on a Can All-Stars

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Also a recipient of the National Medal of Science
  2. ↑ Also a MacArthur Fellow
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Also a Nobel Laureate
  4. ↑ "Tim Berners Lee". Retrieved 2008-01-20.
  5. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  6. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  7. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Also an Institute Professor
  9. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  10. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  11. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  12. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  13. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  14. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  15. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  16. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  17. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  18. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  19. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  20. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  21. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  22. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  23. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  24. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  25. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  26. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  27. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  28. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  29. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  30. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  31. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2013-09-22.
  32. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  33. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  34. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  35. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  36. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  37. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  38. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  39. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  40. ↑ Ramseier, Roy Edwin (1973). Civil Engineering Classics Outstanding Papers of Thomas R. Camp. New York City: American Society of Civil Engineers.
  41. ↑ Gooch, Brison Dowling (1976). Napoleon III: Man of Destiny. ISBN 0882753231.
  42. ↑ MIT News Office (10 February 2011), Professor Eric Grimson named next chancellor: Current head of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science to succeed Phillip L. Clay, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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