Excavations of the Roman road just south of Magnae in 2005

Magnae, sometimes Magnae Dobunnorum (Latin for "The Greats of the Dobunni") to distinguish it from the Magnae of the Carvetii on Hadrian's Wall in northern Britain,[1] was a Romano-British town and an important market centre for the British Dobunni tribe, located near modern-day Kenchester in Herefordshire, England. The town was shaped as an irregular hexagon, with a single main street along the line of the main Roman Road running east–west through the area, and an irregular pattern of side streets with tightly packed buildings leading off it.[2]

A picture of the Roman cistern at The Weir Garden in Herefordshire

Name

The Roman town is securely identified with the "Magnis" which appears both in the Antonine Itinerary and Ravenna Cosmography.[3] The town is today sometimes referred to under the name "Magna".[4] However, the town was not a colonia, nor a tribal capital,[5] and Rivet and Smith derive the name from the Celtic word maen meaning 'stone' or 'rock'.[6] The name may apply to the hills visible to the north of Kenchester.[7]

History

The ruins of a Roman temple possibly associated with a high-status Roman villa, which may have connections to Magnae, lie inside the Weir Garden by the River Wye. There is an octagonal cistern filled by a spring, and a ruined buttress by the river. These are the highest standing Roman ruins in Herefordshire.[8][9]

Earthen defences have been found dating from the 2nd century, with later stone defences being built by the 4th century and occupation likely to have continued into the 5th century.[10]

In the Sub-Roman Period, the fort formed a citadel of the British kingdom of Pengwern.

After Pengwern was overrun, the town was the base of the Mercian subkingdom of Magonsaete.[11]

References

  1. ↑ Both names are sometimes also given as Magnis, the form under which it appears in the Antonine Itinerary owing to Latin's declensions. It is also sometimes misspelled as singular Magna.
  2. ↑ "MAGNIS Romano-British Town".
  3. ↑ Burnham; Wacher, J. S. (1990). The Small Towns of Roman Britain. University of California Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-520-07303-6.
  4. ↑ Darvill, Timothy; Stamper, Paul; Timby, Jane (2002). England: An Oxford Archaeological Guide to Sites from Earliest Times to AD 1600. Oxford University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-19-284101-8.
  5. ↑ Durant, Gladys May (1957). Journey into Roman Britain. W. W. Norton. p. 183.
  6. ↑ Rivet, A.L.F; Smith, Colin (1979). The Place-Names of Roman Britain. Batsford. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-7134-2077-7.
  7. ↑ Hines, John (2003). The Anglo-Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective. Boydell Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-84383-034-4.
  8. ↑ "Suspected Romano-British Temple, The Weir Gardens". Roman-Britain.org. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  9. ↑ "Roman Riverside Building Complex, The Weir Garden". Herefordshire Monuments Search. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  10. ↑ "MAGNIS". Pastscape – National Monuments Record. English Heritage. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
  11. ↑ Kirby, D. P. (2000). The earliest English kings. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-415-24210-3. Retrieved 7 June 2009.

52°04′52″N 2°49′05″W / 52.081°N 2.818°W / 52.081; -2.818

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