March of the Penguins
North American release poster
Directed byLuc Jacquet
Written byLuc Jacquet
Produced by
  • Yves Darondeau
  • Christophe Lioud
  • Emmanuel Priou
Narrated by
Cinematography
Edited bySabine Emiliani
Music byÉmilie Simon
Production
companies
Distributed byBuena Vista International France
Release date
  • 26 January 2005 (2005-01-26)
Running time
86 minutes[1]
CountryFrance
LanguageFrench
Budget$8 million[2]
Box office$127.4 million[3]

March of the Penguins (French La Marche de l'empereur ; French pronunciation: [lamaʁʃ dəlɑ̃ˈpʁœʁ]) is a 2005 French feature-length nature documentary directed and co-written by Luc Jacquet, and co-produced by Bonne Pioche[4] and the National Geographic Society. The documentary depicts the yearly journey of the emperor penguins of Antarctica. In autumn, all the penguins of breeding age (five years old and over) leave the ocean, which is their normal habitat, to walk inland to their ancestral breeding grounds. There, the penguins participate in a courtship that, if successful, results in the hatching of a chick. For the chick to survive, both parents must make multiple arduous journeys between the ocean and the breeding grounds over the ensuing months.

It took one year for the two isolated cinematographers Laurent Chalet and Jérôme Maison to shoot the documentary, which was shot around the French scientific base of Dumont d'Urville in Adélie Land.

March of the Penguins was released in France on 26 January 2005 by Buena Vista International and in the United States by Warner Independent Pictures on 24 June 2005. The documentary won the 2006 Oscar for Best Documentary Feature.[5] On 1 June 2010, a home video release in France included the movie in the Disneynature collection. A direct sequel titled March of the Penguins 2: The Next Step (aka March of the Penguins 2: The Call) was released in France in 2017 by Disneynature. It was released in the United States exclusively on Hulu on 23 March 2018. It is named as one of the most successful documentaries in North America and France.[6]

Subject matter

The emperor penguins use a particular spot as their breeding ground because it is on ice that is solid year round with no danger of the ice becoming too soft to support the colony that exists. At the end of Antarctic summer, the breeding ground is only a few hundred meters away from the open water where the penguins can feed. However, by the end of winter, the breeding ground is over 100 kilometres (62 mi) away from the nearest open water. To reach it, all the penguins of breeding age must traverse this great distance.

The penguins practice serial monogamy within each breeding season. The female lays a single egg, and the co-operation of the parents is needed if the chick is to survive. After the female lays the egg, she transfers it to the feet of the waiting male with minimal exposure to the elements, as the intense cold could kill the developing embryo. The male tends to the egg when the female returns to the sea, now even farther away, both to feed herself and to obtain extra food for feeding her chick when she returns. The male has not eaten in two months and by the time the female leaves the hatching area, she will have lost a third of her body weight producing the egg.

For an additional two months, the males huddle together for warmth, and incubate their eggs. They endure temperatures approaching −62 °C (−80 °F), and their only source of water is snow that falls on the breeding ground. When the chicks hatch, the males have only a small meal to feed them, and if the female does not return, they must abandon their chick and return to the sea to feed themselves. By the time they return, the males have lost half their weight and have not eaten for four months. The chicks are also at risk from predatory birds such as northern giant petrels.[7]

The mother penguins come back and feed their young, while the male penguins go all the way back to sea (70 miles) to feed themselves. This gives the mothers time to feed their young ones and bond with them. Unfortunately, a fierce storm arrives and some of the chicks perish.

The death of a chick is tragic, but it does allow the parents to return to the sea to feed for the rest of the breeding season. When a mother penguin loses its young in a fierce storm, it sometimes attempts to steal another mother's chick. When the other parent returns, it can recognize the chick only from its unique call. Many parents die on the trip, killed by exhaustion or by predators (such as the leopard seal), dooming their chicks back at the breeding ground.

The ingenious fight against starvation is a recurring theme throughout the documentary. In one scene, near-starving chicks are shown taking sustenance out of their father's throat sacs, 11th-hour nourishment in the form of a milky, protein-rich substance secreted from a sac in the father's throat to feed their chicks in the event that circumstances require.

The parents must then tend to the chick for an additional four months, shuttling back and forth to the sea to provide food for their young. As spring progresses, the trip gets progressively easier as the ice melts and the distance to the sea decreases, until finally the parents can leave the chicks to fend for themselves.

Production

The DVD version includes a 54-minute film entitled Of Penguins and Men made by the film crew Laurent Chalet and Jérôme Mason about the filming of March of the Penguins.[8]

Director and film crew spent more than 13 months at the Dumont d'Urville Station, where the Institut polaire français Paul-Émile Victor is based. Although the penguins' meeting place, one of four in Antarctica, was known to be near, the day on which it occurs is not known, so they had to be ready every day. Fortunately, the gathering that year was huge – more than 1,200 penguins, compared with the norm of a few hundred.

For cameras to operate at −40°, they had to use film and to load all the film for the day, as it was impossible to reload outside. Because of the isolation from any film studios, remembering each shot was necessary to ensure continuity and to make sure that all the necessary sequences were finished.[9][10]

The main challenge of making the documentary was the weather with temperatures between −50 and −60 °C (−58 and −76 °F). At dawn, the film crew would spend half an hour putting on six layers of clothes, and on some days they could not spend more than three hours outside. They worked in winds with gusts up to 125 miles per hour, "which in some ways is worse than the cold temperatures" according to director Jaquet.[11]

Release

International versions

The style of the documentary differs considerably between the original French version and some of the international versions.

The original French-language release features a romanticized first-person narrative as if the story is being told by the penguins themselves. The narration alternates between a female (Romane Bohringer) and a male (Charles Berling) narrator speaking the alternate roles of the female and male penguin, and as the chicks are born, their narration is handled by child actor Jules Sitruk. This style is mimicked in some of the international versions. For example, in the Hungarian version, actors Ákos Kőszegi, Anna Kubik, and Gábor Morvai provide the voices of the penguins, and the German version as seen in German movie theaters (and in the televised broadcast in April 2007 on channel ProSieben) uses the voices of Andrea Loewig, Thorsten Michaelis, and Adrian Kilian for the "dubbed dialog" of the penguins. This style of narration is also used in the Danish and Cantonese DVD versions.

The French release was handled by Buena Vista International France, a division of Walt Disney Studios. Disney also attempted to get US distribution rights to the film, but their bid ultimately failed;[12] the English-language distribution rights were later acquired at the Sundance documentary festival in January 2005 by Adam Leipzig of National Geographic Films, who had forged a distribution partnership with Warner Bros. Pictures via their Warner Independent Pictures label.[12][13] In contrast to the French version, their English release uses a more traditional third-person narrative by a single voice, actor Morgan Freeman. Similarly, the Austrian channel ORF 1 used for their broadcast in April 2007, the alternate version available on the German "Special Edition" DVD which uses a documentary narration voiceover spoken by the German actor Sky Du Mont. Other releases' narrators include the Dutch version, narrated by Belgian comedian Urbanus; the Indian version, narrated in Hindi and English by Indian actor Amitabh Bachchan, is titled Penguins: A Love Story; the Polish version, narrated by Polish actor Marek Kondrat; and the Swedish version, narrated by Swedish actor Gösta Ekman. The Filipino version is narrated by actress Sharon Cuneta and translated by Chris Martinez and Eugene Evasco; it is entitled Penguin, Penguin, Paano Ka Ginawa? (English: Penguin, Penguin, How Were You Made?) with the English title as the subtitle. The Filipino title is similar to that of a Philippine novel and film, Bata, Bata, Paano Ka Ginawa? (English: Child, Child, How Were You Made?)

Another difference between the various international versions involves the music. The original version uses an original experimental soundtrack by electronic music composer Émilie Simon, whereas the English-language version replaces it with an instrumental score by Alex Wurman. The Hindi version happens to use the music from the French version.

Reception

The first screening of the documentary was at the Sundance Film Festival in the United States on 21 January 2005. It was released in France the next week, on 26 January, where it earned a 4-star rating from AlloCiné, and was beaten at the box office only by The Aviator during its opening week.

The original French version was released in the Canadian province of Québec. Subsequently, Warner Bros and National Geographic's English-language version was released in the rest of North America on 24 June 2005, drawing huge praise from most critics who found it both informative and charming. March of the Penguins has an approval rating of 94% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 184 reviews, and an average rating of 7.82/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Only the most hardened soul won't be moved by this heartwarming doc".[14] Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 79 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[15] The documentary also proved popular with moviegoers, distinguishing itself as one of the most successful documentaries of the season on a per-theatre basis: it became the second most successful documentary released in North America, after Fahrenheit 9/11, grossing over $77 million in the United States and Canada (in nominal dollars, from 1982 to the present.) It grossed over $127 million worldwide.[16] It is the only movie from Warner Independent to be rated G by the MPAA.

Home media

The French version of the documentary was released on DVD in France by Buena Vista Home Entertainment France on 26 July 2005 with a Blu-Ray release from Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment France on 31 October 2008. It was later reissued on DVD on 1 June 2010 as a Disneynature product.[17] The DVD extras address some of the criticisms the documentary had attracted, most notably by reframing the documentary as a scientific study and adding facts to what would otherwise have been a family film. This Region 2 release featured no English audio tracks or subtitles.

The English version was released on DVD in the United States by Warner Home Video on 29 November 2005. It was never released on VHS by Warner Home Video, due to A Very Long Engagement being the last VHS by Warner Independent. It however spawned a VHS in French locations, such as French Canadian regions. It was later released on Blu-Ray by Warner on 27 March 2007. Neither release contains the French language version of the movie.

An extra on the DVD issue was the controversial 1948 Bugs Bunny cartoon Frigid Hare, in which Bugs visits the South Pole and meets a young penguin fleeing an Inuk hunter. The cartoon is not frequently seen because of its stereotypical depiction of the Inuk hunter, but it was included here uncut and uncensored. This is substituted in the American release with 8 Ball Bunny, likewise uncut and uncensored. The American release also includes an episode of Crittercam that highlighted the emperor penguins.

Video games

In November 2006, the documentary was adapted into a video game by DSI Games for the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance platforms. It features Lemmings-like gameplay.

Parodies

A 2005 French ad for the movie shows a man describing the movie to a coworker while referring to the penguins as "emperors", which results in the coworker imagining hundreds of Napoleons travelling through Antarctica.[18]

In 2007, a direct-to-DVD parody written and directed by Bob Saget called Farce of the Penguins was released. It is narrated by Samuel L. Jackson and features other stars providing voice-overs for the penguins. Although the film uses footage from actual nature documentaries about penguins, the parody was not allowed to include footage from March of the Penguins itself.[19]

Political and social interpretations

The documentary attracted some political and social commentary in which the penguins were viewed anthropomorphically as having similarities with, and even lessons for, human society. Michael Medved praised the documentary for promoting conservative family values by showing the value of stable parenthood.[20] Medved's comments provoked responses by others, including Andrew Sullivan,[21] who pointed out that the penguins are not in fact monogamous for more than one year, in reality practicing serial monogamy. Matt Walker of New Scientist pointed out that many emperor penguin "adoptions" of chicks are in fact kidnappings, as well as behaviours observed in other penguin species, such as ill treatment of weak chicks, prostitution, and ostracism of rare albino penguins.[22] "For instance, while it is true that emperor penguins often adopt each other's chicks, they do not always do so in a way the moralisers would approve of."[23] Sullivan and Walker both conclude that trying to use animal behavior as an example for human behavior is a mistake.

The director, Luc Jacquet, has condemned such comparisons between penguins and humans. Asked by the San Diego Union Tribune to comment on the documentary's use as "a metaphor for family values – the devotion to a mate, devotion to offspring, monogamy, self-denial", Jaquet responded: "I condemn this position. I find it intellectually dishonest to impose this viewpoint on something that's part of nature. It's amusing, but if you take the monogamy argument, from one season to the next, the divorce rate, if you will, is between 80 to 90 percent... the monogamy only lasts for the duration of one reproductive cycle. You have to let penguins be penguins and humans be humans."[24]

Some of the controversy over this may be media driven. Rich Lowry, editor of National Review, reported in the magazine's blog that the BBC "have been harassing me for days over March of the Penguins ... about what, I'm not sure. I think to see if I would say on air that penguins are God's instruments to pull America back from the hell-fire, or something like that. As politely as I could I told her, 'Lady, they're just birds.'"[25]

Another controversy involves those who feel that the emperor penguin's behavior can be viewed as an indication of intelligent design, and those who consider it to be an example of evolution by natural selection in action. Steve Jones, professor of genetics at University College London, is quoted as saying, "Supporters of intelligent design think that if they see something they don't understand, it must be God; they fail to recognise that they themselves are part of evolution. It appeals to ignorance, which is why there is a lot of it in American politics at the moment."[26] Author Susan Jacoby claims in her 2008 book, The Age of American Unreason (page 26), that the distributors of the movie deliberately avoided using the word "evolution" in order to avoid backlash from the American religious right, and writes, "As it happens, the emperor penguin is literally a textbook example, cited in college-level biology courses, of evolution by means of natural selection and random mutation. ... The financial wisdom of avoiding any mention of evolution was borne out at the box office ..."

Sequel

March of the Penguins 2: The Next Step (French: L'Empereur) was released by Disneynature in France on 15 February 2017, with narration by Lambert Wilson. The film was alternatively titled March of the Penguins 2: The Call.

Skipping a theatrical release in the US, the film was released as a Hulu exclusive on 23 March 2018, with Morgan Freeman reprising his role as narrator.[27] It was later released on DVD in the UK by Lionsgate Films on 5 November.

The sequel was released to moderate success and received positive reviews, scoring 100% on Rotten Tomatoes based on five reviews.[28]

Accolades

Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient(s) Result Ref.
Academy Awards 5 March 2006 Best Documentary Feature Luc Jacquet and Yves Darondeau Won [29][30]
ACE Eddie Awards 19 February 2006 Best Edited Documentary – Feature Sabine Emiliani Won [31]
BMI Film & TV Awards 17 May 2006 BMI Film Music Award Alex Wurman Won [32]
British Academy Film Awards 19 February 2006 Best Cinematography Laurent Chalet and Jérôme Maison Nominated [33][34]
Best Editing Sabine Emiliani Nominated
CAMIE Awards 7 January 2006 CAMIE Award – Theatrical Releases Yves Darondeau, Christophe Lioud, Emmanuel Priou, Luc Jacquet, Morgan Freeman, Laurent Chalet, and Jerome Maison Won [35][36]
César Awards 25 February 2006 Best First Feature Film Luc Jacquet Nominated [37][38]
Best Original Music Émilie Simon Nominated
Best Editing Sabine Emiliani Nominated
Best Sound Laurent Quaglio and Gérard Lamps Won
Chicago Film Critics Association 9 January 2006 Best Documentary March of the Penguins Nominated [39]
Critics' Choice Awards 9 January 2006 Best Documentary Feature March of the Penguins Won [40][41]
Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association 19 December 2005 Best Documentary March of the Penguins Runner-up [42][43]
David di Donatello 21 April 2006 Best European Film Luc Jacquet Nominated [44][45]
European Film Awards 2 December 2006 People's Choice Award March of the Penguins Nominated [46][47]
Golden Trailer Awards 1 June 2006 Best Documentary March of the Penguins Won [48]
Best Voice Over March of the Penguins Won
International Cinephile Society 2006 Best Documentary March of the Penguins Runner-up [49]
LA Film Festival 22 June – 2 July 2005 Audience Award for Best International Feature March of the Penguins Won [50][51]
National Board of Review 10 January 2006 Best Documentary March of the Penguins Won [52][53]
Top Five Documentaries March of the Penguins Won
New York Film Critics Circle 8 January 2006 Best Non-Fiction Film March of the Penguins Runner-up [54]
New York Film Critics Online 11 December 2005 Best Cinematography March of the Penguins Won [55][56]
Online Film Critics Society 16 January 2006 Best Documentary March of the Penguins Nominated [57][58]
Satellite Awards 17 December 2005 Best Motion Picture, Documentary March of the Penguins Nominated [59]
Best Documentary DVD March of the Penguins Nominated
St. Louis Film Critics Association 8 January 2006 Best Documentary March of the Penguins Won [60]
Victoires de la Musique 4 March 2006 Original Cinema or Television Soundtrack of the Year Émilie Simon Won [61][62]
Women Film Critics Circle 28 December 2005 Best Equality of the Sexes March of the Penguins Won [63]
Writers Guild of America Awards 4 February 2006 Best Documentary Screenplay Jordan Roberts, Luc Jacquet, and Michel Fessler Nominated [64]
Young Artist Awards 25 March 2006 Jackie Coogan Award for Outstanding Family Feature Documentary March of the Penguins Won [65]

See also

  • Ape and Super-Ape, a 1972 Dutch documentary film by Bert Haanstra about the differences and similarities between humans and animals, which also has extensive footage about the life of penguins on Antarctica, almost 30 years before March Of The Penguins was made.[66]

Funding

  • IBM
  • The Heising-Simons Foundation
  • CPB

References

  1. ↑ "MARCH OF THE PENGUINS (U)". British Board of Film Classification. 21 June 2005. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  2. ↑ Eller, Claudia; Dawn C. Chmielewski (22 April 2008). "Disney gets back to nature". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  3. ↑ March of the Penguins at Box Office Mojo
  4. ↑ "March of the Penguins". Turner Classic Movies. Atlanta: Turner Broadcasting System (Time Warner). Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  5. ↑ "March of the Penguins". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2008. Archived from the original on 15 January 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2008.
  6. ↑ "March of the Penguins". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
  7. ↑ This bird is unidentified in the documentary itself, but the Region 2 DVD identifies it.Antarctic Skua Archived 16 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ Ed Nguyen. "March of the Penguins, limited edition giftset". Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  9. ↑ AATON Super 16 marches with the penguins Archived 21 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Lemac.com.au.
  10. ↑ March of the Penguins: interview with camera operators. Celebritywonder.com. (accessed in 2012)
  11. ↑ Jeffrey Rambo. "The Making of March of the Penguins". scholastic.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  12. 1 2 Carvajal, Doreen (28 September 2005). "Compared With Their Filmmakers, the Penguins Have It Easy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  13. ↑ "STORMBLOG: The Adam Leipzig Interview". coverageink.blogspot.com. 21 February 2011.
  14. ↑ "March of the Penguins (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes.
  15. ↑ "March of the Penguins". Metacritic.
  16. ↑ "March of the Penguins". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
  17. ↑ "La Marche de l'Empereur".
  18. ↑ "Pub la marche de l'Empereur". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021.
  19. ↑ "Bob Saget by Anderswolleck – SuicideGirls". suicidegirls.com.
  20. ↑ Jonathan Miller (13 September 2005). "March of the Conservatives: Penguin Film as Political Fodder". The New York Times.
  21. ↑ Sullivan, Andrew (18 September 2005). "Not-so-picky penguins muddy the morality war". The Times. London.
  22. ↑ Walker, Matt (1 October 2005). Bird-brained: a new film portrays penguins as paragons of virtue. New Scientist. p. 17. Beware, modeling human behavior on animals is fraught with danger.
  23. ↑ (Gale Cengage Learning, subscription or library card required) retrieved on 8 September 2008
  24. ↑ "'March' director marches to the tune of 'pure pleasure'". San Diego Union-Tribune. 6 November 2005. Archived from the original on 27 December 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
  25. ↑ Lowry, Rich. Oh no, the BBC 18 September 2005.
  26. ↑ Smith, David (27 September 2005). "How the penguin's life story inspired the US religious right". The Guardian. London.
  27. ↑ Ramos, Dino-Ray (14 January 2018). "Hulu Picks Up Second Installment Of 'National Treasure'; Adds 'March of the Penguins 2'". Deadline. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  28. ↑ March of the Penguins 2: The Next Step (L'empereur), retrieved 15 December 2018
  29. ↑ "The 78th Academy Awards (2006) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  30. ↑ Lowry, Brian (5 March 2006). "Party crashed . . . big time". Variety. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  31. ↑ Marcus, Lawrence (20 February 2006). "Crash, Line get Eddies". Variety. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  32. ↑ "BMI Film & Television Awards Salute Composers of Top Movie, TV, Cable Music". BMI. 17 May 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  33. ↑ "British Academy Film Awards 2006". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  34. ↑ Vary, Adam (12 February 2006). "BAFTAs dig beyond national treasures". Variety. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  35. ↑ "Ten 2006 CAMIE winning films". CAMIE Awards. Archived from the original on 9 February 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  36. ↑ "March of the Penguins among ten films recognized at the 2006 CAMIE awards". CAMIE Awards. 7 January 2006. Archived from the original on 9 February 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  37. ↑ "Thriller scoops France's Cesars". BBC. 26 February 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  38. ↑ James, Alison (29 January 2006). "Cesar noms feeling Beat". Variety. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  39. ↑ "Movie critics everywhere weigh in with their picks for the best in 2005". Variety. 8 January 2006. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  40. ↑ "The 11th Critics' Choice Movie Awards Winners and Nominees". Broadcast Film Critics Association. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  41. ↑ Seif, Dena (9 January 2006). "Crix scale Mountain". Variety. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  42. ↑ Tyler, Joshua (19 December 2005). "DFWFCA Awards Ang". CinemaBlend. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  43. ↑ Jorgenson, Todd (20 December 2005). "Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics 2005 Awards". RottenTomatoes. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  44. ↑ "Placido contro Moretti". La Stampa (in Italian). 5 April 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  45. ↑ De Marco, Camillo (4 April 2006). "Moretti e Placido, duello per i David". Cineuropa (in Italian). Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  46. ↑ "People's Choice Award 2006: 12 candidates". Cineuropa. 1 September 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  47. ↑ "European Film Awards 2006: Nominations". European Film Awards. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  48. ↑ "The Winners of the 7th Annual Golden Trailer Awards". Golden Trailer Awards. Archived from the original on 5 July 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  49. ↑ "2006 ICS Award Winners". International Cinephile Society. 14 June 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  50. ↑ "Jellysmoke and Everyone Their Grain of Sand Win Cash at Los Angeles Film Festival; LAFF Announce". IndieWire. 27 June 2005. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  51. ↑ "2005 Los Angeles Film Festival Awards". LA Film Festival. Archived from the original on 23 December 2005. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  52. ↑ "Awards for 2005". National Board of Review. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  53. ↑ Mohr, Ian (12 December 2005). "NBR in 'Good' mood". Variety. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  54. ↑ Corliss, Richard (12 December 2005). "Pushing the Envelope, Please". Time. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  55. ↑ Fauth, Jurgen; Dermansky, Marcy. "The New York Film Critics Online Awards 2005". Worldfilm Guide. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  56. ↑ Douglas, Edward (11 December 2005). "2005 NYFCO Film Awards". New York Film Critics Online. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  57. ↑ "2005 Awards (9th Annual)". Online Film Critics Society. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  58. ↑ "Online Film Critics Society Awards – 2005". Alternative Film Guide. 16 January 2005. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  59. ↑ "Nominees and Winners: 10th Annual Satellite Awards". International Press Academy. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  60. ↑ "Awards". St. Louis Film Critics Association. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  61. ↑ Pichevin, Aymeric (6 March 2006). "Raphaël Leads France's Victoires Awards". Billboard. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  62. ↑ "Le palmarès des Victoires de la musique 2006". Le Monde (in French). 5 March 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  63. ↑ "Women Film Critics Circle Awards 2005". Women Film Critics Circle. 26 November 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  64. ↑ McNary, Dave (3 January 2006). "Eclectic pix mix in WGA doc noms". Variety. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  65. ↑ "27th Annual Young Artist Awards". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  66. ↑ "Bij de beesten af (1972) recensie".

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