Madras Crocodile Bank Trust
AbbreviationCrocBank
Formation1976[1]
TypeNGO
Legal statusNon profit public trust
PurposeHerpetofaunal conservation, research and education
HeadquartersChennai
Location
Region served
India
Official language
Tamil, English
Founder/director/trustee
Romulus Whitaker
Main organ
Board of Trustees
AffiliationsCZA[2] IUCN/SSC: Snake Specialist Group, Crocodile Specialist group, Tortoise and Freshwater Turtles Specialist Group, Marine Turtle Specialist Group, Indian Subcontinent Reptile & Amphibian Group, Captive Breeding Specialist Group, Sustainable Use of Wild Species Group.
Staff
49
Websitewww.madrascrocodilebank.org

12°44′38″N 80°14′24″E / 12.743875°N 80.240107°E / 12.743875; 80.240107

The Madras Crocodile Bank Trust and Centre for Herpetology (MCBT) is a reptile zoo and herpetology research station, located 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of the city of Chennai, in state of Tamil Nadu, India. The centre is both a registered trust and a recognized zoo under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972[3] and comes under the purview of the Central Zoo Authority, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India.[4] It was established with the aim of saving three Indian endangered species of crocodile—the marsh or mugger crocodile, the saltwater crocodile, and the gharial,[5] which at the time of founding of the trust were all nearing extinction.

The CrocBank grounds are covered by coastal dune forest providing a haven for native wildlife, including large breeding colonies of water birds and a secure nesting beach for olive ridley sea turtles.[6] The high aquifer on the sandy coast provides sufficient water supply and the proximity to the major tourist destination of Mahabalipuram ensures annual visitation.[7] The centre is the biggest crocodile sanctuary in India.[8] It covers 8.5 acres (3.4 ha) and had over 450,000 visitors in 2007. The centre has one of the world's largest collections of crocodiles and alligators and has bred 5,000 crocodiles and alligators representing 14 of the 23 existing species, including the three crocodile species, all considered endangered, that are native to India.[9] As of 2011, the CrocBank has a total of 2,483 animals, including 14 species of crocodiles, 10 species of turtles, 3 species of snakes, and 1 species of lizard.[10]

History

Walk way inside the Croc Bank campus.

Large-scale commercial hunting of Indian crocodilians for their skin began towards the end of the 19th century, and by the 1970s, crocodile populations were severely depleted. The Madras Crocodile Bank was conceived in 1973[11] and started on 26 August 1976 by herpetologist Romulus Whitaker and his wife Zai Whitaker at the time when the Indian government protected all three species of Indian crocodilians under the Wild Life Protection Act of 1972. The real push for captive breeding of crocodiles came after the launch of the Indian Crocodile Conservation Project by the Indian government in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1975.[12] The bank was started to protect India's dwindling crocodile population and to preserve the art of snake catching. Along with other like-minded people such as Rajamani, Whitaker founded the bank to conserve the three species of reptiles namely, the mugger (Crocodylus palustris), the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus), and the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus).[13]

Map of the Crocodile Bank

The CrocBank developed a captive breeding program for freshwater turtles and tortoises in 1981 and it successfully bred gharials[14] for the first time in 1989.

In 1984, the bank collaborated with Dr. J.W. Lang from University of North Dakota, who initiated a major project on the reproductive biology of the mugger crocodile. The research infrastructure at the bank was augmented by the funds for this project, chiefly a well-equipped laboratory and the collaboration with the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology. This project was continued every year between 1984 and 1994 by Harry Andrews under the supervision of Dr. Lang, who made periodic visits to the bank. The project currently focuses on reptile reproduction, egg incubation, and temperature-dependent sex determination. A 3-year study of the biology and conservation of the mugger crocodile was conducted in the wild and a field station was established on the Moyar River near Bhavanisagar in Tamil Nadu.

Office of the zoo manager near the entrance

Since 1987, studies on breeding biology and growth of lizards, particularly the larger monitor lizards, were conducted in collaboration with researchers in the United Kingdom and Germany. During the period 1989–1991, amphibians studies were carried out on the species Rana hexadactyla, which was featured in BBC Wildlife Magazine in 1996. In 1990, the MCBT newsletter was transformed into a scientific journal, with an international editorial board and a rigorous peer-review system for the acceptance of technical papers for publication. In 1992, a scientific committee consisting of scientists and trustees was instituted and is charged with directing and coordinating research. In 1993, the bank conducted surveys on wetlands and remote area sensing. This was followed by extensive studies on sea snakes, marine turtles, bats, and other small mammals and studies on herpetofauna, biogeography, resource use, land use, rain-water harvesting and coral reef socioeconomics, in addition to protected area management planning, ecologically suitable management planning.[15]

The bank was started with only 30 mugger adults, which grew to 8,000 by the 1990s. Although the breeding program was a great success and many crocodiles were initially released back into the wild, this practice has essentially stopped now due to the loss of habitat. By 2010, there were 14 species of crocodilians at the bank.[13]

In 1989, as a division of the bank, the Andaman and Nicobar Environmental Team (ANET) base station was set up on 5 acres (2.0 ha) of land in Wandoor, on the southern tip of South Andaman Island to conduct research programs towards understanding of the diversity, distribution, and ecology of the islands' fauna and flora. In 2003, with the addition of turtles, lizards and snakes, the bank was renamed the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust and Center for Herpetology.[1] The centre is one of the largest reptile zoos in the world.[16][17]

In 2020 Madras Crocodile Bank Trust faced financial crisis due to the unprecedented COVID-19 Pandemic lockdown.[18][19]

Organisation

Campuses

Main campus location and visitors

The CrocBank is situated 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Chennai on the East Coast Road at Vadanemmeli near Thiruvidandhai, close to the Bay of Bengal, on the way to Mamallapuram. In 2010–2011, the CrocBank received 367,574 visitors, including 13,794 foreign visitors, with maximum number visiting in the month of January, when 53,763 people visited the zoological park. This includes 15,780 students and 1,854 teachers from 258 schools visiting the park.[10]

Field campuses

The CrocBank runs two permanent and fully staffed field bases, viz., the Andaman and Nicobar Environmental Team and the Agumbe Rainforest Research Station, and usually also has several field projects running.

Objectives

Typical enclosure at the park.

The Madras Crocodile Bank Trust's stated objectives are as follows:

  • The conservation of nature and natural resources in the broadest sense, with particular focus on the conservation of herpetofauna and their habitats.
  • To establish breeding, research, educational, dissemination and transfer centers, field stations, and other establishments focusing on ecological and environmental issues.

Affiliations and partnerships

A partial listing of the institutions that the CrocBank is affiliated with, including committees, membership, collaboration, consultation, editorial, and networking, as of 2011:[10]

Wildlife conservation activities

Animal research and publication

The park conducts regular demonstrations about reptiles to the visiting public.

The bank acts as a large outdoor laboratory and provides opportunity to observe and document the reptiles' features, behavior, social interactions, and breeding biology at close range. Select enclosures are wired to record all the basic environmental parameters to facilitate studies on the biology of the reptiles at the bank. The bank has served as a regional source of status information for the World Conservation Monitoring Centre and has hosted numerous international meetings of the IUCN Specialist Groups dealing with reptiles. Since 1978, the centre has also hosted numerous local and international specialists.

Research

A total of 300 individuals of 20 species are kept as part of the centre's ongoing research program.[20] In addition, the bank also conducts research on the biology of crocodiles, turtles and monitors lizards.

Research in freshwater turtles and tortoises in India: Center is home to 28 species of freshwater turtles and tortoises some of which are extremely endangered. Research at center started in the early 1980s when Prof. Edward Moll of Eastern Illinois University accepted an Indo-American Fellowship for a year-long sabbatical and based his studies and surveys, conducted throughout India, at the CrocBank. The bank's research biologists have studied freshwater turtles in the Chambal River in Uttar Pradesh on a WWF-India grant.[21]

Publications

The bank publishes a biannual herpetology journal called Hamadryad and is home to the largest library of herpetological literature in India.[22] Research in the field of herpetology within the bank has resulted in over 600 scientific publications, books, reports, newspaper and magazine articles and films.[23]

Outreach and consulting

The CrocBank serves as a consultant on reptile management and conservation issues by a wide range of organisations including Food and Agriculture Organization, World Wide Fund for Nature, IUCN, National Geographic Society and the governments of India, Papua New Guinea, Bangladesh, Mozambique, Malaysia, Indonesia, Bhutan, Brunei, Sri Lanka and Nepal.

The bank conducts environmental education programme for schools and villages including nature camps, field trips, education programmes for the nature clubs, training workshops for teachers, youth from fishing villages and other resource personnel. Frequent mobile exhibition-cum-awareness programmes for the nearby fishing villages along the East Coast Road are also conducted. The bank also has a multi-puppet theatre facility for children.

The bank also has an animal-adoption programme under which patrons can sponsor an animial housed at the center.[24]

Veterinary care

Veterinary laboratory at the park.

The CrocBank has a veterinary care section with an onsite vet. The veterinary staff coordinates with the curatorial staff ensuring health and maintenance of the animals. Pathological and parasitological examinations are carried out on all the animals on a routine basis and a regular screening and treatment protocol is followed. Individual animals are given a unique identification number by means of pit tags which helps keep track of the animal's medical history. Capacity building in the form of reptile-centric veterinary training is carried out at the CrocBank on a regular basis to help equip zoos and conservation projects throughout India with the necessary skills for proper reptile management.[25]

Wildlife captive breeding

Crocodile conservation

One of the main attractions of the bank is the Crocodile Conservation Center. It is the largest breeding center of crocodiles in India and has bred thousands of crocodiles since its inception. The captive breeding program at the crocodile bank was so successful that by the 1990s there were over 8,000 crocodiles in residence, thousands had been reintroduced to the wild, and more sent to zoos and wildlife parks around the world. The CrocBank has supplied crocodile eggs, snakes, water monitors, lizards and iguanas for breeding programs and for exhibits. The bank also provides surplus reptiles for transferring to other zoos and exchange programs. Since 1976, over 1,500 crocodiles and several hundred eggs have been supplied to various state forest departments for restocking programmes in the wild and for setting up breeding facilities in other states in India and neighboring countries. All three of the original species that were bred at the bank (the mugger, the gharial[26] and the saltwater crocodile) remain endangered, while the gharial is critically endangered and now faces extinction.[27] The CrocBank also successfully breeds several species of threatened turtles, including two listed as critically endangered.[28] The bank is a coordinating zoo of the Central Zoo Authority of India for the breeding programmes for endangered species, including rock python, king cobra and Ganges softshell turtle, as per the National Zoo Policy adopted by the Government of India in 1988.[29] The National Zoo Policy (1998) states several objectives that zoos should pursue including education, publications, and breeding rare and endangered species. In 2010, the bank also bred the rare Tomistoma crocodile, which is in the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).[30]

Turtles and tortoises conservation

One of the moats at the Croc Bank.

In 2003, a 10-year program for the conservation of freshwater turtles and tortoises was initiated by the bank in collaboration with government forest departments from concerned states across India. In May 2004, the bank successfully bred one of the world's most critically endangered turtles, the Indian painted roof turtle, Batagur kachuga, for the first time ever in captivity.[31] The species is protected under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 and is listed under the Action Plan Rating I of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. The bank is home to another near endemic Batagur turtle, Batagur baska. Incidentally, recent evidence suggests that this species is extinct in the wild and only 13 individuals remain in captivity, including 4 adult females of which 2 are at the CrocBank.[32] The bank sends 50% of its stock of the red-crowned roof turtle to the Uttar Pradesh forest department to introduce into the wild.[33] In 2004, concerned parties created the Gharial Multi-Task Force (renamed to Gharial Conservation Alliance in 2008) to create a specialist organization dedicated to saving gharials from extinction.[28]

The 2012-2013 Annual Report of MCBT states that it is planning to acquire one Northern river terrapin from Vienna Zoo.[34]

Snake conservation and venom extraction

Public demonstration and education center at the park.

The park is home to one of the only approved snake venom extraction centres in India, the Irula Snake Catchers' Industrial Cooperative Society, which has a daily venom extraction show for the public at its snake farm.[35][36][37] The cooperative society was officially registered on 19 December 1978, and venom extraction was started on 16 December 1982.[38] Started with 26 members, the membership of the society rose to 350 by 2001, and the society now has about 344 members[39] and is the largest venom-producing center in India with annual sales of over US$15,000.[40]

The bank is planning to procure green anacondas under an international exchange programme. Four adult green anacondas, with an average length of 4 metres (13 ft), are being brought for the first time from the Danish Crocodile Exhibition in Denmark in exchange for marsh crocodiles, critically endangered gharials and African slender snouted crocodiles. The anacondas have since been procured and are housed in enclosures. As part of the efforts to give due importance to its exhibition potential, along with education and research, the bank was also engaged in talks with some conservation and breeding centres to procure Komodo dragons. Four Komodo dragons - three males, one female - have since been acquired from Bronx Zoo in New York.[41] The bank also plans to get as many as 21 spotted pond turtles from Hong Kong.[42][43]

Exhibits

Marsh crocodiles enclosure at the park.

Summary count of exhibited species

The bank is home to 14 species of the 23 crocodilian species living across the world, two of which are listed by the IUCN as critically endangered and three more as threatened. The 14 crocodile species available in the bank are mugger (Crocodylus palustris), salt-water crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), gharial (Gavialis gangeticus), tomistoma (Tomistoma schlegelii), American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus Moreletii), spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus), West African dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis), Australian fresh water crocodile (Crocodylus Johnsoni), African slender-snouted crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus), dwarf caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus), yacare caiman (Caiman yacare), Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) and the endangered Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis).[44][45] The bank currently houses over 2,400 crocodiles and also many species of turtles, snakes, and lizards which are viewable by the public. The bank houses 12 endangered species of turtles and tortoises and 5 species of snakes, including king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), Asian water monitors (Varanus salvator salvator), two species of pythons, and albino cobras.[46][47] Of the 5,000 reptiles bred at the bank, 3,000 represent the native Indian species Crocodylus palustris, known as muggers. One of the biggest attractions of the park is a fierce salt-water crocodile known as Jaws III. This species, believed to be the biggest in southern Asia,[48] is 17 feet (5.2 m) long and weighs over a ton. The bank is also going to get four new species of crocodiles. These are black caimans, smooth-fronted caimans, Cuban crocodiles and broad-snouted caimans. Anacondas will also appear at the bank. Since April, 2016 four Komodo dragons - three male, one female - have been added to the list of exhibits. The dragons were acquired from Bronx Zoo in New York.

The bank also functions as a natural shelter for a variety of birds, enabling bird-watching.[49]

Breakdown of exhibited species

Reptile stock at the CrocBank as on 1 April 2011 is as follows:[10]

Information boards like this one provide detailed descriptions about the specimens on display in the park
A false gharial resting at the CrocBank
Marsh crocodiles basking in the sun
Underwater view of a gharial and a turtle on display at the park
Close-up view of the underwater exhibit at the park
Common name (species) Total
Crocodilians
  Marsh or Mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris)2115
  Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)12
  Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus)55
  Common caiman (Caiman crocodylus)56
  Yacare caiman (Caiman yacare)3
  Dwarf caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus)13
  American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)2
  Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis)9
  Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)7
  African slender-snouted crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus)6
  Dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis)3
  Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletti)13
  False gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii)2
  Freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni)1
  Total2302
Freshwater turtles
  Indian softshell turtle (Nilssonia gangetica)9
  Indian flapshell turtle (Lissemys punctata)13
  Northern river terrapin (Batagur baska)2
  Red-crowned roofed turtle (Batagur kachuga)72
  Indian roofed turtle (Pangshura tecta)2
  Indian roofed turtle (Pangshura tecta circumdata)17
  Brahminy river turtle (Hardella thurjii)2
  Indian star tortoise (Geochelone elegans)8
  Travancore tortoise (Indotestudo travancorica)23
  Aldabra giant tortoise (Aldabrachelys gigantea)4
  Indian tent turtle or Pink Ringed Turtle[50] (Pangshura tentoria)1
  Total152
Snakes
  Indian rock python (Python molurus)26
  Reticulated python (Python reticulatus)1
  Indian cobra (Albino) (Naja naja)1
  Green anaconda[51] (Eunectes murinus)1
  Whitakers sand boa[52] (Eryx whitakerii)1
  Total30
Lizards
  Northern caiman lizard (Dracena guanensis)1
  Komodo Dragon[41] (Varanus komodoensis)4
  Iguana2
  Total7
Total specimens2491

Night safari

The bank plans to introduce a night safari between 7 p.m. and 8.30 p.m. on Saturdays and Sundays. The visitors can observe the crocodiles during the night time, splashing water, jaw-slapping or reclaiming territories. They will be taught counting crocs in the night by counting the bright eye shines. The centre also plans to have on display the Aldabras giant tortoises from the islands of Seychelles.[53]

Awards and grants

Shops selling reptile memorabilia within the zoo campus.

In 2001, the CrocBank was awarded the Ford Conservation and Environmental Grant for project "Integrated Environment Education", a multi-lingual programme on reptile preservation to create an environmental awareness.[54]

In 2005, Rom Whitaker was given a Whitley Award[55] and used the money to set up the Agumbe Rainforest Research Station (ARRS) to help preserve the hyper-diverse animals and ecosystems that make up the rainforest of the Western Ghats.[56] In 2006, Rom was presented with the Sanctuary-ABN AMRO Lifetime Service Award. The renowned herpetologist has been bestowed with the prestigious padma shri award by the Government of India in 2018.[57]

Future development

The CrocBank, along with the Arignar Anna Zoological Park, Chennai Snake Park and the Mysore Zoo, is slated to become a nodal point for captive breeding of endangered pythons in the country, especially the Indian rock python (Python molurus) and reticulated python (Python reticulatus).[58]

In January 2010, the CrocBank has started constructing a new frontage and satellite facility. This will be followed by the complete redesign and construction of the main display area including new enclosures, walkways and interactive features. The bank is also planning to open a second bank in Goa, on India's western coast.

In February 2013, a new master plan for a major renovation, which was developed upon the request by the Central Zoo Authority, was approved by the government. Per the new plan, estimated at ₹ 100 million and to take four years to complete, the park will be divided into geographical areas, namely, Asia, Americas, Amazon and Africa, with thematic landscaping and signage, a sweeping gharial river exhibit, a walkway over the crocodile marsh, and an underwater viewing area, in addition to a grand entry plaza with a café and a new parking area. A new interpretation centre, to be built in two levels, will have small crocs, snakes, turtles and lizards on the upper level and underwater viewing of Jaws III, the largest saltwater crocodile exhibit in the park, on the lower level. It will also have interactive displays of various aspects of croc biology, conservation and general reptile information. The Amazon section will feature all crocs from the region as well as snakes such as anacondas and boa constrictors and fish like piranhas.[59]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 "Chronology". madrascrocodilebank.org. Madras Crocodile Bank Trust. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  2. ↑ "Search Establishment". cza.nic.in. CZA. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
  3. ↑ "Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, India". listofzoos.com. List of Zoos Worldwide. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  4. ↑ "List of Zoos, whose Master Plan received till 31st March, 2011" (PDF). cza.nic.in. CZA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  5. ↑ "Zoos in Gharial Conservation". gharialconservation.org. Gharial Conservation Alliance. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  6. ↑ "Biological and Behavioural Aspects of Olive Ridley Turtles along the Orissa Coast of India" (PDF). iucn.org. IUCN. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  7. ↑ "Madras Crocodile Bank, Chennai". chennaiepages.com. Chennai ePages. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  8. ↑ "The Madras Crocodile Sanctuary". thestickytongue.org. The Sticky Tongue Project. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  9. ↑ Kinzer, Stephen (3 February 1998). "Saving the Crocodile and Putting on a Spectacular Show". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Annual Report 2010‐2011" (PDF). Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, Centre for Herpetology. Madras Crocodile Bank Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  11. ↑ Whitaker, Zai (November–December 1994). "I married a croc man—Romulus Whitaker". findarticles.com. International Wildlife. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  12. ↑ D, Madhavan (16 June 2009). "26 fresh water crocodiles hatched at Vandalur zoo". worldzootoday.com. Times of India. Archived from the original on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  13. 1 2 "History". madrascrocodilebank.org. Madras Crocodile Bank Trust. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  14. ↑ "Crocodile Conservation - Indian Scenario". maharashtra.gov.in. Environment Department, Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  15. ↑ "Introduction: The Madras Crocodile Bank Trust". oocities.org. OoCities. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  16. ↑ Ramakrishnan, Rohini (6 June 2011). "When eyes shine at night and foxes fly". thehindu.com. Chennai: The Hindu. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  17. ↑ Karthikeyan, Aparna (30 October 2012). "A retreat for reptiles". The Hindu. Chennai. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  18. ↑ "Coronavirus lockdown worry: Madras Crocodile Bank worried 2000 animals could starve". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  19. ↑ "How India's largest crocodile bank in Chennai is battling Covid-19". The Indian Express. 17 October 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  20. ↑ "Captive Breeding of Indian Turtles and Tortoises at the Centre for Herpetology/Madras Crocodile Bank". nytts.org. Madras Crocodile Bank Trust. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  21. ↑ "Organisations". seaturtlesofindia.org. Sea Turtles of India. Archived from the original on 18 January 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  22. ↑ "Glo-Wild at the Croc Bank". glo-wild.com. Glo-Wild. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  23. ↑ "Wildlife week celebrations at Madras Crocodile Bank" (PDF). indiaprwire.com. India PRwire. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
  24. ↑ Ramakrishnan, Rohini (28 March 2011). "Adopt us…save us". thehindu.com. Chennai, India: The Hindu. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  25. ↑ "At Croc Bank: Ex-situ". madrascrocodilebank.org. Madras Crocodile Bank Trust. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  26. ↑ "Captive Breeding". gharialconservation.org. Gharial Conservation Alliance. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  27. ↑ Choudhury, B.C. "Ex-Situ conservation - 1, Crocodile Breeding in Indian Zoos". wiienvis.nic.in. Environmantal Information System India. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  28. 1 2 "Conservation History". gharialconservation.org. Gharial Conservation Alliance. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  29. ↑ "Role of Zoos in Conservation of Endangered Species". envfor.nic.in. Central Zoo Authority. Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  30. ↑ "AI to ferry bride for crocodile 'Psycho' to Chennai". indianexpress.com. Indian Express. 16 April 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  31. ↑ "Crocodile Bank breeds rare, painted roof turtle". indiatimes.com. Times of India. 25 April 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
  32. ↑ "At Croc Bank: Ex-situ". madrascrocodilebank.org. Madras Crocodile Bank Trust. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  33. ↑ Menon, Priya M.r (23 November 2008). "Adopt an animal, save endangered species". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  34. ↑ "MCBT/Herpetology Center - Annual Report 2012-2013" (PDF). Madras Crocodile Bank Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  35. ↑ "Irulas want big role in venom industry". civilsocietyonline.com. Civil Society. November 2009. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
  36. ↑ "The Irula tribal snake venom extraction cooperative" (PDF). ssc.undp.org. United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
  37. ↑ Oppili, P. (25 November 2005). "A new job on hand for Irulas". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
  38. ↑ Oppili, P. (24 November 2008). "Show-cause notice to Irula snake catchers' society". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
  39. ↑ Oppili, P. (6 November 2009). "Not a charmed life for snake catchers at work". thehindu.com. Chennai, India: The Hindu. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
  40. ↑ Bagla, Pallava (25 February 2003). "India Snake Hunters Find Antidote to Joblessness". nationalgeographic.com. national Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 26 February 2003. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
  41. 1 2 "A date with the dragons". The Hindu. 18 April 2016.
  42. ↑ "Crocodile Bank to procure green anacondas". hindu.com. Chennai, India: The Hindu. 18 September 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  43. ↑ "Green anacondas to find home in Madras Crocodile Bank". wildlifewatch.in. Wildlife Watch India. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  44. ↑ "India's largest croc bank to welcome more crocs". Zee News. ZeeNews.com. 11 September 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
  45. ↑ "Crocodile Bank". wildlifeconsult.com. Wildlife Consult. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
  46. ↑ "Crocodile Bank". tamilnadutour.co.in. TamilNadu Tour. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
  47. ↑ "Global Species". globalspecies.org. Madras Crocodile Bank Trust. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
  48. ↑ Kinzer, Stephen (3 February 1998). "Saving the Crocodile and Putting on a Spectacular Show". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  49. ↑ Frederick, Prince (24 March 2013). "Birds attract visitors to croc bank". The Hindu. Chennai. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
  50. ↑ "MCBT/Herpetology Center - Annual Report 2012-2013" (PDF). Madras Crocodile Bank Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  51. ↑ "MCBT/Herpetology Center - Annual Report 2012-2013" (PDF). Madras Crocodile Bank Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  52. ↑ "MCBT/Herpetology Center - Annual Report 2012-2013" (PDF). Madras Crocodile Bank Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  53. ↑ Oppili, P. (17 July 2008). "Madras Crocodile Bank to launch night safari". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  54. ↑ "Environmental grant for Crocodile Bank Trust". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 21 November 2001. Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  55. ↑ "Our Winners". whitleyaward.org. Whitley Fund for Nature. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  56. ↑ "Speakers Romulus Whitaker: Herpetologist". ted.com. TED Conferences, LLC. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  57. ↑ Sahgal, Bittu (December 2006). "Meet Rom Whitaker". sanctuaryasia.com. Sanctuary Asia. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  58. ↑ Doraisamy, Vani (22 April 2005). "Chennai may become a python-breeding hub". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 28 April 2005. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  59. ↑ Priya M., Menon (7 March 2013). "A home away from home". The Times Group. Chennai: The Times of India. Retrieved 17 March 2013.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Madras Crocodile Bank Trust.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.