Lake Mansarovar
Mapam Yumtso (Standard Tibetan)
Lake Manasarovar with Mount Kailash in the distance.
Location of the lake in Tibet##Location within Ngari Prefecture
Location of the lake in Tibet##Location within Ngari Prefecture
Lake Mansarovar
Location of the lake in Tibet##Location within Ngari Prefecture
Location of the lake in Tibet##Location within Ngari Prefecture
Lake Mansarovar
Location of the lake in Tibet##Location within Ngari Prefecture
Location of the lake in Tibet##Location within Ngari Prefecture
Lake Mansarovar
LocationBurang County, Ngari Prefecture, Tibet, China
Coordinates30°39′N 81°27′E / 30.65°N 81.45°E / 30.65; 81.45
Surface area410 km2 (160 sq mi)
Max. depth90 m (300 ft)
Surface elevation4,590 m (15,060 ft)
FrozenWinter

Lake Mansarovar (Sanskrit: मानसरोवर, romanized: Mānasarōvara), also called Mapam Yumtso (Tibetan: མ་ཕམ་གཡུ་མཚོ།, Wylie: ma pham g.yu mtsho, THL: ma pam yu tso; Chinese: 瑪旁雍錯; pinyin: Mǎ páng yōng cuò) locally,[lower-alpha 1] is a high altitude freshwater lake fed by the Kailash Glaciers[3] near Mount Kailash in Burang County, Ngari Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. The lake along with Mount Kailash to its north are sacred sites in four religions: Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Bön.[3]

Etymology

The Sanskrit word "Mansarovar" (मानसरोवर) is a combination of two Sanskrit words; "Mānas" (मानस्) meaning "mind (in its widest sense as applied to all the mental powers), intellect, intelligence, understanding, perception, sense, conscience"[4] while "sarovara" (सरोवर) means "a lake or a large pond deep enough for a lotus".[5]

Geography

Mount Naimona'nyi (Gurla Mandhata) and Lake Manasarovar
Map of the region

It is located about 50 kilometers to the northwest of Nepal, about 100 kilometers east of Uttarakhand, and in the southwest region of Tibet. The lake lies at 4,590 m (15,060 ft) above mean sea level, a relatively high elevation for a large freshwater lake on the mostly saline lake-studded Tibetan Plateau. It freezes in the winter. According to Brockman, it is one of the highest freshwater lakes in Asia (with the highest being Tilicho Lake in Nepal at an altitude of 4919 m).[3]

Lake Mansarovar is relatively round in shape with a circumference of 88 km (54.7 mi). Its depth reaches a maximum of 90 m (300 ft) and its surface area is 320 km2 (123.6 sq mi). It is connected to nearby Lake Rakshastal by the natural Ganga Chhu channel. Lake Mansarovar is near the source of the Sutlej, which is the easternmost large tributary of the Indus. Nearby are the sources of the Brahmaputra River, the Indus River, and the Karnali, an important tributary of the Ganges.

Lake Mansarovar overflows into Lake Rakshastal which is a salt-water endorheic lake. When the level of Lake Rakshastal matched that of Lake Mansarovar, these (very narrowly) combined lakes overflowed into the Sutlej basin.

Lake Mansarovar and Mount Kailash are visible from the Lapcha La pass, located above the Limi valley in the district of Humla, Nepal.[6][7]

In May 2020, India inaugurated a new 80 km long motorable road from Dharchula to Lipulekh Pass along the India-China border under the geostrategic India-China Border Roads project to the Kailas-Manasarovar in Tibet.[8]

Climate

Climate data for Lake Manasarovar
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −3.2
(26.2)		 −2.0
(28.4)		 0.9
(33.6)		 6.4
(43.5)		 10.2
(50.4)		 13.7
(56.7)		 13.7
(56.7)		 13.1
(55.6)		 13.1
(55.6)		 11.1
(52.0)		 6.5
(43.7)		 1.0
(33.8)		 7.0
(44.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −8.9
(16.0)		 −7.6
(18.3)		 −4.2
(24.4)		 −0.1
(31.8)		 3.1
(37.6)		 7.1
(44.8)		 8.4
(47.1)		 8.0
(46.4)		 8.0
(46.4)		 5.4
(41.7)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 −5.1
(22.8)		 1.2
(34.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −14.5
(5.9)		 −13.1
(8.4)		 −9.2
(15.4)		 −6.6
(20.1)		 −4.0
(24.8)		 0.6
(33.1)		 3.1
(37.6)		 3.0
(37.4)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 −6.8
(19.8)		 −11.1
(12.0)		 −13.3
(8.1)		 −6.0
(21.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 52
(2.0)		 34
(1.3)		 52
(2.0)		 30
(1.2)		 26
(1.0)		 40
(1.6)		 125
(4.9)		 135
(5.3)		 66
(2.6)		 29
(1.1)		 7
(0.3)		 18
(0.7)		 614
(24)
Source: Climate-Data.org

Access

Lake Manasarovar lies near Mount Kailash, and is an integral part of a Kailash-Manasarovar pilgrimage.

History and texts

There is no mention of the lake (or its location) in Vedic literature or ancient Sanskrit and Prakrit texts. Though colonial era and modern texts state Manasarovar to be among the most sacred sites of Indian religions, particularly Hinduism, this status is not found in early Indian texts prior to texts authored in the 1st millennium CE.[9][10] Instead, the early Buddhist, Hindu and Jain texts mention a mythical Mount Meru and Lake Manasa. The mythical Manasa lake is described as one created through the mind of Brahma as the preferred abode of his vahana hamsa.[11]

While there is no explicit mention of this lake or the nearby mountain in ancient Sanskrit texts, there is indirect mention of this region of Tibet in hymn 2.15 of the Rigveda. There it says that the Indus River keeps flowing north because of Indra's power, a geographical reality only in Tibet. This is in the context of Himavant (or the Himalayas). According to Frits Staal, a Sanskrit and Vedic studies scholar, this makes it likely that some among the ancient Vedic people traced the Indus river route and had seen the valley near Mount Kailash. However, there is no mention of this lake or it being a tirtha (pilgrimage site).[10]

Typically, major historic pilgrimage sites that were frequented by Buddhists, Hindus and Jains attracted discussion in their respective texts and the construction of infrastructure by wealthy patrons or kings. In Hinduism, these are the mahatmya chapters in the Puranas, and the infrastructure includes temples, dharmasalas, ashrams and pilgrimage facilities. At least until the 1930s, there was no evidence of such structures in the Kailash-Manasarovar region.[10]

An 18th-century map of lake Manasarovar by the Jesuit Joseph Tiefenthaler.
Satellite view of lakes Manasarovar (right) and Rakshastal with Mount Kailash in the background

The earliest verifiable reports that confirm that this lake site attracted pilgrims are those of the Buddhists. According to Luciano Petech, Tibetan records confirm that Buddhists considered the region now identified as Kailasa and Manasarovar to be their sacred geography by the late 12th-century, with many reports of Buddhist monks meditating in the Go-zul cave of Kailash and circumambulating the mountain.

According to Alex McKay, the possible synthesis of esoteric Buddhism and Shaivism in Nepal, Tibet and eastern region of India may have expanded and brought Kailash and lake Manasarovar into the shared sacred geography for both Buddhists and Hindus. The 13th-century text Mahanirvana Tantra dedicates it first chapter to Kailash and Manasarovar lake as a pilgrimage site. This may have been coupled with the re-discovery of its importance to major rivers on the subcontinent.[12]

Between 1901 and 1905, southern Tibet became strategically important to the British Empire. The colonial era officials decided to encourage and assist religious pilgrimage to this lake and Kailash with comments such as "a devotee will be the pioneer of trade". By 1907, about 150 pilgrims a year visited this site, a number significantly higher than those in the 19th century. The number of Indian pilgrims grew to 730 by 1930. Pilgrimage road and facilities to this lake and Kailash were constructed by Indians, in cooperation with Tibetan monks and officials, along the route after 1930.[13]

Religious significance

View from Chiu Gompa Monastery

In Hinduism

Lake Manasarovar and Mount Kailash are believed to be the abode of Shiva. This is where the holy river the Ganges is believed to be tamed by Shiva and sent to nourish the fertile valleys below the Himalayas. It is sometimes conflated with Meru.[3] For the Khas Hindu shamans of the nearby region of Humla (northwest Nepal), a ritual bath in Lake Manasarovar is an important step in gaining their shamanic powers.[14]

In the Bon religion

The Bon religion is also associated with the holy place of Zhang Zhung Meri sacred deity. When Tonpa Shenrab, the founder of the Bon religion, visited Tibet for the first time and bathed in the lake.

In Buddhism

Buddhists associate the lake as the mother principle, with Kailash as the father principle. The Yamantaka shrine here is one of the eight guardian deities, who is shown in the act of a sexual embrace to unite compassion and wisdom. A traditional 32-mile circuit around the mountain, called kora, is believed to be particularly holy walk.[3] According to legend, Queen Maya bathed at Manasarovar before she gave birth to Buddha.[15]

The lake has a few monasteries on its shores, the most notable of which is the ancient Chiu Monastery built on a steep hill, looking as if it has been carved right out of the rock.

In Jainism

In Jainism, Lake Manasarovar is associated with the first Tirthankara, Rishabha.[3] As per Jain scriptures, the first Tirthankar, Bhagwan Rishabhdev, had attained nirvana on the Ashtapad Mountain. The son of Bhagwan Rishabhdev, Chakravati Bharat, had built a palace adorned with gems on the Ashtapad Mountain located in the Himalayas. There are many stories related to Ashtapad Maha Tirth like Kumar and Sagar's sons, Tapas Kher Parna, Ravan and Mandodri Bhakti, among many others.[16]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Alternative names include Mapam Yatso (Tibetan: མ་ཕམ་གཡ་མཚོ, Wylie: ma pham g.ya mtsho, THL: ma pam ya tso), Mapang Tso, Tso Mapam, Tsang Tso (Tibetan: ཚངས་མཚོ, Wylie: tshangs mtsho, THL: tsang tso),[1] and Tso Madröpa (Wylie: mtsho ma dros pa).[2]

References

  1. ↑ "Geographical names of Tibet AR (China): Ngari prefecture". KNAB Place Name Database. Institute of the Estonian Language. 3 June 2018.
  2. ↑ McKay, Alex (2013). Pilgrimage in Tibet. ISBN 9781136807091.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brockman, Norbert (2011). Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 356. ISBN 9781598846546. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  4. ↑ Williams, Monier. "Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary". faculty.washington.edu. Archived from the original on 3 December 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2017. mánas n. mind (in its widest sense as applied to all the mental powers), intellect, intelligence, understanding, perception, sense, conscience, will RV. &c. &c. (in phil. the internal organ or antaḥ-karaṇa of perception and cognition, the faculty or instrument through which thoughts enter or by which objects of sense affect the soul IW. 53
    • in this sense manas is always is always regarded as distinct from ātman and puruṣa, 'spirit or soul' and belonging only to the body, like which it is – except in the Nyāya – considered perishable
  5. ↑ Williams, Monier. "Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary". faculty.washington.edu. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2017. sarovara ○vara n. (accord. to some also m.) a lake or large pond, any piece of water deep enough for the lotus Kāv. Pur. &c
  6. ↑ Bubriski, Kevin (2018). Kailash Yatra: a Long Walk to Mt Kailash through Humla. New Delhi: Penguin Random House. p. 1. ISBN 978-0670091119.
  7. ↑ "You are being redirected..." thehimalayantimes.com. 13 March 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  8. ↑ Suhasini Haidar, New road to Kailash Mansarovar runs into diplomatic trouble, The Hindu, 9 May 2020.
  9. ↑ Alex McKay (2015), Kailas Histories, Brill Academic, pp. 375–379 with footnotes
  10. 1 2 3 Alex McKay (2013). Pilgrimage in Tibet. Taylor and Francis, ISBN 9781315027180, pp. 165–168
  11. ↑ Eckard Schleberger, Die Indische Götterwelt. Eugen Diederich Verlag. 1997 (in German)
  12. ↑ Alex McKay (2013). Pilgrimage in Tibet. Taylor and Francis, ISBN 9781315027180, pp. 175–176
  13. ↑ Alex McKay (2013). Pilgrimage in Tibet. Taylor and Francis, ISBN 9781315027180, pp. 177–181
  14. ↑ Bubriski, Kevin; Pandey, Abhimanyu (2018). Kailash Yatra: a Long Walk to Mt Kailash through Humla. New Delhi: Penguin Random House. p. 33. ISBN 978-0670091119.
  15. ↑ Mayhew, Bradley; Kelly, Robert (2015). Lonely Planet Tibet. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781743604984.
  16. ↑ "'Lost' tirth of Jains traced to Himalayas - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dnaindia.com. 30 December 2011. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
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