Marble Hill
Neighborhood of Manhattan
An aerial view of Marble Hill, as seen from the west
An overview of Marble Hill seen from the west with John F. Kennedy High School (foreground) and the rest of Marble Hill (center) bound by the Harlem River (on right), and The Bronx (background)
Coordinates: 40°52′34″N 73°54′36″W / 40.876°N 73.91°W / 40.876; -73.91
Country United States
State New York
City New York City
BoroughManhattan
Community DistrictBronx 8[1]
Founded1891
Named forLocal deposits of dolomitic marble quarried for federal buildings in lower Manhattan when New York was the capital of the United States in the 1780s.
Area
[2]
 • Total0.38 km2 (0.145 sq mi)
Population
 (2010)[2][3]
 • Total9,481
 • Density25,000/km2 (65,000/sq mi)
Economics
[2][3]
 • Median income$44,096
ZIP Code
10463
Area code718/347/929, and 917
Websitewww.marblehillalliance.com

Marble Hill is the northernmost neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Although once part of Manhattan Island, it is now one of the few areas of Manhattan that are not located on the island. The Bronx surrounds the neighborhood to the west, north, and east. The area of Marble Hill was established as a Dutch colonial settlement in 1646, and gained its current name in 1891 from the Tuckahoe marble deposits discovered underneath the neighborhood.

Marble Hill became an island in the Harlem River when it was separated from the island of Manhattan by the construction of the Harlem Ship Canal in 1895. In 1914, the Harlem River on the north side of Marble Hill was fully diverted to the canal, with landfill connecting the neighborhood to the Bronx. The boundaries of the neighborhood are approximately between Terrace View Avenue and Johnson Avenue to the west, between 228th Street and 230th Street to the north, and cutting through the Marble Hill Houses and River Plaza Shopping Center to the east.[4] It is connected to the rest of Manhattan by the Broadway Bridge.[5]

Because of this change in topography, Marble Hill is often associated with the Bronx and is part of Bronx Community District 8.[1] In addition, Marble Hill has a Bronx ZIP Code of 10463,[6] and is served by the New York City Police Department's 50th Precinct, headquartered in the Bronx.[7] Unlike the rest of Manhattan, it carries the Bronx area codes 718, 347, and 929, which are overlaid by the citywide area code 917.

History

Colonial era

Marble Hill has been occupied since the Dutch colonial period. On August 18, 1646, Governor Willem Kieft, the Dutch Director of New Netherland, signed a land grant to Mattius Jansen van Keulan and Huyck Aertsen which included the whole of the present community. Johannes Verveelen petitioned the Harlem authorities to move his ferry from what is now the East River and 125th Street to Spuyten Duyvil Creek because the creek was shallow enough to wade across, thus providing a means of evading the toll. The ferry charter was granted in 1667. Many settlers circumvented the toll for the ferry by crossing the creek from northern Marble Hill to modern Kingsbridge, Bronx, a point where it was feasible to wade or swim through the waters.[8][9] In 1669 Verveelen transplanted his ferry to the northern tip of Marble Hill, at today's Broadway and West 231st Street.[9][10]

Bridges

Two bridges connected Marble Hill with the mainland: the King's Bridge[11][12][13] and the Dyckman Free Bridge.[9][13] In 1693 Frederick Philipse, a Dutch nobleman who had sworn allegiance to the Crown upon the British takeover of Dutch New Netherlands, built the King's Bridge at Marble Hill near what is now West 230th Street in the Bronx.[11][12][14] Originally a merchant in New Amsterdam, Philipse had purchased vast landholdings in what was then Westchester County.[11] Granted the title Lord of Philipse Manor, he established a plantation and provisioning depot for his shipping business upriver on the Hudson in present-day Sleepy Hollow. His toll bridge provided access and opened his land to settlement. Later, it carried the Boston Post Road.[11][12]

Original course of Spuyten Duyvil Creek and location of King's Bridge and Marble Hill area

In 1758, the Free Bridge was erected by Jacob Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer.[9] It opened on January 1, 1759.[8][15] Its purpose was to serve the farmers who refused to pay the toll.[12] Stagecoach service was later established across the span.[11][14] The new bridge proceeded to take much of the traffic away from the King's Bridge.[8][15]

One of the local visiting spots during this period was a tavern operated by the Dyckman family. They had a tavern called the Black Horse Inn, located just south of McGowan's Pass in what is now East Drive of Central Park, near 102nd Street.[16] The Dyckmans sold the Black Horse to finance a new operation on the west side of Broadway and 226th Street that was to be managed by Benjamin Palmer, who owned property on City Island. It was situated to cater to the traffic from both bridges. In 1772 the Dyckmans sold the tavern to Caleb Hyatt and was known by the new owner's name as Hyatt's Tavern at the Free Bridge.[17]

American Revolution

St Stephen's United Methodist Church

When hostilities broke out at the start of the American Revolution, the Continental Army constructed a fort on Marble Hill as part of a series of forts to defend the area. By November 1776, the fort had been taken over by Hessian forces and renamed Fort Prince Charles in honor of Charles, Duke of Brunswick, brother-in-law to George III. Despite contrary beliefs, the King's Bridge and the Dyckman Free Bridge served as escape routes for the retreating American forces after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16, 1776. The latter of these bridges was destroyed during the war.[9] In January 1777, an American attack was made in the Marble Hill area against the Hessian occupiers. This particular raid was under the command of General William Heath, which, when the cannons opened up, forced the Hessians to retreat from the tavern to the fort to return fire.

Hyatt's Tavern remained in the Hyatt family until 1807, when it was leased to James Devoe. The building was eventually razed, succeeded by the Kingsbridge Hotel on the east side of Broadway at 226th Street.[17] The hotel had a mansard roof and a central turret. It catered to the anglers and sportsman who came to the area either by the Hudson River Railroad Company or boat service up the Harlem River. One of the meals served at the hotel was turtle dinner, which became a favorite of the guests.[17] The hotel's business declined when Broadway was widened and interest was lost in the community. The hotel eventually fell into disrepair and was torn down in 1917.[17]

Philipse Manor was also forfeited to the state legislature after the war. Afterward, the King's Bridge was free.[8][11] In 1817, Curtis and John Bolton purchased land in the area, laying a road called Bolton Road.[18] Their home was on the south side of the community and included a marble mill.[19]

The name of Marble Hill was conceived when Darius C. Crosby came up with the name in 1891 from the 100-to-500-foot-deep (30 to 152 m)[20] deposits of dolomite marble underlying it, a relatively soft rock that crops out in Inwood and Marble Hill, known as Inwood marble. The marble was quarried for the federal buildings in lower Manhattan when New York was the capital of the United States in the 1780s.[21]

Saint Stephen's United Methodist Church, a community fixture since its 1898 construction, is located at 228th Street and Marble Hill Avenue.[22] It is the third structure of the same name, as well as one of the oldest remaining buildings in Marble Hill. The congregation was founded on Mosholu Parkway in 1826 and was incorporated a decade later, making it one of the earliest religious institutions in the area. It moved to another structure in Riverdale in 1876.[23] The church building was restored in the 1950s, and again in 2010.[22] One of its corners, the one closest to the intersection, has a tall bell tower. There are circular stained glass windows facing both streets. Inside is an Akron Plan-inspired setup with balconies and an auditorium that is laid out like an amphitheater.[22] One of the pastors of St. Stephen's was Reverend William Tieck, who served the church from 1946 to 1977. Tieck was the official Bronx County historian from 1989 to 1996, authoring several books about the Bronx.[12][24]

Separation from Manhattan Island

Marble Hill (highlighted in pink) in an 1896 map

After an increase in ship traffic in the 1890s, the United States Army Corps of Engineers determined that a wide canal was needed for a shipping route between the Hudson and Harlem rivers. Such a canal had been proposed since the early 19th century.[14][25] In the 1810s, a narrow canal had been dug through the south end of Marble Hill at approximately 222nd Street, known as "Boltons' Canal" or "Dyckman Canal".[26][27][28]

Construction of such a waterway, the Harlem River Ship Channel,[29] finally started in January 1888.[30][31] The canal was to be 400 feet (120 m) in width and had a depth of 15 feet (4.6 m) to 18 feet (5.5 m). It would be cut directly through the rock of Dyckman's Meadow, making a straight course to the Hudson River.[11][30]

The first section of the canal, the cut at Marble Hill, was completed in 1895 and opened on June 17 of that year.[9][32][33] Several festivities including parades were held to commemorate the occasion.[33][34] This rendered Marble Hill an island bounded by the canal to the south and the original course of the Harlem River to the north.[35] The Greater New York Charter of 1897 designated Marble Hill as part of the Borough of Manhattan.[36] A bridge opened over the former Marble Hill alignment of the creek in 1900, carrying Broadway. The bridge's superstructure was demolished shortly afterward, with the construction of the IRT subway above Broadway in 1904.[37]

On January 1, 1914, following passage of an act of the New York State Legislature, Bronx County was created, but Marble Hill remained part of New York County.[38][39] Later in 1914, the old river was filled in with 51 acres (21 ha) of landfill,[28] physically connecting Marble Hill to the Bronx and the rest of the North American mainland.[40][41] Both the King's and Dyckman Free Bridges were covered over with landfill.[13] The bridge carrying Broadway over the former alignment of the creek at 230th Street was destroyed in the late 1920s.[37] At 210 West 230th Street, at the southwest corner with Broadway, is a plaque designating the area as the site of the King's Bridge. The site of the Dyckman Free Bridge is located on the grounds of today's Marble Hill Houses.[12]

Character

Housing

Six-story apartment houses were constructed in the 20th century, and in the early 1950s urban renewal came to the area. A complex was built bounded by Broadway, Exterior Street and 225th Street and was called the Marble Hill Houses. This property was acquired by New York City on August 26, 1948. The houses were completed in 1952.[42] Part of the acquisition became the Marble Hill Playground, which is located on Marble Hill Avenue between 228th and 230th Streets.[42] Despite the name, only seven of the 11 towers are actually in Marble Hill; the other four are in Kingsbridge.[28]

Out of Marble Hill's 4,000 households, only 135 lived in private houses as of 1995,[36] down from 138 such households in 1989.[43] The majority of Marble Hill's 9,481 residents (as of the 2010 United States Census)[2][3] live in the Marble Hill Houses.[28] There are also Art Deco apartment buildings lining some streets. These buildings even boast one pedestrian alley, Marble Hill Lane, in a manner similar to in Inwood and surrounding Bronx neighborhoods.[12]

Private residences in Marble Hill include detached single- and two-story houses.[28] It is not uncommon to see a detached house next to a multilevel apartment building in Marble Hill.[12] The neighborhood is described as cozy, with neighbors watching out for one another, and a sense of "community spirit."[28] The blocks of Marble Hill with these single-story houses were described as a "well-kept secret": relatively cheap, with ample space and a backyard. In 1995 one reporter wrote of these houses, "Where else in Manhattan can you find a six-bedroom, three-story house on a quiet, tree-lined street with an attic, a basement, an enclosed front porch and a pretty facade for sale for $174,000? Or a three-family house with six bedrooms on an architecturally magnificent street with an asking price of $295,000?"[36]

Street naming

Many of the neighborhood's streets were named for Dutch settlers to Marble Hill. For instance, Teunissen Place, a dead-end alley off Terrace View Avenue to the neighborhood's west, is named after Tobias Teunissen, a wool washer from Leyden, Holland, who came to the area in 1636.[12] He applied for and received a land grant to live in Inwood near 213th Street. Occasionally he had worked on the De La Montagne farm, which was in what is now the Harlem section of Manhattan.[44]: 98  Teunissen was killed in an Indian raid in 1655, and his wife and child were held hostage until they were ransomed by the Dutch authorities.[12] The Dyckmans and the Nagles, who owned land in Inwood, purchased the Teunissen property in 1677.[45]: 356 

Adrian Avenue is named after Adriaen van der Donck, an early lawyer in New Amsterdam. With permission, he bought a strip of land from local Native American tribes in 1646. This land stretched from Spuyten Duyvil to present-day Yonkers along the Hudson coastline.[12]

Van Corlear Place, which comprises half of a U-shaped street curving around Marble Hill, has detached one- and two-family homes in addition to a few brick townhouses. It was named after Anthony Van Corlaer, a messenger of New Amsterdam Governor-General Peter Stuyvesant who was sent to the mainland Bronx for backup soldiers following reports of attempts by British forces to seize New Amsterdam.[12] In Washington Irving's book A History of New York, van Corlaer is said to have drowned while crossing Spuyten Duyvil Creek.[46] The street's name is misspelled.[12]

Jacobus Place, the other half of the U-shape that includes Van Corlear Place, has both a large brick apartment building and freestanding private houses with diverse designs. It is named after Jacob (Jacobus) Dyckman,[12] the owner of the Dyckman Tavern and a sponsor of the Dyckman Free Bridge.[9]

Fort Charles Place remains as a token of the Hessian-named Fort Prince Charles.[47]

Shopping mall

The skyline of Manhattan seen from River Plaza

River Plaza, a shopping mall located on 40 West 225th Street between Broadway and Exterior Street and overlooking the Harlem River, opened in August 2004. It is the commercial center for Marble Hill. It cost $90 million and has a floor area of 235,000 sq ft (21,800 m2). The mall, which has an open-air format in which the passageways between stores are outdoors, has a 640-space parking lot on the roof. In 2002, before construction, developers purchased adjacent land from six owners, with the largest building on these lots being a deteriorating, 3+1⁄2-floor, 326,000 sq ft (30,300 m2) warehouse owned by NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital. Since the building could not be renovated cheaply enough, it was demolished. The mall was built on a foundation of soft soil and a shallow water table, so builders had to place 1,500 concrete-capped steel piles into the soil. The finished building was designed to retain views of landmarks like the George Washington Bridge and the Empire State Building.[48]

Demographics

For census purposes, the New York City government classifies Marble Hill as part of a larger neighborhood tabulation area encompassing Inwood and Marble Hill.[49] Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Inwood and Marble Hill was 46,746, a change of -2,341 (-5%) from the 49,087 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 405.79 acres (164.22 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 115.2 inhabitants per acre (73,700/sq mi; 28,500/km2).[50] The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 15.1% (7,060) White, 9.1% (4,239) African American, 0.1% (64) Native American, 1.9% (884) Asian, 0% (5) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (179) from other races, and 1% (458) from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 72.4% (33,857) of the population.[51]

The racial composition of Marble Hill and Inwood changed moderately from 2000 to 2010, with the most significant changes being the Black population's decrease by 13% (661) and the Hispanic / Latino population's decrease by 5% (1,880). Meanwhile, the White population grew by 5% (335) and remained a minority, as with the Asian population which grew by 11% (86); the small population of all other races decreased by 24% (221).[52]

The entirety of Bronx Community District 8, which comprises Marble Hill as well as Kingsbridge, Riverdale, Spuyten Duyvil, Fieldston, and Van Cortlandt Village, had 102,927 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 80.9 years.[53]: 2, 20  This is about the slightly lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.[54]: 53 (PDF p. 84)  Most inhabitants are children and middle-aged adults: 28% are between the ages of 25–44, while 25% are between 45–64, and 20% are between 0–17. The proportion of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 18% respectively.[53]: 2 

As of 2019, the median household income in Bronx Community District 8 was $47,000 compared to $53,000 in the entire city. In 2019, an estimated 15% of residents lived in poverty, compared to 25% in all of the Bronx and 20% in all of New York City. One in eleven residents (9%) were unemployed, compared to 13% in the Bronx and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 52% in Community District 8, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 58% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018, Community District 8 is not considered to be gentrifying: according to the Community Health Profile, the district was not low-income in 1990.[53]: 7 

Police and crime

Marble Hill is patrolled by the 50th Precinct of the NYPD in the Bronx, located at 3450 Kingsbridge Avenue.[7] The 50th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 69.9% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported three murders, 22 rapes, 185 robberies, 213 felony assaults, 126 burglaries, 695 grand larcenies, and 288 grand larcenies auto in 2022.[55]

As of 2018, Bronx Community District 8 has a non-fatal assault hospitalization rate of 40 per 100,000 people, compared to the Bronx's rate of 113 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 59 per 100,000. Its incarceration rate is 225 per 100,000 people, compared to the Bronx's rate of 670 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 425 per 100,000.[53]: 8 

Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 50th Precinct had a rate of 363 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the Bronx's average of 851 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.[56][57][58]

In 2019, the highest concentration of felony assaults in Marble Hill was on Broadway between 225th Street and 228th Street, where there were 13 felony assaults. The highest concentration of robberies was nearby, at the intersection of Broadway and 225th Street, where there were 8 robberies.[56]

Fire safety

Marble Hill is served by a New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire station, Engine Co. 81/Ladder Co. 46, at 3025 Bailey Avenue.[59][60]

The Marble Hill Hose Company was organized in 1895 because, at the time, there was no fire station in the neighborhood.[61][62] FDNY horses were unable to climb the neighborhood's steep hills, so the FDNY loaned the company a hose cart; a fire engine was not required because the water pressure in the hydrants were sufficient to propel a stream of water.[61] It was the only independent fire company in Manhattan[63] after the FDNY became a paid fire department in 1865.[64] The Marble Hill Hose Company remained in service for ten years.

Education

Schools

John F. Kennedy High School in Marble Hill

John F. Kennedy High School was built in the former riverbed on the western side of Marble Hill, and was opened in September 1972.[65] Beginning in fall 2002, smaller high schools were established within the campus.[66] Due to poor academic performance in the 2000s, as well as a series of violent crimes at the school (including the murder of a student),[67] the New York City Department of Education made a decision in fall 2010 to close the school, phasing out one grade per year until 2014.[68] It closed down in 2014,[69][70] and six smaller, specialty high schools now occupy its campus: four public, two charter.[71] Four of these schools were founded in 2002, while the other two were established in 2011 after the decision was made to close John F. Kennedy High School.[72] The nearest public elementary school is PS 7 Milton Fein School in Kingsbridge, serving grades K–5.[43][73]

Nearby private schools include Horace Mann School, Riverdale Country School, and Ethical Culture Fieldston School. Nearby parochial schools are Good Shepherd, in Inwood. The nearest parochial school, St. John's, in Kingsbridge was closed in 2020.[74] The Marble Hill Nursery School, in the Marble Hill Houses, is privately operated with some funding with the city.[28]

Library

The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates the Kingsbridge branch at 291 West 231st Street, which replaced a building from 1959 located across West 231st Street.[75] [76]

Transportation

Marble Hill–225th Street subway station

In 1905–1906, the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad built the Marble Hill station as a replacement for the former Kingsbridge Station used by an affiliate known as the Spuyten Duyvil and Port Morris Railroad.[77] The station was relocated from the east side of Broadway to the west side in the late-1970s and is now served by the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line, which provides commuter railroad service to Grand Central Terminal in midtown Manhattan, locations in the Bronx, and points north.[78] The station is at the bottom of a substantial cliff.[12] For the purpose of purchasing Combo Tickets, Metro-North considers Marble Hill to be in the Bronx.[79]

The Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) extended their Broadway–Seventh Avenue line, now part of the New York City Subway, from 145th Street to 242nd Street in 1906.[80] As part of the construction, the IRT built a station at 225th Street.[80] That station is currently served by the 1 train.[81]

The main street through Marble Hill is Broadway, part of U.S. Route 9.[43]

Politics

The United States Census Bureau defines Marble Hill as Census Tract 309 of New York County. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 8,463 on a land area of 0.3065 km2 (0.1183 sq mi, 75.7 acres).[82] Because Marble Hill is legally part of Manhattan, residents who serve on jury duty go to the courthouses at Foley Square in lower Manhattan.[83]

Political representation

Politically, Marble Hill is in New York's 13th congressional district.[84][85] It is in the New York State Senate's 31st district,[86][87] the New York State Assembly's 72nd district,[88][89] and the New York City Council's 10th district.[90] Bronx Community Board 8 is the local community board for Marble Hill.[1]

History of political dispute

On March 11, 1939, as a publicity stunt, Bronx Borough President James J. Lyons planted the Bronx County flag on the rocky promontory at 225th Street and Jacobus Place. Lyons proclaimed Marble Hill as a part of the Bronx and demanded the subservience of its residents to that borough, saying it was "The Bronx Sudetenland," referring to Hitler's 1938 annexation of the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. The incident was met with boos and nose-thumbing by 50 residents of Marble Hill, who referred to the effort as similar to an "Anschluss".[91][92] Since then, more lighthearted "annexations" have occurred.[93]

Residents of the neighborhood wished to remain residents of Manhattan, and petitions and signatures were gathered to be sent to Governor Herbert H. Lehman to ensure that Marble Hill remain part of Manhattan.[36] In 1984, in response to one Marble Hill resident's refusal to serve on jury duty for a murder case in Manhattan that year due to the resident claiming that she was not a resident of New York County and Manhattan,[83] New York Supreme Court justice Peter J. McQuillan ruled that Marble Hill was simultaneously part of the Borough of Manhattan (not the Borough of the Bronx) and part of Bronx County (not New York County)[94] and the matter was definitively settled later that year when the New York Legislature overwhelmingly passed legislation declaring the neighborhood part of both New York County and the Borough of Manhattan and made this clarification retroactive to 1938, as reflected on the official maps of the city.[36][95][96]

The confusion has been so great that when New York City Councilman Guillermo Linares was elected as Marble Hill's representative in 1991, he originally thought the neighborhood was part of the Bronx.[36]

Services

Marble Hill residents remain part of a political district that includes the northernmost areas of Manhattan (Washington Heights and Inwood), but city services – for example, the fire and police departments – come from and are in the Bronx for reasons of convenience and safety, since the only road connection to the rest of Manhattan is a lift bridge, the Broadway Bridge.[28][97] However, medical services are provided from Manhattan Island, and medical vehicles come from Columbia University's Allen Pavilion, also known as the Allen Hospital, a satellite facility of NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital.[28]

Marble Hill, along with Spuyten Duyvil and Kingsbridge in the Bronx, is located within ZIP Code 10463.[6] The "104" prefix is used for Bronx localities, while "100" through "102" are reserved for Manhattan addresses[97][lower-alpha 1] – although mail can be addressed to either "New York, New York" using the USPS designator for Manhattan, or to "Bronx, New York" as long as the ZIP Code is accurate. The United States Postal Service operates the Kingsbridge Station post office at 5517 Broadway.[98]

In 1984, area code 718 was created out of area code 212 for the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island;[92] the Bronx and Marble Hill were added to the 718 area code in 1992. Marble Hill residents unsuccessfully fought to retain the 212 area code, which was considered more prestigious than the 718 area code.[36] Since then, Marble Hill has been in area code 718 (now also served by three overlay codes: 347 and 929 for the outer boroughs, and 917 for the entire city), but residents are listed in both Bronx and Manhattan telephone books.[97]

Notable people

Notable current and former residents of Marble Hill include:

Notes

References

  1. 1 2 3 "NYC Planning | Community Profiles". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Marble Hill neighborhood in New York". Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 "Marble Hill" Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine on the Point2Homes website
  4. ↑ Google (March 27, 2020). "Manhattan, New York, NY" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  5. ↑ Lord, Anne W. "Marble Hill history literally is water under the bridge", Riverdale Press, August 3, 2018. Accessed January 8, 2024. "A pedestrian walks over the Broadway Bridge towards Manhattan from Marble Hill. The bridge passes over what was once known as the Harlem Ship Canal, which severed Marble Hill from the island of Manhattan, making it geographically a part of the Bronx, though to this day it remains politically a part of Manhattan."
  6. 1 2 "Kings Bridge, New York City-Bronx, New York Zip Code Boundary Map (NY)". United States Zip Code Boundary Map (USA). Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
  7. 1 2 "NYPD – 50th Precinct". www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Stephen Jenkins (1912). The Story of the Bronx from the Purchase Made by the Dutch from the Indians in 1639 to the Present Day. G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 177–208. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
  10. ↑ "Tibbett Gardens: Phase 1A Archaeological Assessment Report" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, Historical Perspectives. January 30, 1987. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Croton Water Treatment Plant at the Harlem River Site; 7.12: Historic and Archaeological Resources" (PDF). New York City Department of Environmental Protection. June 30, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 11, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Marble Hill". Forgotten New York. October 29, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  13. 1 2 3 "BRIDGES PROCLAIM MIGHT OF NEW YORK; Metropolis Has Forty-four Spans, Each Making a Contribution to the Life of Its Millions -- Now The Great Structure Over the Hudson River Is Destined to Dwarf All the Others". The New York Times. December 26, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
  14. 1 2 3 Kadinsky 2016, p. 56.
  15. 1 2 Flexner, James Thomas (January 1992). States Dyckman: American Loyalist. Fordham University Press. pp. 12–15. ISBN 978-0-8232-1369-6. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  16. ↑ Hall, Edward H. McGown's Pass and Vicinity. 1905.
  17. 1 2 3 4 "Hyatt's Tavern". My Inwood. July 22, 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  18. ↑ Assembly, New York (State) Legislature (January 1, 1903). Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York.
  19. ↑ City History Club of New York; Kelly, F.B. (1909). Historical Guide to the City of New York. F. A. Stokes Company. p. 169. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  20. ↑ "The Manhattan Skyline: Why are there no tall skyscrapers between Midtown and Downtown?". blog.epa.gov. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  21. ↑ "Tuckahoe Marble". academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  22. 1 2 3 Wisnieski, Adam (October 27, 2010). "St. Stephen's new face rejuvenates old faith". The Riverdale Press. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  23. ↑ "St. Stephen United Methodist Church - The Bronx, New York". www.nycago.org. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  24. ↑ Thomas, Robert McG. Jr. (January 20, 1997). "Dr. William A. Tieck, Minister And a Bronx Historian, 89". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  25. ↑ Eldredge & Horenstein 2014, p. 104.
  26. ↑ Eldredge & Horenstein 2014, p. 102.
  27. ↑ "Survey of Harlem River From Randall's Island, By Way of Spuyten Duyvil Creek, To Hudson River, New York". Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1875. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office: 224–237. February 18, 1875. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Jackson, Nancy Beth (January 26, 2003). "If You're Thinking of Living In/Marble Hill; Tiny Slice of Manhattan on the Mainland". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  29. ↑ Eldredge & Horenstein 2014, pp. 104–105.
  30. 1 2 Eldredge & Horenstein 2014, pp. 103–105.
  31. ↑ Harlem River Ship Canal: Letters from Simon Stevens to the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund of the City of New York. C. G. Burgoyne, printer. March 8, 1892. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  32. ↑ Eldredge & Horenstein 2014, pp. 102–105.
  33. 1 2 "Harlem Canal Parades" (PDF). The New York Times. June 17, 1895. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  34. ↑ "Parades Along The Canal: The Details for Harlem's Festal Day Have Been Completed" (PDF). The New York Times. June 16, 1895. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  35. ↑ "What's in a Name: While Marble Hill's Origins Are Clear, Its Present Status is Up for Debate". NY1. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bloom, Jennifer Kingson (July 23, 1995). "If Your Thinking of Living In/Marble Hill; A Bit of Manhattan in the Bronx". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  37. 1 2 "Bridge Removal to Hide Site of First Manhattan-Mainload Ferry: Passing of Landmark on Broadway Near 230th Street Recalls the Indians' Wading Place and the Dutch Crossing of Spuyten Duyvil Creek". New York Herald Tribune. January 15, 1928. p. B4. ProQuest 1113422409. Retrieved January 1, 2021 – via ProQuest.
  38. ↑ Thorne, Kathryn; Ford, Compiler (1993). Long, John H. (ed.). New York Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. Simon & Schuster. pp. 33, 118–133. ISBN 0-13-051962-6.
  39. ↑ New York. Laws of New York. 1912, 135th Session, Chapter 548, Section 1. p.1352.
  40. ↑ Eldredge & Horenstein 2014, p. 105.
  41. ↑ Tax Block & Tax Lot Base Map Files on CD-ROM Archived August 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, New York City Department of City Planning. Accessed July 26, 2007. "Marble Hill is a neighborhood that is part of the borough of Manhattan but is administratively often included with neighboring areas of the Bronx. Parts of Marble Hill are within Bronx Community District 7; the rest is within Bronx Community District 8."
  42. 1 2 "Marble Hill Playground Highlights : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  43. 1 2 3 Goetz, Robert F. (February 19, 1989). "If You're Thinking of Living In: Marble Hill". The New York Times. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
  44. ↑ Wissler, Clark (January 1, 1909). The Indians of Greater New York and the Lower Hudson. The Trustees. p. 98. marble hill ny Tobias Teunissen.
  45. ↑ Rider, Fremont; Cooper, Frederic Taber; Hopkins, Mary Alden (January 1, 1916). Rider's New York City and Vicinity, Including Newark, Yonkers and Jersey City: A Guide-book for Travelers, with 16 Maps and 18 Plans, Comp. and. H. Holt.
  46. ↑ Irving, Washington (July 29, 2004) [1809]. "X". A History of New York (eBook). Project Gutenberg. Vol. VII. Chicago: W. B. Conkey. OCLC 8381780. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  47. ↑ Smith, Sarah Harrison (November 16, 2012). "Hooked on the Bronx, Legally Manhattan's". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  48. ↑ Hughes, C.J. (September 15, 2004). "Target Gives New Look to the Bronx". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  49. ↑ New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010 Archived November 29, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.
  50. ↑ Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010 Archived June 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.
  51. ↑ Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010 Archived June 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.
  52. ↑ "Race / Ethnic Change by Neighborhood" (Excel file). Center for Urban Research, The Graduate Center, CUNY. May 23, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  53. 1 2 3 4 "Riverdale and Fieldston (including Kingsbridge, Spuyten Duyvil, Marble Hill, and Van Cortlandt Village" (PDF). nyc.gov. NYC Health. 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  54. ↑ "2016-2018 Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Plan: Take Care New York 2020" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  55. ↑ "50th Precinct CompStat Report" (PDF). www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  56. 1 2 "NYC Crime Map". www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  57. ↑ "Citywide Seven Major Felony Offenses 2000-2019" (PDF). www.nyc.gov. New York Police Department. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  58. ↑ "Citywide Seven Major Felony Offenses by Precinct 2000-2019" (PDF). www.nyc.gov. New York Police Department. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  59. ↑ "Engine Company 81/Ladder Company 46". FDNYtrucks.com. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  60. ↑ "FDNY Firehouse Listing – Location of Firehouses and companies". NYC Open Data; Socrata. New York City Fire Department. September 10, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  61. 1 2 "Marble Hill is Equipped; Fire Apparatus Loaned to It by New-York City. Residents Receive It with Gratitude and Are Drenched by Bursting Hose During Tests". The New York Times. June 15, 1895. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  62. ↑ "Fire Protection and Annexation". Greater Brooklyn. June 7, 1895. p. 2. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  63. ↑ "Our Volunteer Firemen". The New York Times. March 19, 1898. p. 2. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  64. ↑ "The End of the New-York Volunteer Fire Department". The New York Times. March 31, 1865. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  65. ↑ Buder, Leonard (September 11, 1972). "Schools Opening Today With Force of Security Aides". The New York Times. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
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  67. ↑ Dowling, Nikki (December 8, 2010). "City wants to phase out John F. Kennedy High School". Riverdale Press. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
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  69. ↑ Feeney, Michael; Colangelo, Lisa; Kolodner, Meredith (December 6, 2010). "JFK High School one of 12 to close". NY Daily News. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  70. ↑ Rajamani, Maya (June 26, 2014). "Brawl breaks out at JFK's last graduation". Riverdale Press. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
  71. ↑ "2016 New York City High School Directory" (PDF). schools.nyc.gov. New York City Department of Education. 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  72. ↑ See:
  73. ↑ "Welcome — Milton Fein School". schools.nyc.gov. New York City Department of Education. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  74. ↑ "Coronavirus, lack of attendance closes St. John's School". The Riverdale Press. July 9, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  75. ↑ "Kingsbridge Library". The New York Public Library. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  76. ↑ "About the Kingsbridge Library". The New York Public Library. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  77. ↑ Senate, New York (State). Legislature. (1907). Documents of the Senate of the State of New York. p. 112. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  78. ↑ "Metro-North Railroad Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  79. ↑ "Metro-North Railroad on Twitter: "@MichaelSFBA No, Marble Hill is in the Bronx. You will not be able to purchase combo tickets from Grand Central and/or Harlem-125th Street. ^psp" / Twitter". May 2, 2023. Archived from the original on May 2, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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  81. ↑ "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  82. ↑ Census Tract 309, New York County, New York Archived July 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine , United States Census Bureau, accessed June 8, 2006
  83. 1 2 "Marble Hill: Feet in Manhattan, Heart in the Bronx". WNYC. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  84. ↑ Congressional District 13 Archived March 3, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.
  85. ↑ New York City Congressional Districts Archived February 24, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.
  86. ↑ Senate District 31 Archived March 3, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.
  87. ↑ 2012 Senate District Maps: New York City Archived February 24, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed November 17, 2018.
  88. ↑ Assembly District 72 Archived March 4, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.
  89. ↑ 2012 Assembly District Maps: New York City Archived February 25, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed November 17, 2018.
  90. ↑ Current City Council Districts for New York County Archived December 3, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, New York City. Accessed May 5, 2017.
  91. ↑ "Bronx Borough President Invades Marble Hill, 1939". The New York Times. March 12, 1939. Retrieved January 4, 2017 – via DocumentCloud.
  92. 1 2 Kadinsky 2016, p. 57.
  93. ↑ Slattery, Denis (May 7, 2014). "Marble Hill still caught between two boroughs". NY Daily News. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  94. ↑ Chambers, Marcia. "Judge's Ruling Revives Dispute On Marble Hill", The New York Times, May 16, 1984. Accessed January 8, 2024. "After a painstaking legal and historical analysis, Justice Peter J. McQuillan said rather, that Marble Hill lies in both. 'The conclusion is irresistible,' he said in a 36-page opinion, that Marble Hill is situated in the Borough of Manhattan, but is not part of New York County. By statute, he said, 'it is in Bronx County.' Contrary to what the Legislature may have thought when it redefined boundary lines for Manhattan in 1938 and again in 1940, it 'dealt only with boroughs and not counties,' the judge wrote. In short, the boundaries of New York County and Manhattan are not the same, he said."
  95. ↑ "Bill Would Clarify Marble Hill's Status", The New York Times, June 27, 1984. Accessed January 8, 2024. "The Assembly voted tonight to move the Marble Hill section of the Borough of Manhattan into New York County, thereby correcting a 46-year old mistake.... A dispute over Marble Hill followed, but the matter was mostly put to rest in 1938, when the boundaries of the Borough of Manhattan were shifted to include Marble Hill.... Tonight the Assembly voted 140 to 4 and joined the Senate in moving to change that, and the measure now goes to the Governor. It would be retroactive to Jan. 1, 1938."
  96. ↑ Montesano v New York City Hous. Auth., Justia, as corrected through March 19, 2008. Accessed January 8, 2024. "Less than 10 weeks after the Boyd decision, the Legislature eliminated any doubt that the Borough of Manhattan and New York County were conterminous in this respect by specifically including Marble Hill in both the Borough of Manhattan and New York County, 'for all purposes,' retroactive to 1938 (L 1984, ch 939). The official map of the City of New York now shows that Marble Hill is located in New York County."
  97. 1 2 3 Behrend, David W. (March 13, 1995). "It looks like the Bronx – but votes like Manhattan". Columbia University. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  98. ↑ "Location Details: Kingsbridge". USPS.com. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  99. ↑ Speros, Will. "Linares hopes to build on Marble Hill credentials", Riverdale Press, January 13, 2016. Accessed January 8, 2024. "Assemblyman Guillermo Linares may have his eye on the U.S. Capitol, but he feels right at home in Marble Hill."
  100. ↑ Justin Pierce, Turner Classic Movies. Accessed January 8, 2024. "Born in London but raised in the Marble Hill section of the Bronx and in Washington Heights in Manhattan, Pierce went through a rebellious stage following his parents divorce in 1990, staying out all night, cutting school and shoplifting items like cigarettes and candy."

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