1978 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
November 7, 1978
 
Nominee Paul Tsongas Edward Brooke
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote 1,093,283 890,584
Percentage 55.06% 44.85%
Results by municipality
U.S. senator before election

Edward Brooke
Republican

 Elected U.S. Senator

Paul Tsongas
Democratic

The United States Senate election of 1978 in Massachusetts was held on November 7, 1978, with the incumbent Republican Senator Edward Brooke being defeated by Democratic Congressman Paul Tsongas.

Primary elections nominating Tsongas and Brooke were held on September 19.

Brooke was dogged throughout the campaign by questions surrounding his 1975 divorce and an ongoing Senate Ethics investigation. Additionally, he faced a competitive primary challenge that may have weakened his standing ahead of the general election. Paul Tsongas's swearing-in or inauguration marked the first time since 1937 that Democrats held both United States Senate seats from Massachusetts.

Republican primary

Candidates

  • Edward Brooke, incumbent Senator
  • Avi Nelson, radio and television host and candidate for U.S. House in 1972

Campaign

Senator Brooke, who had been unopposed in his 1972 bid for re-nomination, was challenged by radio host Avi Nelson.

Brooke was considered a liberal, and Nelson attacked him for being out of step with the increasingly conservative Republican Party base. The race drew comparison to the New Jersey Senate Republican primary held in June that year, where young conservative activist Jeff Bell defeated long-serving incumbent liberal Clifford Case. Both elections were considered signs that the Republican Party had moved in a more conservative direction.[1]

During the campaign, Brooke faced questions about his ongoing divorce, but Nelson declined to comment on the issue directly.[1]

Nelson instead focused his attacks on Brooke's support of the Panama Canal Treaty, federally financed abortions, and his decision to decline to sponsor the Roth–Kemp tax cut. In response, Brooke emphasized his support for cuts to the capital gains tax and his opposition to defense spending cuts.[1]

Observers expected that if Nelson won, he would be unlikely to win the general election. In an effort to stave off an upset victory, Republican National Committee Chairman Bill Brock recorded radio advertisements supporting Brooke. Some of Brooke's conservative Senate colleagues also issued a letter of support.[1]

Results

On Election Day, Brooke defeated Nelson by a margin of 17,963 votes.

Brooke performed strongest in Boston and the North Shore, while Nelson received strong support in Plymouth and Bristol counties.

Massachusetts United States Senate Republican primary results by municipality, 1978
Republican primary[2]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Edward Brooke (incumbent) 146,351 53.25%
Republican Avi Nelson 128,388 46.72%
Write-in 78 0.03%
Total votes 274,807 0.03%

Democratic primary

Candidates

Withdrew

Campaign

In the early stages of the campaign season, Republican incumbent Ed Brooke seemed like a strong candidate for re-election. In 1972, he defeated his Democratic challenger by nearly 700,000 votes while President Nixon failed to carry the state. Because of Brooke's apparent strength, most Democrats avoided the race in its early stages.

The first to declare her candidacy was Elaine Noble, a two-term State Representative serving the Back Bay and Fenway-Kenmore neighborhoods of Boston. Noble was primarily known for her status as the highest-ranking openly gay elected official in United States history to this point and was described in the Washington Post as "an avowed lesbian."[1]

As Senator Brooke began to appear more vulnerable, more experienced Democrats declared their campaigns. By the time Brooke's divorce proceedings concluded, Noble was joined by Secretary of the Commonwealth Paul Guzzi, Lowell congressman Paul Tsongas, and pro-busing[3][4][5] Boston School Committee member Kathleen Sullivan Alioto, the daughter of New England Patriots founder Billy Sullivan and wife of former San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto. Soon, conservative Howard Phillips entered the race, hoping to exploit a four-way split in the liberal vote.[1]

The race was considered a three-way contest between Alioto, Guzzi, and Tsongas. Guzzi was considered the early favorite, due to his statewide office and name recognition. However, Tsongas demonstrated a familiarity with national issues and aired clever ads that played off his hard-to-pronounce name. By the closing days of the campaign, some considered Tsongas the slight favorite.[1]

Results

On Election Day, Tsongas won by a margin of 37,955 votes out of over 835,000 cast. Unlike most Democratic primaries in the state, Tsongas was able to win without a strong showing in Boston and its surrounding suburbs, where most Democrats lived. Instead, he relied on strong support from his base of constituents around Lowell. While Guzzi was strong throughout the state, he was overwhelmed by Tsongas's support in Lowell and the Merrimack Valley. Alioto performed strongest on the South Coast.

Massachusetts United States Senate Democratic primary results by municipality, 1978
Democratic primary [6]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Paul Tsongas 296,915 35.55%
Democratic Paul Guzzi 258,960 31.01%
Democratic Kathleen Sullivan Alioto 161,036 19.28%
Democratic Howard Phillips 65,397 7.83%
Democratic Elaine Noble 52,464 6.28%
Write-in 379 0.05%
Total votes 835,151 100.00%

General election

Campaign

Early in the campaign season, Brooke was considered a favorite for re-election.[7] Tsongas was a relatively unknown Representative statewide and nationally, whereas Brooke remained something of an icon as the first popularly-elected black Senator and a member of Republican leadership.

However, Brooke faced mounting scrutiny from the news media after his decision to divorce from his wife of 29 years, Remigia, in 1975. The couple had been separated for many years and Brooke was frequently seen in the company of other women in Washington, including Barbara Walters. After Senator Brooke filed for divorce, Remigia responded with a suit of her own, alleging "cruel and abusive treatment." While not directly addressing Brooke's divorce, Tsongas attacked Brooke as out of touch with Massachusetts voters and too "Washington-oriented."[7][8][9]

Both candidates were considered liberals by contemporary definition, with Brooke known as a public supporter of the women's rights movement of the time[8] and Tsongas receiving a perfect rating from the group Americans for Democratic Action. Tsongas was seen as the more liberal of the two, but Brooke ultimately received the support of many liberal Democrats and civil rights leaders, including Rev. Jesse Jackson, Coretta Scott King, and Barney Frank.[10]

The issue of Brooke's divorce became more politically serious in May 1978, when The Boston Globe reported that as part of the divorce proceedings, Brooke had lied about the source of a personal loan. While Brooke argued that the loan had no material impact on his divorce and that he had broken no law, the Senate Ethics Committee conducted a lengthy investigation into the matter that is believed to have hurt Brooke's credibility and standing in the race.[10]

Race was another major issue, demonstrated by the reaction to anti-segregation busing policies in the commonwealth. Brooke was a major opponent of anti-busing legislation and had successfully campaigned against the Biden Amendment to end federal funding of busing programs.[11] Brooke's support of busing policies likely cost him votes in Boston and other working-class white communities, which had rioted in preceding years over the issue. Prominent South Boston politician Louise Day Hicks decried Brooke as an "apostle of urban neglect."[12] For his part, Tsongas largely avoided the busing issue, but did make the claim that voting for Brooke on the basis of his race was "the other side of racism."[10]

Endorsements

Paul Tsongas

U.S. Senators

  • Ted Kennedy, senior United States Senator from Massachusetts

Individuals

Ed Brooke

U.S. Senators

  • Barry Goldwater, United States Senator from Arizona and Republican nominee for President in 1964

Individuals

Results

1978 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Paul Tsongas 1,093,283 55.06% Increase20.33
Republican Edward Brooke (incumbent) 890,584 44.85% Decrease18.68
Write-in 1,833 0.09% N/A
Total votes 1,985,700 100.00% N/A
Democratic gain from Republican

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 David S. Broder (September 17, 1978). "Brooke Running Scared in Primary".
  2. ↑ "Our Campaigns - MA US Senate- R Primary Race - Sep 19, 1978".
  3. ↑ Kifner, John (December 17, 1974). "JUDGE IN BOSTON DEFIED ON BUSING: School Committee Refuses, 3-2, to Approve Staff Plan for City Desegregation Judge in Boston Is Defied on Busing Plan". New York Times. ProQuest 120154694.
  4. ↑ Treen, John (September 11, 1975). "Boston School Committee Fights On (reported story)". Newsday. ProQuest 922690115.
  5. ↑ Kifner, John (December 23, 1975). "Boston Politics and Patronage Playing Big Role in Complex Maneuvering in the School Desegregation Fight (reported story)". New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
  6. ↑ "Our Campaigns - MA US Senate- D Primary Race - Sep 19, 1978".
  7. 1 2 Ayres, B. Drummond Jr. (November 9, 1978). "Tsongas Played Underdog Role To Oust Brooke in Senate Race". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  8. 1 2 "Who Is Remigia Brooke?". Washington Post. July 11, 1978. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  9. ↑ "After Years Apart, Senator Brooke and His Italian Wife File for Divorce—and Tempers Erupt". PEOPLE.com. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  10. 1 2 3 Sokol, Jason (2014). All Eyes are Upon Us: Race and Politics from Boston to Brooklyn. New York, NY: Basic Books. pp. 223–224. ISBN 978-0-465-05671-2.
  11. ↑ Sokol, Jason. "How a Young Joe Biden Turned Liberals Against Integration". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  12. ↑ Bernstein, Adam (October 23, 2003). "Louise Day Hicks Dies at 87". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
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