Fernglen shortly after launch in 1929
History
Name
  • Fernglen (1929–1934)
  • Sandhamn (1934–1939)
  • Sinfra (1939–1943)
Namesake
Owner
  • A/S Glittre (1929–1934)
  • Rederi A/B Jamaica (1934–1939)
  • Cie Generale de Nav a Vapeur Cyprien
  • Fabre (1939–42)
  • German government (1942–1943)
OperatorMittelmeer Reederei GmbH (1942–1943)
Port of registry
  • Norway Oslo, Norway (1929–1934)
  • Sweden Stockholm, Sweden (1934–1939)
  • France Marseille, France (1939–1942)
  •  Germany (1942–1943)
RouteFern Line (1929–1934)
BuilderAkers Mekaniske Verksted, Oslo, Norway
Yard number434
Launched15 May 1929
CompletedJuly 1929
Identification
FateSunk by air attack 19 October 1943
General characteristics
Tonnage
  • As built:
  • 4,444 GRT
  • 2,669 NRT
  • 8,190 DWT
  • 3,992 tons under deck
  • After 1934:
  • 4,470 GRT
  • 2,577 NRT
  • 3,979 tons under deck
Length117.4 m (385 ft)
Beam16.7 m (55 ft)
Depth7 metres (23 ft)
Decks2
Installed power624 nominal horsepower
Propulsion2 6-cylinder 4S.C.SA diesel engines, twin screw propellers
Speed12.5 knots (23.2 km/h)

Sinfra was a cargo ship built in 1929 as Fernglen by Akers Mekaniske Verksted in Oslo, Norway, for a Norwegian shipping company. The ship was sold to Swedish owners in 1934 and to a French company in 1939, on the last occasion having her name changed to Sinfra.

Sinfra was confiscated by German authorities in 1942, and used by them in the Mediterranean. On 19 October 1943, Sinfra was bombed and sunk by Allied aircraft north of Souda Bay, Crete. Around 2,000 people were killed in the sinking, the majority being Italian POWs.

Description

The vessel was a 4,444 GRT (2,669 NRT, 8,190 DWT, tonnage under deck: 3,992) steel-hulled cargo ship, built in 1929 by the shipyard Akers Mekaniske Verksted in Oslo, Norway, as Fernglen. She had yard number 434.[1][2][3]

The ship was 117.4 metres (385 ft) long, with a beam of 16.7 metres (55 ft) and a depth of 7 metres (23 ft). She had electric lighting, wireless telegraph and two decks. The ship was propelled by two 6-cylinder 4S.C.SA diesel engines with a combined total of 624 horsepower (465 kW), which gave her a top speed of 12.5 knots (23.2 km/h).[1][2][4] Each of the engines, also built by Akers Mekaniske Verksted, powered a screw propeller.[2][Note 1]

History

Fernglen being launched at Akers Mekaniske Verksted in 1929

Fernglen was launched on 15 May 1929, and completed in July of the same year.[1] She was built for A/S Glittre of Oslo, Norway (a subsidiary of the shipping company Fearnley & Eger).[2][6] The ship was assigned the code letters LHKB.[2] While Fernglen was under construction, Norwegian painter Thorolf Holmboe visited the shipyard and painted the scene. The maritime painting To skip i flytedokk ved Akers Mek. Verksted portrays Fernglen under construction, as well as the Fred. Olsen & Co. cargo ship Borgå undergoing maintenance in the neighbouring floating dry dock at Akers Mekaniske Verksted.[7][Note 2]

Fernglen was one of nine ships belonging to Fearnley & Eger that formed the "Fern Line".[Note 3] The Fern Line ships were employed primarily in liner trade, carrying phosphate and cotton to Japan, then sailing from the Philippines to the United States with cargoes of copra.[9]

On 13 August 1933, she ran aground 30 nautical miles (56 km) south of Cape Guardafui, Italian Somaliland whilst on a voyage from Macassar, Netherlands East Indies to Aarhus, Denmark with a load of 7,422 tons of copra. The British tug Preserver and the Dutch passenger ship Christiaan Huygens went to her aid.[11][12] The British tug Protector was sent from Suez, Egypt on 22 August to assist Preserver.[13] Fernglen was refloated on 8 November and taken in to Ras Alula, Italian Somaliland for examination. The necessity of discharging her cargo by hand was the main factor in the delay in refloating her.[14] The damage caused by the grounding was such that the ship was considered beyond economic repair.[5][Note 4] The refloated wreck was towed to Rotterdam in the Netherlands.[15]

In 1934 the wreck of Fernglen was nevertheless sold to the Stockholm-based company Rederi A/B Jamaica, repaired and renamed Sandhamn.[1][5] The repairs and rebuild work on the ship was carried out at Öresundsvarvet at Landskrona and entailed the replacement of 600 tons of steel and the complete disassembly and refurbishing of the ship's machinery. Öresund Shipyard's work on rebuilding the ship was one of the largest hull repair jobs ever carried out in Sweden at the time. The rebuilding was completed on 5 December 1934.[15] The ship's tonnage had been changed to 4,470 GRT (2,577 NRT, tonnage under deck: 3,979). The vessel was assigned the code letters SEVA.[16] Rederi Jamaica employed Sandhamn on trade lines abroad.[15] In 1939 she was sold on to Cie Generale de Nav a Vapeur Cyprien Fabre of Marseille, France. The new French owners renamed her Sinfra.[1][4]

In December 1942, the German occupiers of France confiscated the ship. They retained the French name of the vessel.[1][3] Management of the ship was transferred to the German semi-public Mittelmeer-Reederei,[17] which managed all civilian ships confiscated by the Germans in the Mediterranean.

Transporting prisoners of war

The Greek island of Crete had been captured by the Germans and Italians in the Battle of Crete in May 1941 and was occupied by a mixed German-Italian force. The Italian garrison unit was the 51st Siena Infantry Division, consisting of 21,700 men, which occupied the easternmost prefecture of Lasithi.[17]

On 8 September 1943 the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces was signed, and the Italians in Crete and elsewhere were disarmed by the Germans without major resistance. As elsewhere, they were given the choice to continue the war alongside Germany or to be sent to the Reich to perform forced labour.[17] The Germans employed ships to transport Italian prisoners in the Mediterranean. Of these a dozen were lost, causing the deaths of at least 13,000 prisoners in total.[18]

A minority of the Italian soldiers on Crete chose to continue the fight on the German side and formed the Legione Italiana Volontaria Creta.[17]

Sinking

On 18 October 1943, 2,389 Italian prisoners were loaded into the cargo hold of Sinfra to be transported to Piraeus on the Greek mainland.[19][Note 5] There were 204 Germans on board the ship, as well as a cargo of bombs.[20][21] Less than an hour after departing Souda Bay, accompanied by the escort vessels GK 05 and GK 06,[21] the ship came under Allied air attack. A total of ten USAAF North American B-25 Mitchell and RAF Bristol Beaufighter aircraft engaged the ship, some 19 nautical miles (35 km) north of Souda Bay. At 22:05, after nightfall, Sinfra was struck by a torpedo near the front hatch, and at 23:00 the ship was hit by a bomb that penetrated the engine room.[20][22][23] The hits knocked out the ship's steering and set Sinfra on fire. At 02:31 on 19 October, the ship blew up and sank.[21] Most of those who died in the sinking were Italian POWs. The number of dead is disputed, with estimates ranging from 1,857 or 2,098 killed, up to 5,000 dead.[1][18][24] Amongst the survivors were 597 Italians, 197 Germans and 13 Greeks. Some 3% of the Germans on board died in the sinking, while according to conservative estimates close to 77% of the Italians perished.[21]

The ship had insufficient safety equipment in relation to the number of people on board.[21] In addition to the two escort vessels, eleven other German vessels responded to the SOS signals sent out by Sinfra. The rescue vessels were under orders to prioritize the rescue of Germans.[21] While rescue efforts were going on, a No. 603 Squadron RAF Bristol Beaufighter strafed a German Dornier Do 24 flying boat which was participating in the rescue. The Do 24 later sank.[22] As Sinfra burned, the German guards on board locked the prisoners in the holds and threw hand grenades at them.[25] When the panicking surviving prisoners broke out of the holds and charged the guards, attempting to board life boats, the guards opened fire with small arms and machine guns, killing many.[25][26] According to Italian naval archives, some 500 Italians were rescued from the sinking ship, but after the survivors had been brought to Chania, Crete, about half of them were executed "for undisciplined behaviour ... and the killing of guards" during the sinking.[25]

References

Notes
  1. ↑ Having a separate engine for each screw was a common security measure at the time of the Fernglen's construction.[5]
  2. ↑ As of 1999, To skip i flytedokk ved Akers Mek. Verksted was owned by the Norwegian Shipowners' Association.[8]
  3. ↑ The other ships employed on the Fern Line concurrently with Fernglen were Fernbank, Ferncliff, Ferndale, Fernhill, Fernlane, Fernmoor, Fernwood and Fernbrook.[9][10]
  4. ↑ In order to replace Fernglen, Fearnley & Eger ordered a new ship, also named Fernglen, from a Swedish shipyard.[5]
  5. ↑ Of the Italian prisoners embarked on the ship, 155 were officers.[20]
Citations
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Sinfra (3007978)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Register of Ships (1930–31 ed.). "Scan of page 'Fer'" (PDF). Plimsoll Ship Data. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  3. 1 2 "1929 Fernglen". Lardex Group. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  4. 1 2 Register of Ships (1940–41 ed.). "Scan of page 'SIM–SIN'" (PDF). Plimsoll Ship Data. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Wasberg 1971, p. 144
  6. ↑ Grøtvedt 1999, p. 102
  7. ↑ Grøtvedt 1999, pp. 102–103
  8. ↑ Grøtvedt 1999, p. 103
  9. 1 2 Alnæs 1999, p. 260
  10. ↑ Wasberg 1971, pp. 140, 144
  11. ↑ "Norwegian motor vessel ashore". The Times. No. 46523. London. 15 August 1933. col G, p. 18.
  12. ↑ "News of the Fernglen". The Times. No. 46527. London. 19 August 1933. col G, p. 13.
  13. ↑ "East African stranding". The Times. No. 46530. London. 23 August 1933. col B, p. 19.
  14. ↑ "Japanese steamer in distress". The Times. No. 46597. London. 9 November 1933. col G, p. 22.
  15. 1 2 3 Ljungzell, Nils J., ed. (March 1935). "Varv och verkstäder". Teknisk Tidskrift (in Swedish). Nörrköping: Svenska Teknologiföreningen. 65 (3, Skeppsbyggnadskonst): 18. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  16. ↑ Register of Ships (1934–35 ed.). "Scan of page 'S'" (PDF). Plimsoll Ship Data. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Williams 2012, section "Sinfra ex-Sandhamn ex Fernglen (7/1929)"
  18. 1 2 Schreiber 1990, p. 274
  19. ↑ Schreiber 1990, p. 282
  20. 1 2 3 Schreiber 1990, p. 264
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Schreiber 1990, p. 265
  22. 1 2 de Jong 2015, p. 65
  23. ↑ "Verletzung der Menschenrechte im Seekrieg 1939–1945". Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart (in German). Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  24. ↑ Rohwer, Jürgen; Gerhard Hümmelchen. "Seekrieg 1943, Oktober". Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart (in German). Retrieved 19 August 2015.
  25. 1 2 3 Schreiber 1990, p. 266
  26. ↑ "Gefährdung von Transporten mit Kriegsgefangenen, Internierten und Flüchtlingen und Unterlassung von Hilfeleistung". Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart (in German). Retrieved 21 August 2015.

Bibliography

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